LeptinAdiponectinInsulin resistanceAdipokinesCytokinesPeptideWhite adiposBrown adiposNecrosis factorObesityVisceralAdipocytesAccumulationSecretionProteinsInflammationTissuesBoneHomeostasisAdipocyteInflammatoryInhibitRegulationEndocrineReceptorsGenesCellsPathwaysAmino acidsSignificantlyBodyEffectsLevels
Leptin14
- The mechanisms behind weight increase with ruxolitinib is incompletely understood, although decreased adipose tissue lipolysis and increased appetite due to blocking the effects of leptin in the hypothalam. (researchgate.net)
- Leptin, the protein product of the ob gene, is a hormone that is secreted principally by adipose tissue (adipocyte-derived hormone). (researchgate.net)
- thus, leptin is often referred to as the 'satiety hormone. (researchgate.net)
- 13 Leptin is synthesized and released predominantly by adipocytes, and its serum concentrations correlate positively with body mass index (BMI) and the amount of adipose tissue. (researchgate.net)
- This review will address the biology, actions, and regulation of three adipocyte hormones-leptin, acylation stimulating protein (ASP), and adiponectin-with an emphasis on the most recent literature. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Work in our laboratory has primarily focused on the biology and regulation of three key adipocyte hormones: leptin, acylation-stimulating protein, and adiponectin. (diabetesjournals.org)
- In addition to their main functions, adipocytes have endocrine functions and can secrete a variety of adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin ( 2 - 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Simultaneously, adipocytes secrete various cytokines including leptin, resistin, TNF-α and IL-6 to regulate the differentiation and function of T and B lymphocytes. (frontiersin.org)
- White fat cells secrete many proteins acting as adipokines such as resistin , adiponectin , leptin and apelin . (ipfs.io)
- Leptin (from Greek λεπτός leptos , 'thin' or 'light' or 'small') is a protein hormone predominantly made by adipose cells and its primary role is likely to regulate long-term energy balance . (cloudfront.net)
- The amount of circulating leptin correlates with the amount of energy reserves, mainly triglycerides stored in adipose tissue. (cloudfront.net)
- Predominantly, the 'energy expenditure hormone' leptin is made by adipose cells , and is thus labeled fat cell-specific . (cloudfront.net)
- The central location of action ( effect ) of the fat cell-specific hormone leptin is the hypothalamus , a part of the brain , which is a part of the central nervous system. (cloudfront.net)
- The primary function of the hormone leptin is the regulation of adipose tissue mass through central hypothalamus mediated effects on hunger , food energy use, physical exercise and energy balance . (cloudfront.net)
Adiponectin4
- A collagen domain-derived short adiponectin peptide activates APPL1 and AMPK signaling pathways and improves glucose and fatty acid metabolisms. (phoenixpeptide.com)
- Adiponectin is a fat tissue-derived adipokine with beneficial effects against diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. (phoenixpeptide.com)
- Circulating adiponectin levels as well as adipose tissue mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased in HFD-fed male mice. (biomedcentral.com)
- Although its plasma levels remained unchanged in females, adiponectin mRNA levels were significantly reduced in adipose tissue of both HFD-fed groups with a more marked decrease in AD group compared to VD group. (biomedcentral.com)
Insulin resistance20
- It was called "resistin" because of the observed insulin resistance in mice injected with resistin. (wikipedia.org)
- Resistin was found to be produced and released from adipose tissue to serve endocrine functions likely involved in insulin resistance. (wikipedia.org)
- This article discusses the current research proposing to link resistin to inflammation and energy homeostasis, including its alleged role in insulin resistance in obese subjects, a subject reviewed by Vidal-Puig and O'Rahilly in 2001, and by M.A. Lazar in 2007. (wikipedia.org)
- Taken together, because resistin is reputed to contribute to insulin resistance, results such as those mentioned suggest that resistin may be a link in the well-known association between inflammation and insulin resistance. (wikipedia.org)
- In accordance, it is expected that, if resistin does serve as a link between obesity and T2DM while at the same time contributing to the inflammatory response, then proportional increases in chronic inflammation in association with obesity and insulin resistance should be observed. (wikipedia.org)
- Recent data has shown that this is possible by demonstrating positive correlations between obesity, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation, which is believed to be directed in part by resistin signaling. (wikipedia.org)
- This idea has recently been challenged by a study showing that increased levels of resistin in people with chronic kidney disease are associated with lowered renal function and inflammation, but not with insulin resistance. (wikipedia.org)
- Notwithstanding, regarding resistin and the inflammatory response, it can be concluded that resistin does bear features of a pro-inflammatory cytokine, and could act as a key node in inflammatory diseases with or without associated insulin resistance. (wikipedia.org)
- Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X, insulin resistance) is a multifactorial disease with multiple risk factors that arises from insulin resistance accompanying abnormal adipose deposition and function. (medscape.com)
- These hormones, the pathways controlling their production, and their receptors are promising targets for managing obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. (diabetesjournals.org)
- This article discusses the current research proposing to link resistin to inflammation and energy homeostasis, including its alleged role in insulin resistance in obese subjects. (wikidoc.org)
- In fact, recent data have shown that this possibility is indeed the case by demonstrating positive correlations between obesity, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation, [21] [22] which is believed to be directed in part by resistin signaling. (wikidoc.org)
- Obesity is defined as an increase of adipose tissue mass in the body and its accumulation in peripheral organs that leads to metabolic abnormalities such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), insulin resistance and hyperlepidemia [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- We then discuss how obesity leads to insulin resistance via a complex interplay among systemic fatty acid excess, microhypoxia in adipose tissue, ER stress, and inflammation. (jci.org)
- Insulin resistance is defined as an inadequate response by insulin target tissues, such as skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, to the physiologic effects of circulating insulin. (jci.org)
- Insulin resistance ( IR ) is a pathological condition in which cells either fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin or downregulate insulin receptors in response to hyperinsulinemia . (wikipedia.org)
- Many hormones can induce insulin resistance including cortisol , [14] growth hormone , and human placental lactogen . (wikipedia.org)
- Insulin resistance (IR) is a physiological condition in which cells fail to respond to the normal actions of the hormone insulin . (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
- It is currently suspected that hormones produced in that fat are a precipitating cause of insulin resistance. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
- [11] In the fat cells of obese individuals, there is increased production of metabolism modulators, such as glycerol, hormones, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to the development of insulin resistance . (ipfs.io)
Adipokines3
- In effect, a wide range of exported secretory proteins, dubbed adipokines, have been identified as constituents of the adipose proteome (adipokinome). (123dok.org)
- Appreciating the pathogenesis of HFD-induced metabolic disorders requires a thorough knowledge of adipose tissue physiology and the regulation of adipokines secretion and action including the role of gender in response to these parameters. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cross-Sectional Associations of Computed Tomography (CT)-Derived Adipose Tissue Density and Adipokines: The Framingham Heart Study. (umassmed.edu)
Cytokines1
- In further support of its inflammatory profile, resistin has been shown to increase transcriptional events, leading to an increased expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines including (but not limited to) interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in an NF-κB-mediated (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells-mediated) fashion. (wikipedia.org)
Peptide3
- Resistin also known as adipose tissue-specific secretory factor (ADSF) or C/EBP-epsilon-regulated myeloid-specific secreted cysteine-rich protein (XCP1) is a cysteine-rich peptide hormone derived from adipose tissue that in humans is encoded by the RETN gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Ghrelin, growth hormone-releasing peptide, is a hormone which is secreted by the food-deprived stomach and stimulates food intake during starvation [4]. (researchgate.net)
- Amylin, or islet amyloid polypeptide ( IAPP ), is a 37-residue peptide hormone . (wikidoc.org)
White adipos3
- Particularly well developed in humans is white adipose tissue (WAT), a major meta- bolic and secretory organ. (123dok.org)
- It is involved in various metabolic processes, such as acting on white adipose tissue to upregulate brown adipose tissue-specific genes, enhancing PGC-1α expression to increase lipid oxidation, suppressing inflammation in skeletal muscles, inhibiting cardiometabolic risk factors, and suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress in hepatoblastoma cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
- There are two types of adipose tissue, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which are also known as white fat and brown fat , respectively, and comprise two types of fat cells. (ipfs.io)
Brown adipos2
- Another major adipose tissue subtype, brown adipose tissue, is present around kidneys, adrenals, and aorta, as well as within the mediastinum and neck. (123dok.org)
- In adult humans, brown adipose tissue is very scarce and probably not functional. (123dok.org)
Necrosis factor2
- This adipokine is associated with markers of inflammation in seminal plasma and the concentrations of seminal resistin correlate positively with those of proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), elastase and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). (wikipedia.org)
- [7] The IAPP promoter is also activated by stimuli which do not affect insulin, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha [8] and fatty acids . (wikidoc.org)
Obesity6
- Resistin is an adipose-derived hormone (similar to a cytokine) whose physiologic role has been the subject of much controversy regarding its involvement with obesity and type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (wikipedia.org)
- This idea primarily stems from studies demonstrating that serum resistin levels increase with obesity in several model systems (humans, rats, and mice). (wikipedia.org)
- Much of what is hypothesized about a resistin role in energy metabolism and T2DM can be derived from studies showing strong correlations between resistin and obesity. (wikipedia.org)
- Ectopic obesity is defined as the accumulation of triglycerides in non-adipose tissues [6]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
- Moreover, I3C exerts anti-obesity effects by reducing body weight and fat accumulation in epididymal adipose tissue in HFD-induced obese mice and thereby improves hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia [126]. (researchgate.net)
- Exploring Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Secretomes in Human Obesity: Implications for Metabolic Disease. (harvard.edu)
Visceral1
- Besides, a role could be ascribed to molecules secreted by the visceral adipose tissue that can impact on barrier functions. (hindawi.com)
Adipocytes5
- The major cell types observed in cartilage are chondrocyte, osteoprogenitor cells, osteocytes and adipocytes, all of which are derived from common multipotential mesenchyme cells. (e-jarb.org)
- These actions are mediated by both the actions of a number of nonsecreted proteins and hormones produced in adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Adipocytes produce a number of hormones that have wide-ranging effects on energy intake, energy expenditure, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, including nutrient partitioning and fuel selection. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Adipocytes are the main constituent cells of adipose tissue. (frontiersin.org)
- Adipocytes , also known as lipocytes and fat cells , are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue , specialized in storing energy as fat . (ipfs.io)
Accumulation1
- Resistin accelerates the accumulation of LDL in arteries , increasing the risk of heart disease. (wikidoc.org)
Secretion2
- Prostaglandins are hormone-like compounds produced in body tissue that help control blood pressure, smooth muscle activity, inflammation, glandular secretion, calcium movement, hormone regulation, and cell growth control. (bodybuilding.com)
- Appearance of new glucose in the blood is reduced by inhibiting secretion of the gluconeogenic hormone glucagon . (wikidoc.org)
Proteins2
- [7] [8] Activin, inhibin and a number of other structurally related proteins such as anti-Müllerian hormone , bone morphogenetic protein , and growth differentiation factor belong to the TGF-β protein superfamily . (wikidoc.org)
- [10] In addition, both complexes are derived from the same family of related genes and proteins but differ in their subunit composition. (wikidoc.org)
Inflammation2
- Since these observations, further research has linked resistin to other physiological systems such as inflammation and energy homeostasis. (wikipedia.org)
- analyses, as well as others (8-11), support the hypothesis that adipose tissue-secreted factors may indeed be potent modulators of inflammation-related disorders such as obe- sity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, thyroid-associated (Graves') ophthalmopathy, breast cancer, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (123dok.org)
Tissues2
- The hallmarks of impaired insulin sensitivity in these three tissues are decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into skeletal muscle, impaired insulin-mediated inhibition of hepatic glucose production in liver, and a reduced ability of insulin to inhibit lipolysis in adipose tissue. (jci.org)
- Alawi MA, Tamimi S, Jaghabir M. Storage of organochlorine pesticides in human adipose tissues of Jordanian males and females. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
Bone4
- Unlike in vitro , the in vivo biochemical environment of cartilage and bone is composed of connective tissue, adipose tissue, nerves and tendons. (e-jarb.org)
- Knowledge of the location of the epiphysis and its equivalents in various bones aids clinicians in the recognition of the origin of bone lesions and further facilitates the diagnostic considerations, in that some bone tumors (eg, chondroblastoma) have a strong predilection for the epiphysis or epiphysioid bones. (medscape.com)
- This region is a common site for many primary bone tumors and similar lesions. (medscape.com)
- Osteosarcoma is a malignant primary bone tumor that is characterized by neoplastic osteoblasts that produce osteoid. (medscape.com)
Homeostasis4
- Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism. (diabetesjournals.org)
- A review examining the role of these three hormones in regulating energy homeostasis and insulin action was published in early 2002. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Adverse effects of high-fat diets (HFD) on metabolic homeostasis are linked to adipose tissue dysfunction. (biomedcentral.com)
- The goal of this study was to examine the effect of the HFD nature on adipose tissue activity, metabolic disturbances and glucose homeostasis alterations in male mice compared with female mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Adipocyte3
- The purpose of this study is to confirm whether spontaneous adipocyte generation during chondrogenic induction culture affects the chondrogenic differentiation of porcine skin-derived stem cells (pSSCs). (e-jarb.org)
- Numerous factors regulate the adipose tissue activity including adipocyte-specific genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ) [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Analysis of their adipose tissue morphology revealed increases in both adipocyte size and number in most depots. (ipfs.io)
Inflammatory2
- As cited, it has recently been discovered that resistin also participates in the inflammatory response. (wikipedia.org)
- What would prompt a company to launch a product line combining the weak bio-signals produced by fibroblasts in culture with the highly pro-inflammatory ones produced by adipose (fat) derived stem cells? (barefacedtruth.com)
Inhibit1
- Shao R, Francescone R, Ngernyuang N, Bentley B, Taylor SL, Moral L, Yan W. Anti-YKL-40 antibody and ionizing irradiation synergistically inhibit tumor vascularization and malignancy in glioblastoma. (umassmed.edu)
Regulation2
- Hormones produced by adipose tissue play a critical role in the regulation of energy intake, energy expenditure, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. (diabetesjournals.org)
- The purpose of the present review is to summarize the most important aspects of the biology, actions, and regulation of these hormones and to serve as an update of new information published during the past ∼18 months. (diabetesjournals.org)
Endocrine1
- Recently, the endocrine activity of adipose tissue cells has been intensively studied. (123dok.org)
Receptors3
- resistin increases the production of LDL in human liver cells and also degrades LDL receptors in the liver . (wikidoc.org)
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors gamma-2 (PPARγ2) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) mRNA expression levels in adipose tissue were decreased up to 70% in HFD-fed mice but were more markedly reduced in male mice as compared with female mice. (biomedcentral.com)
- Peroxisome Profilerator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors that belong to the steroid/ thyroid /retinoid superfamily of receptors (Keller et al. (bodybuilding.com)
Genes1
- Body weight, plasmatic parameters and adipose tissue mRNA expression levels of key genes were evaluated after 20 weeks of HFD feeding. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells4
- It acts to increase the concentration of calcium (Ca 2+ ) in the blood , whereas calcitonin (a hormone produced by the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland ) acts to decrease calcium concentration. (bionity.com)
- Insulin is a hormone that facilitates the transport of glucose from blood into cells, thereby reducing blood glucose (blood sugar). (wikipedia.org)
- Illustration depicting white adipose cells. (ipfs.io)
- [3] [4] The variation of body fat distribution resulting from normal growth is influenced by nutritional and hormonal status in dependence on intrinsic differences in cells found in each adipose depot. (ipfs.io)
Pathways1
- It has also been demonstrated that resistin upregulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) vascular cell-adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), all of which are occupied in chemotactic pathways involved in leukocyte recruitment to sites of infection. (wikipedia.org)
Amino acids1
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) , or parathormone , is secreted by the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids. (bionity.com)
Significantly1
- The seminal concentrations of resistin were significantly higher in cases of leukocyte spermia or if the patients were smokers. (wikipedia.org)
Body1
- The body tries not to have too much or too little of any important fluids, hormones, etc. (bodybuilding.com)
Effects1
- resistin adversely impacts the effects of statins , the main cholesterol-reducing drug used in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. (wikidoc.org)
Levels2
- The underlying belief among those in support of this theory is that serum resistin levels will increase with increased adiposity. (wikipedia.org)
- On the other hand, insulin levels were only increased in AD-fed group in both sexes associated with increased resistin levels. (biomedcentral.com)