• K cells secrete gastric inhibitory peptide, an incretin, which also promotes triglyceride storage. (wikipedia.org)
  • L cells secrete glucagon-like peptide-1, an incretin, peptide YY3-36, oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-2. (wikipedia.org)
  • I cells secrete cholecystokinin (CCK), and have the highest mucosal density in the duodenum with a decreasing amount throughout the small intestine. (wikipedia.org)
  • S cells secrete secretin mostly from the duodenum, but also in decreasing amounts throughout the rest of the small intestine, and stimulate exocrine pancreatic secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also called Delta cells, D cells secrete somatostatin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Secrete motilin Gastric enteroendocrine cells are found in the gastric glands, mostly at their base. (wikipedia.org)
  • The G cells secrete gastrin, post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve can release gastrin-releasing peptide during parasympathetic stimulation to stimulate secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enterochromaffin-like cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells also known for their similarity to chromaffin cells secreting histamine, which stimulates G cells to secrete gastrin. (wikipedia.org)
  • When a tumor arises it has the capacity to secrete large volumes of hormones. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 11 ] Other nonfunctional pancreatic endocrine tumors likely secrete unknown products that are of little or no clinical significance. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatic islet cell tumors may secrete 2 or more polypeptide hormones. (medscape.com)
  • VIPomas are neuroendocrine tumors that secrete vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) autonomously. (medscape.com)
  • RIN-5F cells secrete insulin, produce high levels of the key APUD enzyme, L-dopa-decarboxylase and contain membrane-bound secretory granules. (hsanmartino.it)
  • Islet cell tumors in this group are often multiple and malignant. (medscape.com)
  • Classification of all canine mammary gland lesions revealed 13(86.7%) malignant and 2(13.3%) benign tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA). (lookformedical.com)
  • It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (lookformedical.com)
  • Malignant carcinoid syndrome occurs in fewer than 10% of patients with a carcinoid tumor. (medscape.com)
  • The name was chosen to separate these tumors from ordinary malignancies (carcinomas), but by the 1950s, the fact that carcinoids could be malignant was obvious, thanks to Erspamer and Asero (1952), who identified serotonin production by carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoids do not produce the malignant carcinoid syndrome until they are no longer confined to the small bowel or mesentery, perhaps because the liver breaks down the secretory products of tumors restricted to those locations. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with pancreatic neoplasms that have the histologic characteristics of a pancreatic endocrine tumor but no associated elevation in plasma hormone levels (excluding the pancreatic polypeptide level) and those without a recognizable clinical syndrome are considered to have nonfunctional pancreatic endocrine tumors. (medscape.com)
  • The cells in pancreatic endocrine neoplasms are termed amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells because they have a high amine content, are capable of amine precursor uptake, and contain an amino acid decarboxylase. (medscape.com)
  • Although the term islet cell tumor is often used to identify neoplasms of the endocrine pancreas, this is a misnomer because many pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors do not develop directly from islet cells. (medscape.com)
  • Functional pancreatic endocrine neoplasms cause physiologic derangements related to the normal action of the hormonal product that the tumors overproduce. (medscape.com)
  • Amyloid deposits are not uncommon in endocrine neoplasms and can also occur in pituitary tumors. (scirp.org)
  • Methods of analysis of tumors of the DNS are also presented because some of these techniques are indispensable for the diagnosis of many neuroendocrine neoplasms. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The cells and neoplasms of the neuroendocrine and paracrine systems make up the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The principal cells and neoplasms that form the DNS are listed in Table 11.1 . (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Although the term carcinoid tumor has been broadly used to refer to many neoplasms derived from the DNS ( 9 ), this term is being replaced by neuroendocrine neoplasms. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • However, to communicate effectively with clinicians, the term carcinoid tumor can still be used in parenthesis for neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enteroendocrine cells are located in the stomach, in the intestine and in the pancreas. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 13 ] APUD cells were once believed to originate from the embryologic neural crest, but current evidence suggests that these cells-and thus endocrine tumors of the pancreas and other endocrine tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract (eg, carcinoid tumors)-actually develop from the embryologic endoderm. (medscape.com)
  • [ 15 ] Instead, the tumors arise from APUD stem cells, which are pluripotential neuroendocrine cells located within the ductular epithelium of the exocrine pancreas and elsewhere in the distal foregut. (medscape.com)
  • No universally agreed-upon algorithm exists in the radiologic investigation of pancratic neuroendocrine (islet cell) tumors of the pancreas. (medscape.com)
  • Evidence has shown that endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) can be used to accurately diagnose and localize primary endocrine tumors of the pancreas, especially insulinomas and gastrinomas. (medscape.com)
  • Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. (lookformedical.com)
  • The tumors are usually greater than 3 cm in diameter at the time of diagnosis and are found primarily in the body and tail of the pancreas. (medscape.com)
  • However, the continuous knowledge which was added by studying these tumors for nearly a century strengthen the notion that the above term was inaccurate or inadequate to describe several parameters of this heterogeneous group of gastrointestinal tumors (including the appendiceal one). (wjgnet.com)
  • Approximately 10% of neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (except carcinoids) are VIPomas. (medscape.com)
  • Feyrter ( 2 ) considered the clear cells of the gastrointestinal tract to be peripheral endocrine or paracrine cells. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Islet cells commonly are referred to as APUD cells, a name derived from their high amine content and capacity for amine precursor uptake with decarboxylation. (medscape.com)
  • 1,2,3] They originate in amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells of the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system and in adrenal or extra-adrenal neurogenic sites. (medscape.com)
  • In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) applied the term carcinoid to all tumors of the diffuse endocrine system (synonymous with amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation [APUD] and neuroendocrine cell system). (medscape.com)
  • however, tumors can originate from any cell of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system and, therefore, produce several intestinal hormones. (medscape.com)
  • The detailed study of neuroendocrine cells by Pearse ( 3 , 4 ) led to the development of the concept of amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Thus, the term "carcinoid" was replaced by the term "gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, GEP-NETs"[ 2 ]. (wjgnet.com)
  • Systemic Therapy for Tumor Control in Metastatic Well-Differentiated Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: ASCO Guideline. (harvard.edu)
  • Intertumoral lineage diversity and immunosuppressive transcriptional programs in well-differentiated gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. (harvard.edu)
  • The first report of a hormone-producing pancreatic tumor syndrome was published in 1927, when Wilder et al described insulinoma syndrome in a patient with a metastatic islet cell tumor who had hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia. (medscape.com)
  • Although nonfunctional islet cell tumors are not uncommon at autopsy, most islet cell tumors with clinical manifestations are functional. (medscape.com)
  • This article reviews the role of imaging in the management of islet cell tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Properties: Products: Insulin, L-dopa-decarboxylase Applications: Study of pancreatic islet cell biology eg. (hsanmartino.it)
  • Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. (harvard.edu)
  • Pancreatic islet cells are part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system of the gut and pancreatic endocrine system. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatic enteroendocrine cells are located in the islets of Langerhans and produce most importantly the hormones insulin and glucagon. (wikipedia.org)
  • and asthma attacks-caused by vasoactive hormones secreted by metastases from carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • The conditioned medium contained growth hormones and prolactin being produced by rat pituitary tumour cells GH3 (ECACC No. 87012603). (hsanmartino.it)
  • Paracrine regulation refers to the production of amines and hormones by cells that exert a local effect on the target cells by diffusion through the extracellular space. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • When their protective barriers are missing, hormones and cells that are present during inflammatory processes induce activation of clasts which, when unbalanced, no longer perform physiological bone remodeling and begin to provoke an immunopathological response that causes dental resorption. (bvsalud.org)
  • Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition. (harvard.edu)
  • Although the APUD concept provided a unifying theory for explaining some endocrine diseases and ectopic hormone productions, the hypothesis that the cells were all of neural crest origin, as postulated by Pearse, was later disproved by the experiments of LeDouarin ( 5 ) and others. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • On the other hand, insulinoma cells that had lost their normal glucose responsiveness have low GLUT2 content, but some glucose sensitivity may be recovered after reintroducing GLUT2 expression through stable transfection of these cells (10,16). (justia.com)
  • [ 2 ] Subsequently, four other classic pancreatic endocrine tumor syndromes have been described. (medscape.com)
  • They may manifest as sporadic tumors or as part of certain syndromes, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors and related syndromes may be a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia . (medscape.com)
  • Enterochromaffin cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells with a close similarity to adrenomedullary chromaffin cells secreting serotonin. (wikipedia.org)
  • In children and adolescents, VIP is produced mainly by ganglioneuromas, ganglioneuroblastomas, neurofibromas, or other tumors in the adrenal area (the most common location). (medscape.com)
  • The steroid-producing endocrine cells of the adrenal cortex, ovary, and testis, as well as the thyroid hormone-producing follicular cells in the thyroid gland, do not form part of the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Typically, 90% of carcinoid tumors originate from the distal ileum or appendix (the embryologic midgut. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors may be functional or nonfunctional. (medscape.com)
  • In rats (Rattus rattus) the short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR43 is expressed both by this cell type and by mast cells of the mucosa. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dopamine and the regulation of cell proliferation in gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) pyloric mucosa. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • New insights emerged last decade that enriched our knowledge regarding the biological behavior of appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), which range from totally benign tumors less than 1cm to goblet cell carcinomas which behave similarly to colorectal adenocarcinoma. (wjgnet.com)
  • [ 4 ] but Oberndorfer called a group of small, benign-appearing tumors karzinoide tumoren (carcinoid) for the first time in 1907. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors arise from neuroendocrine cells, which are widespread in the human body, especially in the organs derived from the primitive intestine. (medscape.com)
  • In 1914, Gosset and Masson demonstrated that carcinoid tumors might arise from enterochromaffin cells (Kulchitsky cell) within glands of Lieberkühn using silver impregnation techniques. (medscape.com)
  • [ 9 ] ) Carcinoid tumors represent 90% of appendiceal tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a product that appears to be a marker for pancreatic endocrine tumors, but it is not a mediator of any specific PP-related clinical syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Our objectives in this study were to identify cytopathology criteria of malignancy for canine mammary tumors and the frequency of different types of mammary lesions and their relationship with histologic grade was investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If a patient is thought to have carcinoid syndrome, blood and urine tests must be performed to determine levels of bioactive substances secreted by carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Before surgical excision of the tumour, FNAC was performed using a 0.6 mm diameter needle attached to a 10 ml syringe held in a standard metal syringe holder. (biomedcentral.com)
  • No medical treatment was given but the tumor recurred after 6 months and a repeat surgery was done for total excision. (scirp.org)
  • Goblet cell carcinoma (synonyms: adenocarcinoid, mucous adenocarcinoid) belongs to the last category. (wjgnet.com)
  • Its therapeutic use is limited to the treatment of hypercalcemia and Paget's osteopathy, and as a tumor marker in medullary carcinoma. (teknon.es)
  • Moreover, the most common type of tumor was complex carcinoma - 33.3% (5 cases). (biomedcentral.com)
  • A section of a rare lymph node metastasis from adenocarcinoid tumor (250 X). Image courtesy of Professor Pantaleo Bufo, University of Foggia, Italy. (medscape.com)
  • Functioning tumors produce a clinical syndrome as a result of excessive hormone production. (medscape.com)
  • 10] In contrast to individuals with VIP-secreting pancreatic tumors, patients with neurogenic lesions generally have normal serum levels of pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin, insulin, and somatostatin. (medscape.com)
  • Some of the less common DNS tumors are presented, along with differential diagnoses, because the more common lesions are covered in detail in other areas of the text. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell secreting histamine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Microbiota play key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses in these enteroendocrine cells via their fermentation product (short chain fatty acid), acetate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intestinal enteroendocrine cells are not clustered together but spread as single cells throughout the intestinal tract. (wikipedia.org)
  • The enteroendocrine cells sense the metabolites from intestinal commensal microbiota and, in turn, coordinate antibacterial, mechanical, and metabolic branches of the host intestinal innate immune response to the commensal microbiota. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies 4 Novel Risk Loci for Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors Including a Missense Mutation in LGR5. (harvard.edu)
  • insulin-secreting cells, the basolateral membrane of intestinal and kidney absorptive cells, in hepatocytes and in a subset of neurons (21,31,44). (justia.com)
  • instead, WDHA syndrome is usually associated with VIP-secreting neurogenic tumors involving the retroperitoneum and mediastinum. (medscape.com)
  • L cells are primarily found in the ileum and large intestine (colon), but some are also found in the duodenum and jejunum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Located in a increasing manner throughout the small intestine, with the highest levels found in the in ileum, N cells release neurotensin, and control smooth muscle contraction. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 12 ] Pearse first used the term APUD in 1968 to unify a group of functionally and structurally similar neuroendocrine cells that are present throughout the body. (medscape.com)
  • Complete surgical removal of all tumor tissues, when feasible, is the best treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Stomach enteroendocrine cells, which release gastrin, and stimulate gastric acid secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • C. Wegner, G. Teuchert-Noodt, and R.R. Dawirs, "Demonstration of dopamine immunoreactivity in open and closed type endocrine cells of gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) stomach", LIFE SCIENCES , vol. 59, 1996, pp. 1407-1413. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • High risk of acute pulmonary toxicity with both myeloablative and non-myeloablative total body irradiation-based conditioning for allogeneic stem cell transplantation. (dukecancerinstitute.org)
  • An imaging technique using compounds labelled with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides (such as carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18) to measure cell metabolism. (lookformedical.com)
  • Imaging studies also must be performed to detect the sites of either primary tumors or metastases. (medscape.com)
  • Moreover, the most often tumors occur in inguinal mammary (60%) and abdominal (27%) glands. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tumors or cancer of the LIVER. (lookformedical.com)
  • Most of these tumors produce 5-hydroxytryptamine, which, in physiologic conditions, is taken up and stored in the platelets while the excesses are inactivated in the liver and lung and transformed into 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). (medscape.com)
  • In 1928, Masson established characterization of carcinoids as argentaffin cell tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Furthermore, this research will allow a more discriminating classification of mammary tumors and probably has a bearing on cytohistopathology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and prognosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The current neuroendocrine classification of cells and tumors uses immunohistochemical (IHC), ultrastructural, and molecular biologic features to define members of the DNS ( 6 , 7 and 8 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Clinical features of the syndrome depend on tumor cell type. (medscape.com)
  • APUDOMA is a general term collectively applied to tumors associated with APUD cells. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Neural crest cells are precursors of APUDoma and neurogenic cells. (medscape.com)