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PollenPollen TubeLiliumPollinationRhinitis, Allergic, SeasonalBetulaNeural Tube DefectsFlowersAllergensAntigens, PlantAmbrosiaNeural TubeCupressusFallopian TubesCryptomeriaPlant ProteinsOvuleGerminationEustachian TubePlant InfertilityChest TubesSelf-Incompatibility in Flowering PlantsOleaAlnusArabidopsisSeedsReproductionAngiospermsPapaverMeteorological ConceptsCedrusPoaceaeBeesGene Expression Regulation, PlantGametogenesis, PlantTreesArabidopsis ProteinsImmunoglobulin EBetulaceaePlants, Genetically ModifiedCupressaceaeSelf-FertilizationFallopian Tube NeoplasmsPhleumGenes, PlantIntubation, GastrointestinalGerm Cells, PlantHypersensitivityZea maysPetuniaSkin TestsJuniperusLiliaceaeSeasonsTobaccoDesensitization, ImmunologicMolecular Sequence DataHoneyWindGametogenesisFraxinusBrassicaCytoplasmic StreamingArtemisiaSolanaceaeDNA, PlantLolium
GrainsGerminationLiving LiliumStimulated pollen tube growthElongationStigmaBase of the pistilOvulePistilAllergensArabidopsisGrainEffects on pollen tubeTobacco pollen tubesIndividual pollen tubesGrowthElongateMorphologyLilyChanges in pollenVitroEmbryoDustFormosanumFertilizationAirborneOvulesCross-pollinationMechanismsSpeciesSperm cellsNucleiMicrofluidicEsophagus is the tubeApicalGenesMembraneDepositionAffectsReproductiveEustachianPlantCellOccurSpecificallyEncountersAnthersGaugeInsects
Grains15
  • Scanning electron micrograph of two germinated lily pollen grains with pollen tubes (false-colored). (livescience.com)
  • However, in vitro assays showed that tube elongation was hampered in the mutant grains. (molcells.org)
  • Figure 1: Long journey for pollen grains. (nature.com)
  • Within the process of pollination, a fascinating and intricate journey takes place as the pollen grains travel from the stigma to the ovary, where fertilization ultimately occurs. (decodingairtravel.com)
  • Pollen grains (orange) extend their pollen tubes (bright brown) on the stigma of a Ragweed (Ambrosia sp. (sciencesource.com)
  • Grains in the pollen erect a tube on the flower that travels all the way down into the female part of the plant. (ehow.com)
  • cell wall architecture of the anther, pollen grains, and pollen tube. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • 2017). Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 mutants in the genes (GT14 family), which encode GlcA transferase activity for AGPs, produced plants having reduced yields due to the intine and exine defects in the mature pollen grains (Zhang et al. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • 2021). Additionally, CRISPR/Cas9 mutants also revealed aborted pollen grains to be responsible for reduced seed set in a previous study (Zhang et al. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • In this study, we investigated the role of type-II AGs of AGPs in male sporophytic and gametophytic development, pollen grains, and pollen tube growth by using the mutant. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • 4,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole Staining To observe the nuclei and callose wall, mature pollen grains were stained in 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) solution (Regan and Moffatt, 1990). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Auramine O Staining For auramine O staining, pollen grains of stage 13 blooms had been suspended Rabbit polyclonal to SP1 in 0.1% auramine O in 50 mM TrisCHCl, pH 7.5 and observed using a Zeiss LSM-510 laser-scanning confocal microscope at Ohio School using the filter established ideal for FITC. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Electron Microscopy For SEM observations, pollen anthers and grains of WT, and had been dry-mounted on lightweight aluminum stubs using double-adhesive tapes and sputter-coated using a palladium alloy using an Anatech HUMMER 6.2 Sputtering Program). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • After pollen grains germinate on a stigma, each grain produces a single pollen tube that carries sperm cells to the egg cell and the central cell in the ovule for double fertilization. (jove.com)
  • They have found fossilised grains of pollen that provide. (lu.se)
Germination14
Living Lilium2
Stimulated pollen tube growth1
  • Conversely, suppressing PA degradation by inhibiting LPP activity using any of three different inhibitors significantly stimulated pollen tube growth, and similar effect was achieved by suppressing the expression of tobacco pollen LPP4 using antisense knock-down. (frontiersin.org)
Elongation5
  • These results indicate that OsImp ß1 is specifically required for pollen tube elongation. (molcells.org)
  • Exogenous SPD treatment obviously increased the SPD contents in the pollen tube, inhibited pollen tube elongation, and resulted in some abnormal morphological alterations, such as tip inflation, tube content leakage and tip twist, which were observed in both 'Banpeiyu' and 'Hyuganatsu' pollen tubes exposed to incompatible treatment. (ashs.org)
  • From a mechanical point of view, the process of pollen tube elongation is similar to that of a balloon catheter used in angioplasty-forces are generated based on fluid under pressure," explains Muthukumaran Packirisamy from Concordia University's mechanical and industrial engineering department. (futurity.org)
  • An alternative technique that allows pollen tube elongation to be monitored in vivo is two photon microscopy 7 . (jove.com)
  • The overall goal of the method described here is to visualize the elongation capability of tip-growing plant cells, including pollen tubes, root hairs, and moss protonemata, in extremely small spaces. (jove.com)
Stigma5
  • The pollen grain of flowering plants germinates on a receptive stigma and develops a pollen tube that grows through the pistil toward the ovules, thus serving as a courier that delivers the sperm cells to the embryo sac. (frontiersin.org)
  • were cloned from the pollen and stigma of Papaveraceae, respectively, as the first known self-incompatibility ( S ) genes. (ashs.org)
  • It is the process by which pollen, containing the male gametes or sperm cells, is transferred from the anther of a flower's stamen to the stigma of the pistil, the female reproductive part of the flower. (decodingairtravel.com)
  • The tube acts as a conduit to transport the male gamete cells from the pollen grain from the stigma to the ovules at the base of the pistil. (sciencesource.com)
  • Self-pollination happens as a result of the pollen coming into contact with the stigma of the flower. (ehow.com)
Base of the pistil1
  • The female part of the plant is at the base of the pistil, which houses the developing pollen tube. (ehow.com)
Ovule15
  • Using different genetic strategies and starting from an overlapping list of almost 30 pollen-expressed RLKs, the two groups searched for proteins that support ovule targeting by pollen tubes. (nature.com)
  • The journey of the two sperm nuclei in the pollen tube is a remarkable example of efficient travel, made possible by certain adaptations that aid in their successful navigation to the ovule. (decodingairtravel.com)
  • The elongated structure of the pollen tube plays a crucial role in ensuring that the sperm nuclei can travel efficiently towards the ovule. (decodingairtravel.com)
  • The tube is a long, thin projection that extends from the pollen grain towards the ovule. (decodingairtravel.com)
  • As the pollen tube grows, it encounters various directional guidance cues that aid in its navigation towards the ovule. (decodingairtravel.com)
  • For example, the ovule produces attractant molecules that help guide the pollen tube towards its target. (decodingairtravel.com)
  • These molecules play key roles in various processes, such as the growth of the tube, penetration through layers of tissues, and interaction with the ovule. (decodingairtravel.com)
  • These adaptations ensure that the pollen tube remains viable and capable of delivering the sperm nuclei to the ovule. (decodingairtravel.com)
  • The elongated structure of the tube, along with directional cues, specific proteins and enzymes, cellular changes, and efficient nutrient allocation, all contribute to the efficient navigation and delivery of the sperm nuclei to the ovule. (decodingairtravel.com)
  • Investigation of unusual pollen tube growth, fertilization percentage and fruit set, considered from the aspect of ovule senescence and cultivars' behaviour as female (pollinated), pointed to their specific relations and complex dependence on the air temperature before and during the flowering. (ac.rs)
  • Pollen Tube Growth and Ovule Abortion in Olea Europaea (Oleaceae): A Case of Ovule Selection? (novapublishers.com)
  • The pollen tube will react with a ovule in the female part of the plant to fertilize an egg. (ehow.com)
  • Pollen tubes elongate through the style and eventually reach the ovule by sensing multiple guidance cues along their way 1 . (jove.com)
  • the transmitting track is filled with cells, and pollen tubes must enter the minute micropylar opening of the ovule to reach their target ( Figure 1A ) 2 . (jove.com)
  • However, with this method, it is difficult to observe the morphological changes in individual pollen tubes deep inside the ovule tissue. (jove.com)
Pistil2
  • The sperm, two of which are housed in each grain of pollen, can't move on their own and the egg cell is deeply embedded in the pistil (the female tissues of the flower). (futurity.org)
  • To reach the egg, the sperm rely on a pollen tube that extends into the pistil. (futurity.org)
Allergens4
  • Common allergens include plant pollens, pet dander, and dust. (healthline.com)
  • In this study, we investigate the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation of the major birch and grass pollen allergens Bet v 1 and Phl p 5, and how the physiological oxidant peroxynitrite (ONOO - ) changes the TLR4 activation through protein nitration and the formation of protein dimers and higher oligomers. (frontiersin.org)
  • Of the two allergens, Bet v 1 exhibited no TLR4 activation, but we found TLR4 activation of Phl p 5, which increased after modification with ONOO - and may play a role in the sensitization against this grass pollen allergen. (frontiersin.org)
  • The prevalence and severity of allergic diseases triggered by airborne plant pollen and other allergens are increasing worldwide ( 1 - 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Arabidopsis3
  • Five candidate genes for pollen-expressed Arabidopsis phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinases (PI4P 5-kinases) were identified and the recombinant proteins characterized regarding catalytic activity and substrate preferences. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Side-by-side comparison of PI4P 5-kinase localization in pollen tubes of Arabidopsis and tobacco shows that the tobacco model faithfully resembles the Arabidopsis system. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • A previous study showed that T-DNA insertion in the Arabidopsis MIRO1 gene is lethal during embryogenesis and affects pollen tube growth and mitochondrial morphology in pollen, whereas T-DNA insertion in MIRO2 does not affect plant development visibly. (ntnu.no)
Grain1
Effects on pollen tube2
  • Additional information on the roles of PI4P 5-kinases during pollen tube growth was obtained from transient overexpression of PI4P 5-kinases in tobacco pollen tubes that had strong effects on pollen tube morphology, characteristic for the type of enzyme tested. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Blossom thinner effects on pollen tube growth, fruit set, and yield responses were evaluated. (psu.edu)
Tobacco pollen tubes1
  • Using tobacco pollen tubes as a model, we addressed the signaling effects of PA by probing the functions of three most relevant enzymes that regulate the production and degradation of PA, namely, phospholipases D (PLD), diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs), and lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). (frontiersin.org)
Individual pollen tubes1
  • So, scientists looked more closely at the growth force of individual pollen tubes using a microfluidic lab-on-a-chip. (futurity.org)
Growth20
  • Thus, suppressing PA production by inhibiting either PLD or DGK activity compromised membrane trafficking except early endocytosis, disrupted tip-localized deposition of cell wall material, especially pectins, and inhibited pollen tube growth. (frontiersin.org)
  • Overall, our results demonstrate the critical importance of all three types of enzymes involved in PA production and degradation, with strikingly different roles of PA produced by the PLD and DGK pathways, in pollen tube growth. (frontiersin.org)
  • To achieve this, pollen tubes perform a specialized type of cell expansion called "tip growth" in which all growth occurs in a single region, the apical part of the tip-growing cell. (frontiersin.org)
  • Besides pollen tubes, other cell types such as root hairs, fungal hyphae, and neuronal cells likewise elongate by tip growth, sharing conserved mechanisms that bring about this type of growth. (frontiersin.org)
  • Why is the growth of a pollen tube important? (lifeeasy.org)
  • It is well established that pollen-specific receptor-like kinase (RLK) proteins can regulate the growth of pollen tubes 6 . (nature.com)
  • Because enzymes responsible for PI(4,5)P2-production at that location are uncharacterized, PI(4,5)P2-functions in polar tip-growth of pollen tubes are unresolved. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • With overexpression of type A-enzymes pollen tubes were arrested in polar growth, exhibited tip-swelling and were altered in actin-cytoskeleton and Golgi-/vacuolar movement, whereas type B-enzymes induced tip branching or growth arrest due to increased apical pectin secretion. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Examples of such proteins and enzymes include pollen tube growth factors, pectinases, and cellulases. (decodingairtravel.com)
  • This efficient nutrient allocation sustains the growth and vitality of the pollen tube, allowing it to reach its destination and deliver the sperm nuclei for fertilization. (decodingairtravel.com)
  • Growth hormones mostly had favourable effect on pollen tube growth, whereas, the immunosuppressant had inhibitory effect over the control. (isgpb.org)
  • The treatment of 2,4-D @ 100 ppm was found to be the best, which improved the foreign pollen tube growth significantly over the control. (isgpb.org)
  • The sorghum pollen tube growth was better than that of pearl millet. (isgpb.org)
  • Although certain chemical concentrations improved the tube growth of sorghum and pearl millet, it was not sufficient for the foreign pollen tubes to reach maize embryo sac. (isgpb.org)
  • Further investigations revealed that loss of MIRO2 (miro2(−/−)) function in the miro1(+/−) background enhanced pollen tube growth defects. (ntnu.no)
  • PM H+-ATPase is a potential target of hormone signaling during pollen tube growth in petunia. (nbuv.gov.ua)
  • In cross- and open pollination variants, the rate of unusual pollen tube growth in the ovary, fertilization percentage and fruit set were determined. (ac.rs)
  • When the pollen tube encounters an obstacle, it changes its growth pattern, suggesting that the cells are in some ways able to 'feel' and respond to the physical resistance in their environment. (futurity.org)
  • Geitmann notes, "What is even more exciting is that we found that when the pollen tube encounters an obstacle, it changes its growth pattern, suggesting that the cells are in some ways able to 'feel' and respond to the physical resistance in their environment. (futurity.org)
  • However, these methods alone do not reveal whether pollen tubes are capable of elongating through physical barriers along their growth paths. (jove.com)
Elongate3
  • For successful fertilization to occur, the pollen tube must accomplish two main goals - to elongate effectively and to navigate its way in the desirable direction. (frontiersin.org)
  • So, we designed a microscopic cantilever with a gauge built-in that the pollen tubes had to forcefully push against in order to continue to elongate. (futurity.org)
  • We describe a method to investigate the capability of tip-growing plant cells, including pollen tubes, root hairs, and moss protonemata, to elongate through extremely narrow gaps (~1 µm) in a microfluidic device. (jove.com)
Morphology2
  • Interestingly, inhibiting specifically DGK changed vacuolar dynamics and the morphology of pollen tubes, whereas inhibiting specifically PLD disrupted the actin cytoskeleton. (frontiersin.org)
  • Overexpression of a type β PI 4-kinase induc ed similar effects on tobacco pollen tube morphology as was observed with type B PI4P 5-kinases and both enzymes showed synergistic effects in coexpression experiments, indicating that type β PI 4-kinases and type B PI4P 5-kinases act in a common pathway promoting pectin exocytosis. (uni-goettingen.de)
Lily2
  • Germinated lily pollen was imaged with DIC optics using a using a Nikon TE300 inverted microscope with a 40x NA1.3 DIC objective lens and recorded with a Quantix Cool Snap HQ CCD camera. (cellimagelibrary.org)
  • Living lily pollen tubes were labeled and imaged with a Zeiss 510 meta confocal microscope using a 63x 1.4 NA objective lens. (ucsd.edu)
Changes in pollen1
  • Using this experimental platform, we observed morphological changes in pollen tubes as they penetrated the microgap. (jove.com)
Vitro1
  • Scanning electron micrograph of the microfluidic device used to expose in vitro growing pollen tubes to narrow openings. (livescience.com)
Embryo1
  • The foreign pollen tube grew only to a few millimeter in length and did not reach embryo sac to allow fertilization. (isgpb.org)
Dust1
Formosanum1
Fertilization2
  • In these S-RNase models, S -allele are genes closely linked to the recognition of self-fertilization and the degradation of RNA in self-fertilized pollen tubes. (ashs.org)
  • Plants exhibit a bewildering array of breeding systems, reflected by variation in gender, floral form and display, mechanisms of pollen transfer, and pathways of fertilization and seed maturation. (uoguelph.ca)
Airborne3
  • the application of airborne pollen data to agronomical research and orbicules in relation to pollination modes. (novapublishers.com)
  • This licensed technology collects airborne particles from the environment in the appropriate laboratory tubes to facilitate analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • In the United States, for example, the University of Cincinnati collected airborne mold in water-damaged buildings in New Orleans and the California Institute of Technology collected pollen and pollen fragments. (cdc.gov)
Ovules2
  • In flowering plants, sperm-containing pollen tubes are guided towards ovules by attractants from the female reproductive organ. (nature.com)
  • These pollen tubes enable the sperm to pass through and thus fertilize the female ovules. (sciencesource.com)
Cross-pollination3
  • Self-incompatibility is a genetic mechanism that exists in flowering plants to prevent a plant from being pollinated by its own pollen and to promote cross-pollination. (ashs.org)
  • When a bee, insect or element of nature moves pollen from flower to flower, the process is termed cross-pollination. (ehow.com)
  • This is one way in which a flower can adapt its pollen to be more successful in the cross-pollination process. (ehow.com)
Mechanisms1
  • Since the journey can be prolonged, the tube is equipped with mechanisms to ensure a continuous supply of energy and necessary resources. (decodingairtravel.com)
Species1
  • I feel many of the long tubed Ipomopsis species also depend on these Hawk Moths as primary pollinators to. (nargs.org)
Sperm cells2
  • A pollen tube before and after bursting and releasing its onboard sperm cells. (livescience.com)
  • We captured the dynamic changes in the shape of a fluorescently labeled vegetative nucleus and sperm cells in a pollen tube during this process. (jove.com)
Nuclei4
Microfluidic1
  • Here, a pollen tube growing through a microscopic gap of the microfluidic device, helping researchers understand how a pollen tubes drills through the tissue of a female plant. (livescience.com)
Esophagus is the tube2
  • The esophagus is the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Your esophagus is the tube that connects your throat to your stomach. (msdmanuals.com)
Apical3
  • All five enzymes studied localized in a ring-like pattern in the apical plasma membrane of pollen tubes. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • The data indicate that PI4P 5-kinase isoforms generate distinct PI(4,5)P2-pools that control either actin-dynamics or exocytosis of cell wall-material, respectively, and that these pools coexist within close proximity of the apical plasma membrane of pollen tubes. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Various mechanical properties of the pollen tube have been studied, including turgor pressure and stiffness of the cell's apical region, which can be measured using the incipient plasmolysis method 3 , 4 and cellular force microscopy (CFM) 5 , 6 , respectively. (jove.com)
Genes1
  • In silico transcriptomic survey revealed increased levels of expression of all three PA-regulatory genes in pollen development (particularly the DGKs). (frontiersin.org)
Membrane3
  • Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) occurs in the tip-plasma membrane of growing pollen tubes. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • The pollen tube, a fast tip-growing cell, is an excellent model to study membrane and cell wall biosynthesis. (hal.science)
  • Here, we describe a simple protocol using an easy to use device to perform immunofluorescence labelling of pollen tube membrane and cell wall. (hal.science)
Deposition1
Affects1
Reproductive2
  • During its journey, the pollen tube undergoes several cellular changes that enable it to maintain its integrity and respond to signals from the female reproductive tract. (decodingairtravel.com)
  • To overcome this issue, we generated a quintuple mutants that showed a substantial effect on the reproductive ability along with the observation of aborted pollen exhibiting exine structural differences (Kaur et al. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Eustachian6
  • Air travels through your child's Eustachian tubes , which connect your child's middle ears to their throat . (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The Eustachian tubes help drain fluid and prevent it from filling up in your child's ears. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The fluid drains from the Eustachian tubes and your child swallows it unconsciously. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Eustachian tubes in children are wider and more horizontal than they are in adults, so they don't work as well. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • When your child's Eustachian tubes have a blockage, air can't enter their middle ears. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • A blockage in your child's Eustachian tubes can cause the condition for many reasons. (clevelandclinic.org)
Plant3
  • These invasive tubes are the fastest growing cells in the plant kingdom, growing up to 1 to 2 centimeters (or 500 times their original dimension) an hour, and can sometimes extend up to 30 centimeters, depending on the anatomy of the flower. (futurity.org)
  • Thanks to the lab-on-a-chip technology we were able to actually see and measure exactly what was going on within the pollen tube as it grew," adds senior author Anja Geitmann, the Canada Research Chair in McGill University's plant science department. (futurity.org)
  • Pollen is different in each plant, and has characteristics that make pollen from one plant different from that of another plant. (ehow.com)
Cell1
  • For example, air pollutants can damage the pollen cell wall and facilitate the release of allergenic proteins and other cytoplasmic substances into the environment ( 16 - 20 ). (frontiersin.org)
Occur1
  • Bronchial spasms occur when your bronchial tubes become inflamed. (healthline.com)
Specifically1
  • Specifically, the LM2 monoclonal antibody (which recognized -GlcA epitopes on AGPs) showed a weak signal for the endothecium, microspores, and pollen tube apex. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Encounters1
  • To fertilize the egg, the pollen tube (which is between 1/20 and 1/5 of the width of a human hair) has to navigate through a maze of tissue, no matter what obstacles it encounters. (futurity.org)
Anthers1
  • Close examination of the heterozygous anthers revealed that the mutant pollen matured normally. (molcells.org)
Gauge1
Insects2