• In certain influenza viruses, the cell surface consists of both hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins that encompass enzymatic activities, whereas hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) proteins have been found to be the primary single spike protein that combines all of the enzymatic activities listed above. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza C have been shown to have unique HEF structure proteins that enhance its ability to infect the host cell compared to influenza A and B. The folding of different domains in the hemagglutinin-esterase protein is important for intracellular transport of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both hemagglutinin and hemagglutinin esterase fusion protein are similar in terms of structure and the folding of individual segments. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1987). M glycoprotein As is the case with the N protein, the M glycoprotein of the various coronaviruses also exhibits different Mr values in polyacrylamide gels (see review by Siddell et al. (pdfroom.com)
  • Paramyxoviruses may adopt a similar fusion mechanism to other enveloped viruses, in which an anti-parallel six-helix bundle structure is formed post-fusion in the heptad repeat (HR) regions of the envelope fusion protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • In order to understand the fusion mechanism and identify fusion inhibitors of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, we have developed an E. coli system that separately expresses the F protein HR1 and HR2 regions as GST fusion proteins. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Furthermore, both the GST fusion protein and the cleaved HR2 show virus-cell fusion inhibition activity (IC 50 of 1·07-2·93 μM). (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • A leucine zipper structure present in the measles virus fusion protein is not required for its tetramerization but is essential for fusion. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Paramyxovirus fusion protein: characterization of the core trimer, a rod-shaped complex with helices in antiparallel orientation. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Structure-function study of a heptad repeat positioned near the transmembrane domain of Sendai virus fusion protein which blocks virus-cell fusion. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • K. H. Chua and Chai, H. C. , " Hemagglutinin protein of Asian strains of human influenza virus A H1N1 binds to sialic acid - a major component of human airway receptors " , vol. 11, pp. 636-643, 2012. (geneticsmr.com)
  • Hemagglutinin (HA) protein plays an important role in binding the influenza virus to infected cells and therefore mediates infection. (geneticsmr.com)
  • Interaction of the HA protein of influenza A (H1N1) virus with the human sialic acid receptor was also studied using bioinformatics. (geneticsmr.com)
  • L. Degrève and Fuzo, C. A. , " Structure and dynamics of the monomer of protein E of dengue virus type 2 with unprotonated histidine residues " , vol. 12, pp. 348-359, 2013. (geneticsmr.com)
  • It has been hypothesized that conserved histidines in the class II fusion protein E of these viruses function as molecular switches and, by their protonation, control the fusion process. (rupress.org)
  • An influenza virus' RNP is composed of both RNA and protein. (cdc.gov)
  • To address these limitations, we have developed a hemagglutinin (HA)-based protein-detergent nanoparticle influenza vaccine (NIV) with a saponin-based Matrix-M™ adjuvant. (morulaivf.com)
  • Influenza A virus (IAV) utilizes a multivalent binding strategy to the host cell, binding its trimeric spike protein hemagglutinin (HA) to sialic acid present on the cellular membrane. (nanotempertech.com)
  • Enveloped viruses have, in their lipid bilayer, an impermeable barrier between their genomes and the outside environment, reducing the need for continuity of any protein layer. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The shell of a nonenveloped virus with even a very small genome must therefore contain a large number of identical protein subunits-at least 60, if the coat-protein gene is to use up less than 25% of the coding capacity in the enclosed nucleic acid. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The Native SPIKE protein is a trimer that is located in the coronavirus membrane. (gfpvector.com)
  • Using the mutational analysis of recombinant subviral particles of tick-borne encephalitis virus, we provide direct experimental evidence that the initiation of fusion is crucially dependent on the protonation of one of the conserved histidines (His323) at the interface between domains I and III of E, leading to the dissolution of domain interactions and to the exposure of the fusion peptide. (rupress.org)
  • A much more promising strategy is to use recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against influenza and several are currently in clinical development ( 9 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • to rescue four recombinant viruses in which HA (influenza hemagglutinin) tags were inserted at different sites of VP2. (morulaivf.com)
  • In vitro, the recombinant tagged viruses exhibited morphologies, plaque, and growth kinetics similar to the parental BTV-16, and expressed both VP2 and HA tag. (morulaivf.com)
  • Subsequently, the selected recombinant tagged viruses were prepared as inactivated vaccines to immunize IFNAR(-/-) mice and sheep, and serological detection results of an anti-HA antibody provided discriminative detection. (morulaivf.com)
  • In summary, we used plasmid-based RGS to rescue BTV recombinant viruses with HA tags inserted into VP2, and detected several sites on VP2 that can accommodate HA tags. (morulaivf.com)
  • Some of the recombinant tagged viruses have potential to be developed into distinctive inactivated vaccines. (morulaivf.com)
  • We describe the functional analysis methods for HA, including the expression of recombinant proteins, binding to glycoproteins and epithelial cells, and localization in mouse intestinal tissue. (morulaivf.com)
  • Purification of a recombinant oncolytic virus from clarified cell culture media by anion exchange monolith chromatography. (nanoimagingservices.com)
  • CanSinoBio Ad5-EBOV is an adenovirus type 5 recombinant vector-based Ebola virus disease vaccine that protects against Ebola virus disease. (precisionvaccinations.com)
  • The Asian influenza viruses which circulated in man from 1957 to 1968 were H2N2 and the viruses preceding Asian influenza (including the lethal Spanish influenza of 1918) were H1N1, as was the swine influenza pandemic of 2009. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Deposited HA sequences of 86 Asian strains of influenza A (H1N1) viruses during the first outbreak were obtained from the NCBI database and compared. (geneticsmr.com)
  • 2014, "One-pot synthesis of N-acetyl- and N-glycolylneuraminic acid capped trisaccharides and evaluation of their influenza A(H1N1) inhibition. (sinica.edu.tw)
  • We have previously described R1a-B6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of H1N1, H5N1, H2N2, and H9N2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly conserved epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin stem region. (frontiersin.org)
  • R1a-B6-Fc fusions of both isotypes gave complete protection against lethal challenge with both pandemic A/California/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 and avian influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1). (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, we elucidated the kinetic lipid profiles of mice infected with different doses of influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) (PR8) by measuring multiple lipid molecular species using untargeted lipidomic analysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is characterised by an ability to constantly change its two surface proteins - haemagglutinin and neuraminidase - allowing the virus to cause successive epidemics every one or two years or more serious pandemics at irregular intervals. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Influenza virus is a pleomorphic, enveloped virus with two coat proteins on its surface, the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The virus' hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface proteins, were displayed in semi-transparent blue, sticking out of the surface of the virus. (cdc.gov)
  • HEF proteins have been tested to be high-temperature and low-pH resistant and are the primary source of virulence in viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Their data showed conclusively that the emergence of new influenza virus epidemics was associated with the accumulation of point mutations in the virus coat proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • In influenza A viruses there are 8 segments of RNA coding for eight viral proteins and two non-structural proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Virus strains are named according to influenza virus type, the place where first isolated, the isolate number and the year of isolation as well as the nature of the two surface proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The reason for this is not a poor immune response, rather it is the fact that the influenza virus continues to change its coat proteins so that the new infecting variants are no longer recognised and destroyed by the immune response generated against the earlier infection. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Three of these RNP segments encode the virus' surface proteins, i.e., the HA, NA and M proteins. (cdc.gov)
  • Ambirix vaccine contains inactivated (killed) hepatitis A virus and 'surface antigen' (proteins from the surface) parts of the hepatitis B virus as active substances. (precisionvaccinations.com)
  • In the last few decades, frequent incidences of avian influenza (AI) H9N2 outbreaks have caused high mortality in poultry farms resulting in colossal economic losses in several countries. (morulaivf.com)
  • CSL Seqirus Audenz (aH5N1c) adjuvanted cell-based vaccine protecting against avian influenza H5N1 bird flu pandemics. (precisionvaccinations.com)
  • Although Rhinolophus bats harbor diverse clade 3 sarbecoviruses, the structural determinants of receptor tropism along with the antigenicity of their spike (S) glycoproteins remain uncharacterized. (uw.edu)
  • Therefore to get pure & native SPIKE the trimer needs to be kept intact. (gfpvector.com)
  • Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
  • We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
  • This phenomenon of successive infections by the influenza virus is in marked contrast to the situation with viruses like measles, mumps or small pox where exposure to a single infection induces lifelong immunity. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Here we show that focusing the immune response to exposed N-terminal residues of the fusion peptide, a critical component of the viral entry machinery and the epitope of antibodies elicited by HIV-1 infection, through immunization with fusion peptide-coupled carriers and prefusion-stabilized envelope trimers, induces cross-clade neutralizing responses. (scitok.com)
  • The surface of the dengue virus is composed of 180 copies of a multifunctional envelope glycoprotein that acts at several stages of viral infection. (geneticsmr.com)
  • We propose that additional investigation into the role of ADCP in protective viral responses, the specific virus epitopes targeted by ADCP antibodies, and the types of phagocytes and Fc receptors involved in ADCP at sites of virus infection will provide insight into strategies to successfully leverage this important immune response for improved antiviral immunity through rational vaccine design. (frontiersin.org)
  • Our findings demonstrate AAV delivery of cross-subtype neutralizing nanobodies may be an effective strategy to prevent influenza infection and provide long-term protection independent of a host induced immune response. (frontiersin.org)
  • In Egypt, the co-infection of H9N2 with the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has been observed extensively during these outbreaks. (morulaivf.com)
  • Although influenza virus infection has been shown to affect lipid metabolism, details remain unknown. (bvsalud.org)
  • The evidence showed that the risk of an MS diagnosis increased 32-fold after EBV infection, but it held steady following infection with any other virus. (nih.gov)
  • To honor Michael, we invite submissions for this Special Issue of Viruses focusing on Michael's interests: virus structures and assembly mechanisms, conformational transitions and structure-function relationships, and genome packaging and virus infection mechanisms. (mdpi.com)
  • The architecture of trimeric HIV-1 Env in the prefusion state and in the activated intermediate state resembles the corresponding states of influenza hemagglutinin trimers, thus providing direct evidence for the similarity in entry mechanisms used by HIV-1, influenza and related enveloped viruses. (duke.edu)
  • These rare mAbs bind to functionally conserved epitopes such as those in the hemagglutinin (HA) stem, thereby providing strain independent protection. (frontiersin.org)
  • Trimer in envelope. (powershow.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Prefusion structure of trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein determined by cryo-electron microscopy. (duke.edu)
  • Prefusion structure of trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein determined by cryo-electron microscopy. (duke.edu)
  • The activation of trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) by its binding to the cell-surface receptor CD4 and co-receptors (CCR5 or CXCR4) represents the first of a series of events that lead to fusion between viral and target-cell membranes. (duke.edu)
  • Limiting dilutions of soluble H5 trimers complexed with horseradish peroxidase−conjugated antibodies were used in a fetuin- or transferrin-binding assay. (cdc.gov)
  • Antibodies to HA neutralize virus. (powershow.com)
  • This theory was based on the asymmetric nature of the antigenic cross reactions observed between parent viruses and their mutants selected in the presence of neutralising antibodies. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Cross-subtype neutralizing single domain antibodies against influenza present new opportunities for immunoprophylaxis and pandemic preparedness. (frontiersin.org)
  • In a pandemic, a new influenza virus emerges and infects the human population which has little or no pre-existing immunity ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The current study reports isolation and characterization of the H9N2 virus recovered from a concurrent IBV infected broiler chicken flock in Egypt during 2011. (morulaivf.com)
  • Conformational dynamics of P-glycoprotein in lipid nanodiscs and detergent micelles reveal complex motions on a wide time scale. (washington.edu)
  • When the virus is in the endosome, these glycoproteins undergo major conformational rearrangements owing to the protonation of histidine side chains. (geneticsmr.com)
  • Influenza vaccine effectiveness varies annually due to the fast evolving seasonal influenza A(H3N2) strain and egg-derived mutations-both of which can cause a mismatch between the vaccine and circulating strains. (morulaivf.com)
  • Differential Coupling of Binding, ATP Hydrolysis, and Transport of Fluorescent Probes with P-Glycoprotein in Lipid Nanodiscs. (washington.edu)
  • The most critical distinction, from a structural perspective, is between enveloped viruses-those with lipid-bilayer membranes-and nonenveloped viruses-those without such membranes. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Acylation of the hemagglutinin-esterase has shown to play an essential role in virus particle assembly replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • A particle according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the heterologous polypeptide sterically hinders binding of d e viral glycoprotein to its cognate receptor on the eukaryotic cell. (sumobrain.com)
  • A particle according to claim 7, wherein the heterologous polypeptide is displayed as a dimer or trimer. (sumobrain.com)
  • A particle according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the heterologous polypeptide undergoes oligomerisation with die same stoichiometry as that with which the fused viral glycoprotein oligomerises. (sumobrain.com)
  • A particle according to claim 11 or 12, wherein the protease cleavage site becomes accessible after the viral glycoprotein has bound to its cognate receptor on the eukaryotic cell. (sumobrain.com)
  • For the structure of any virus particle, a central constraint is that the information needed to specify its macromolecular components must not exhaust the genetic capacity of the packaged genome. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Electron microscopy is the most direct way to determine the general morphology of a virus particle. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Methods for preserving viruses and other macromolecular assemblies by rapid freezing to liquid nitrogen or liquid helium temperatures have permitted visualization of electron-scattering contrast from the structures in the particle itself and not just from the cast created by a surrounding layer of negative stain. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • H5N1 1 , H5N1 virus clade 1. (cdc.gov)
  • Certain studies revealed that coronavirus and toroviruses HE was originated from HEF glycoprotein that is found in influenza C viruses which resulted from alteration of hemagglutinin esterase from a trimer into a dimer glycoprotein. (wikipedia.org)
  • A substantial fraction (up to 50) of influenza virions contain large helical internal components (A, B), which may contain individual ribonucleoprotein (RNP) segments (C) linked together. (powershow.com)
  • antigenic drift which occurs within influenza virus subtypes and antigenic shift to new subtypes such as the emergence of Asian influenza in 1957 and Hong Kong influenza in 1968. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Structural and mechanistic insights into the inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus polymerase by a non-nucleoside inhibitor. (nanoimagingservices.com)
  • Receptor hydrolysis (esterase) activity allows virus particles to escape the infected cell by removing an acetyl group from the C9 position of terminal 9-O-Ac-Neu5Ac residues. (wikipedia.org)
  • This feature is unique to influenza C virus particles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Virus particles are carriers of genetic material from one cell to another. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • As explained later, an important consequence of this observation (first made by Crick and Watson 56 even before a triplet code had been established) is that virus particles, or their substructures, are usually highly symmetric. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Negative staining, with uranyl acetate, potassium phosphotungstate, or related electron-dense compounds, gives somewhat more detailed images of isolated and purified virus particles. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The deduced amino acid sequences of the eight segments of the current study H9N2 isolate were compared with those of Egyptian H9N2 viruses isolated from healthy and diseased chicken flocks from 2011 to 2013. (morulaivf.com)
  • In the phylogenetic analysis, the current study isolate was found to be closely related to the other Egyptian H9N2 viruses. (morulaivf.com)
  • Nevertheless, in-silico analysis, we noted modulation of stability and motifs structure of Hemagglutinin (HA) antigen among the co-infecting H9N2 AI and the IBV and isolates from the diseased flocks. (morulaivf.com)
  • Influenza virus Influenza history Historical records indicate flu-like epidemics throughout recorded history. (powershow.com)
  • Influenza virus continues to be a major public health concern, causing both annual epidemics and occasional pandemics ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The receptor binding activity involve the attachment of HEs to N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid (9-O-Ac- Neu5Ac) of glycolipids and glycoproteins and in turn serve as viral receptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Fc receptor-dependent function of antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) provides mechanisms for clearance of virus and virus-infected cells, as well as for stimulation of downstream adaptive immune responses by facilitating antigen presentation, or by stimulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators. (frontiersin.org)
  • The flavivirus membrane fusion machinery, like that of many other enveloped viruses, is triggered by the acidic pH in endosomes after virus uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis. (rupress.org)
  • Viruses that possess HEs include influenza C virus, toroviruses, and coronaviruses of the subgenus Embecovirus (which does not include SARS-like coronaviruses). (wikipedia.org)
  • Additional representatives of the family reviewed in this article are the human (HCV) and bovine (BCV) coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), haemagglutinating encephalitis virus (HEV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). (pdfroom.com)
  • A novel multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method combined with DNA chromatography was developed for the simultaneous detection of three important respiratory disease-causing viruses: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza A virus, and influenza B virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • But scientists last year started down the homestretch with the first safe-and-effective vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV ), a leading cause of severe respiratory illness in the very young and the old. (nih.gov)
  • These latest clinical advances come as RSV and other respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, are sending an alarming number of young children to the hospital. (nih.gov)
  • 2003), Middle- East respiratory syndrome corona virus (Zaki et al. (pdfplayer.org)
  • Description: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), formerly known as 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS virus (1). (gfpvector.com)
  • Although antiviral drugs such as Oseltamivir are available to control the spread of the virus their effectiveness is limited in treating patients with influenza ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • C57BL/6 male mice were intranasally infected with PR8 virus at 50 or 500 plaque-forming units to cause sublethal or lethal influenza, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
  • Later studies were able to examine and show a higher resolution structure (4.5 Å) of the hemagglutinin esterase fusion trimer using X-ray crystallography of the bromelain-cleaved ectodomain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Computer predictions of its secondary structure have led to a model in which approximately 10~ of the N-terminal part of the molecule is exposed on the outer surface of the virus membrane (see references above and Rottier et al. (pdfroom.com)
  • The sequence data was used also by Don Wiley (Harvard University) and colleagues in their landmark determination of the 3D structure of the influenza virus haemagglutinin, published in Nature in 1981. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • They ranged from structures solved by his group at Purdue University, of behemoth viruses with incomprehensible T numbers as well as the demurest ones with T = 1 and everything in between, to structure-based vaccine and drug design. (mdpi.com)
  • Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
  • Un nuevo brote de coronavirus surgió el pasado 31 de diciembre de 2019 en Wuhan, China, causando conmoción entre la comunidad médica y el resto del mundo. (revclinesp.es)
  • Esta nueva especie de coronavirus fue denominada como 2019-nCoV, causante de un gran número de casos y fallecimientos en China y en cantidad creciente fuera de ella, convirtiéndose en una emergencia de salud pública a nivel mundial. (revclinesp.es)
  • 2019-nCoV es un virus con alta homología con otros coronavirus patogénicos, como los originados por zoonosis con murciélagos (SARS-CoV) causantes de aproximadamente 646 muertes en China a principios de la década. (revclinesp.es)
  • Electron micrographs of influenza virus. (powershow.com)
  • Influenza Virus-Liposome Fusion Studies Using Fluorescence Dequenching and Cryo-electron Tomography. (washington.edu)
  • Dissection of epitope-specific mechanisms of neutralization of influenza virus by intact IgG and Fab fragments. (washington.edu)
  • In the period from 1975 to 1983, CSIRO scientists Colin Ward, Theo Dopheide, Gerry Both and Merilyn Sleigh achieved international recognition for their work on the amino acid and gene sequences of numerous influenza virus haemagglutinins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Every influenza virus has eight RNP segments, corresponding to the virus' eight total gene segments. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza-virus-mediated disease can be associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality, particularly in younger children and older adults. (mdpi.com)
  • Amubarvimab / Romlusevimab (BRII-196/BRII-198) is a SARS-CoV-2 virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody combination therapy. (precisionvaccinations.com)
  • In addition, reviews have appeared which highlighted particularly interesting characteristics of the family, e.g. the replication strategy (Lai, 1986) and the glycoproteins (Sturman & Holmes, 1985). (pdfroom.com)
  • In the early 1970s there was considerable speculation about the way in which the influenza virus escaped immune responses and continued to cause repeated infections year after year. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Hemagglutinin esterase (HEs) is a glycoprotein that certain enveloped viruses possess and use as an invading mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
  • We show that three gp41 helices at the core of the trimer serve as an anchor around which the rest of Env is reorganized upon activation to the 'open' quaternary conformation. (duke.edu)
  • The entry of enveloped viruses into host cells involves a fusion step between the viral and a cellular membrane. (rupress.org)
  • Virus-derived nucleic acids are potential immune-enhancers and particularly good candidates as adjuvants in vaccines in mouse models. (bvsalud.org)