• There is a wide range of ototoxic medications, for example, antibiotics, antimalarials, chemotherapeutic agents, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and loop diuretics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Background: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) certainly are a class of the very most popular medicines and shown to be effective for several disorders. (cancerhugs.com)
  • The concurrent use of mesalamine with known nephrotoxic agents, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicine (NSAIDs) might enhance the risk of renal reactions. (page.tl)
  • Terapi obat seperti non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) yang digunakan menyebabkan efek samping merugikan jika digunakan dalam jangka panjang. (unpad.ac.id)
  • Long term drug therapy, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), will lead to adverse effects. (unpad.ac.id)
  • High blood pressure may be a side effect of medication, such as hormonal contraceptives and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs). (harvard.edu)
  • Therapeutic treatments such as glucocorticoids (GCs), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), biological agents like IL-1 receptor antagonists (IL-1Ra) and TNF-a blockers, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), reduce pain and joint inflammation. (drugtargetreview.com)
  • It is best to avoid ibuprofen and diclofenac, which are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). (crohnsandcolitis.org.uk)
  • Benzydamine hydrochloride and flurbiprofen are painkillers that belong to the group known as NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) that help reduce swelling. (choice.com.au)
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) may help ease sciatic pain in the meantime. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • they use drugs, typically non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen, which is used by up to 95 percent of collegiate athletes and three quarters of kids playing high school football. (biologicalce.com)
  • However, scientific evidence for this approach is currently lacking, and athletes should be aware of the potential risks in using NSAIDs as a prophylactic agent," which include gastrointestinal pain and bleeding, kidney damage, and liver damage. (biologicalce.com)
  • NSAIDs, also known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been used in preclinical cancer studies for a number of years. (proventainternational.com)
  • Millions take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) daily for arthritis and related inflammatory conditions, but are completely unaware that far safer, and at least as effective, natural alternatives already exist -- and are as easily accessible and inexpensive as the spices found in your kitchen cupboard. (pearltrees.com)
  • Your doctor may prescribe several drugs which include disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic agents (newer DMARDs), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids. (familynfriendsortho.com)
  • [ 17 ] nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) show a strong trend ( P = 0.057) toward increasing the risk of collagenous colitis (CC), and rechallenge has been shown to cause recurrence of collagenous colitis. (medscape.com)
  • Drugs or pharmaceutical agents inducing ototoxicity are regarded as ototoxic medications. (wikipedia.org)
  • While these drugs target on different body systems, they also trigger ototoxicity through different mechanisms, for example, destruction to cellular tissues of inner ear parts and disturbance on auditory nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chemotherapeutic agents are drugs that are used in chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Drugs that are commonly used in other species, such as opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, alpha-2 agents, the dissociative, ketamine, and local anesthetics often produce side effects in cats. (vin.com)
  • Delving deep into the potency of analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs used in dentistry, Acetaminophen (APAP) -Ibuprofen (IBP) has exhibited unmatched superiority (4, 5,6) for ages. (medicaldialogues.in)
  • This article reviews the pharmacokinetics of the 2 drugs, their efficacy in fighting the inflammatory process as dual therapy, prescribing habits of the combination among dentists, while simultaneously elaborating the major supporting studies. (medicaldialogues.in)
  • The majority of studies was performed in humans and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in different dosages were used. (bvsalud.org)
  • The results have shown a potential benefit of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs concerning the microbial challenge. (bvsalud.org)
  • Few studies evaluated the effect of steroidal antiinflammatory drugs on the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, the results in humans and animals are controversial, pointing to a possible deleterious effect of steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on periodontal structures. (bvsalud.org)
  • Biologic agents that are used to treat RA need to be injected, and these Drugs are very effective in nature. (reportsanddata.com)
  • Medication less likely to cause MOH are hydroxyzine, metoclopramide and low-dose non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and naproxen. (sunshinentc.com)
  • Several drugs have the ability to trigger a migraine. (sunshinentc.com)
  • Overall, ginger extracts, like the powdered ginger spice you'd get at any grocery store, were found to be "clinically effective" pain-reducing agents with "a better safety profile than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. (biologicalce.com)
  • The drugs work by suppressing an enzyme in the body called cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which triggers inflammation. (biologicalce.com)
  • Treatments for psoriatic arthritis include Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and naproxen. (curriedayspa.com)
  • The role of inflammation in cancer has seen a number of preclinical studies investigating the efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs for patients. (proventainternational.com)
  • Preclinical studies have revealed that anti-inflammatory drugs can suppress cancer development through multiple mechanisms. (proventainternational.com)
  • Aspirin-induced asthma is a severe inflammatory disease, which affects patients after ingestion of aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen). (knowledgeofhealth.com)
  • Ibuprofen- Graded as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), Ibuprofen inhibits the cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 enzymes, subsequently blocking the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins, which are responsible for triggering the pain pathway. (medicaldialogues.in)
  • This finding was supported by a study by A. F. Merry and the team who observed that patients using the combination of Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen experienced less pain during the first 48 h after oral surgery than those using the same daily dosage of either agent alone. (medicaldialogues.in)
  • Topical steroidal or non-steroidal creams or ointments for inflammation and itch control. (spokesman-recorder.com)
  • Widespread (systemic) vasculitis is usually accompanied by extensive release of inflammatory molecules, causing general symptoms like fever, malaise, as well as abnormal laboratory tests detecting inflammation: erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C- reactive protein (CRP). (printo.it)
  • Owing to its negligible anti-inflammatory activity, this drug as a monotherapy does not suffice in cases of inflammation. (medicaldialogues.in)
  • Chronic inflammation specifically is triggered by a number of factors which increase the risk of cancer. (proventainternational.com)
  • Infectious diseases like hepatitis, and autoimmune diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, are often precursors for the chronic inflammation triggering disease development and progression. (proventainternational.com)
  • 3 Although various genetic aberration has been implicated as the causative agents of RCC little is known regarding the role of inflammation in pathogenesis of RCC. (medcraveonline.com)
  • Since then various studies have described chronic inflammation as a trigger of the process of carcinogenesis and predisposing factor for the development of cancer. (medcraveonline.com)
  • The major biological mechanism behind aspirin-induced asthma is an imbalance of anti-inflammatory molecules - namely the inhibition of cycyloxygenase-2 (COX-2), which then triggers inflammation in airways and results in spasm in the bronchus (a passageway into the lungs). (knowledgeofhealth.com)
  • Epinephrine will help stimulate the heart, open the tubes in the airway, and remove the inflammatory cells from the blood stream, which will reduce the symptoms of anaphylaxis. (petmd.com)
  • Asthma symptoms may be activated or aggravated by many different things, and not all asthmatics react to the same triggers. (srgtexas.com)
  • The first 48 hours post-surgery is regarded to be a clinically relevant period as patients experience frequent, acute bouts of pain and inflammatory symptoms during this period. (medicaldialogues.in)
  • While they can be effective, there is evidence that they may make other Crohn's and Colitis symptoms worse, or possibly trigger a flare-up. (crohnsandcolitis.org.uk)
  • These changes may disrupt barrier function and alter sensory signaling, triggering symptoms including urinary urgency and pain. (lifeextension.com)
  • The combo under investigation for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis in patients who are at risk of developing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated gastric ulcers. (pharmatimes.com)
  • What are the Symptoms of Inflammatory Arthritis? (familynfriendsortho.com)
  • C-reactive protein (CRP), Neutrophil-Lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) level are systemic inflammatory markers associated with poor prognosis in many cancer types. (medcraveonline.com)
  • In pre-clinical studies tumor eradication was observed with Decoy products in combination with anti-PD-1 checkpoint therapy, low-dose chemotherapy, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, or an approved, targeted antibody. (fox4kc.com)
  • Prompt and sustainable termination of IAH may require therapeutic combination of transfusion, anti-microbial chemotherapy, and immune modulation therapy. (bvsalud.org)
  • The most common classes of ototoxic medications include antibiotics (including aminoglycosides and glycopeptides) and chemotherapeutic agents. (wikipedia.org)
  • Common triggers include infection, medications, strep throat and stress. (curriedayspa.com)
  • Antidepressant agents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as a group increase the risk of collagenous colitis, but in this class of medications, sertraline alone significantly raises the risk of lymphocytic colitis (LC). (medscape.com)
  • Bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory environmental irritants, viral infections, agents were the most common medications prescribed. (cdc.gov)
  • Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder, mostly presenting with dermatological findings but can involve other parts of the body as well. (curriedayspa.com)
  • 4 These inflammatory mediators elicit functions of synovial tissue, including expression of metalloproteinase, proliferation and secretion of other prostaglandins, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. (drugtargetreview.com)
  • PPARα agonists (fibrates) have shown therapeutic utility as lipid lowering agents whereas PPARγ agonists such as the glitazones (thiazolidinediones) are marketed as antidiabetic agents. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The complex network of inflammatory circuits in the tumor microenvironment is forming the basis of developing new therapeutic modalities. (proventainternational.com)
  • The lipoxins and epi-lipoxins are potent anti-inflammatory agents and may contribute to the overall activities of the two COX's as well as to aspirin. (wikipedia.org)
  • But with blinders on, modern medicine has no commercial interest in investigating whether aspirin, an agent that depletes vitamin C, could be the underlying cause of aspirin-induced asthma. (knowledgeofhealth.com)
  • With recent guidelines recommending combinations of acetaminophen and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for postoperative pain control in most types of surgeries (9), the role of this drug combination in pre and post-operative odontogenic pain needs to be re-evaluated. (medicaldialogues.in)
  • It is used as a disease-modifying agent in patients with rheumatoid arthritis to halt disease progression and provide symptomatic relief. (ekja.org)
  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is joint-related, immune-based inflammatory disarray that affects almost 1% of the world's population. (drugtargetreview.com)
  • Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory disease that affects the joints. (reportsanddata.com)
  • It raises the possibility that all forms of this disease relate to mucosal inflammatory response to environmental or endogenous antigens 6 . (org.pk)
  • Microscopic colitis typically presents as chronic, nonbloody diarrhea with an endoscopically and radiologically normal colon but which demonstrates inflammatory changes on mucosal biopsies. (medscape.com)
  • [ 10 ] It may be mediated in part by the adaptive immune system and by cytotoxic responses triggered by mucosal injury from different factors. (medscape.com)
  • Medication overuse headache (MOH) occurs when analgesics, triptans, or ergotamine agents are overused chronically. (sunshinentc.com)
  • However, you should not take bulking agents if you have a stricture (narrowing) of the bowel. (crohnsandcolitis.org.uk)
  • [ 8 ] Later, Lazenby et al proposed the term "lymphocytic colitis" to replace the term "microscopic colitis" and to distinguish it from infectious colitis and inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease). (medscape.com)
  • 12 These all target the actions of various inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, NF-kβ, lipoxygenase (LOX) and arachidonic acid (AA). (drugtargetreview.com)
  • Decoy products represent an antigen-agnostic technology that have produced single-agent activity against metastatic pancreatic and orthotopic colorectal carcinomas, single agent eradication of established antigen-expressing breast carcinoma, as well as combination-mediated eradication of established hepatocellular carcinomas and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in standard pre-clinical models, including syngeneic mouse tumors and human tumor xenografts. (fox4kc.com)
  • Administration of intravenous iodinated radiocontrast agents can cause life-threatening toxicity in patients receiving methotrexate. (ekja.org)
  • Even though low-dose oral methotrexate has minor adverse effects, life-threatening toxicity can be precipitated in the presence of iodinated contrast agents. (ekja.org)
  • We report a case of severe MTX toxicity leading to fatal multiorgan dysfunction in a patient on low-dose oral MTX who received two doses of an iodinated contrast agent. (ekja.org)
  • Due to gastrointestinal toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cardiotoxicity of COX-2 inhibitor, use of these agents in cancer prevention remains controversial. (nhri.edu.tw)
  • These antibiotics are usually used in combination with other antimicrobial agents to treat drug-resistant organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antibiotics to reduce bacteria and also work as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicine. (spokesman-recorder.com)
  • But the majority of sore throats are caused by viral infections rather than bacterial, so for the most part antibacterial agents in lozenges aren't going to help. (choice.com.au)
  • Beta -adrenergic agonists, 2 inflammatory agents. (cdc.gov)
  • The aim of the present literature review was to evaluate the effect of host response modulating agents (anti-inflammatories) on the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontitis. (bvsalud.org)
  • The most evidenced pathogenesis is T-cell activation, which leads to clusters of differentiation (CD) in the T-cells and concurrently increases various inflammatory biomarkers. (drugtargetreview.com)
  • It also displayed strong antiinflammatory activity, the percentage of inhibition was near 60 %, and a dose of 5 mg/kg showed significant antipyretic activity. (sld.cu)
  • The systems where edible, ingredient-induced anti-ulcerogenic results include arousal of mucous cell proliferation, antioxidation, inhibition of gastric acidity secretion, aswell as inhibition of H (+), K (+)- ATPase actions. (cancerhugs.com)
  • Ahead of induction of gastric ulcer with indomethacin, orally provided fruit remove for 10 times triggered a dose-dependent inhibition of ulcer index (Bandyopadhyay et al. (cancerhugs.com)
  • 2006). Furthermore, the inhibitory efficiency of at an individual dosage of 50 mg/kg bodyweight induced an buy 931398-72-0 80 inhibition of ulcer index while dental cimetidine at a dosage of 100 mg/kg bodyweight only triggered 42% inhibition of ulcer index (Massignani et al. (cancerhugs.com)
  • 2013). Furthermore, dental administration of remove from an assortment of leaves, leaves at a dosage of 250mg/kg bodyweight induced a 51% inhibition of ulcer lesion index as the same dosage of methanolic remove triggered 34% inhibition (Andreo et al. (cancerhugs.com)
  • Since inhibition of COX-1 is associated with gastrointestinal irritation, selective inhibition of COX-2"-the inflammatory enzyme-"should help minimize this side effect" and offer the best of both worlds. (biologicalce.com)
  • To date, we have seen positive signs of an immune response with an anticipated adverse effect profile, and we look forward to seeing whether this lower dose provides similar evidence of increased cytokines that can trigger both innate and adaptive immune responses. (fox4kc.com)
  • Commonly as a result of muscle overuse or injury, this condition is often characterised by painful trigger points within the muscle and may involve adjacent tendons and ligaments. (londonorthopaedic.com)
  • Trigger points are commonly found in the postural muscles of the neck, shoulder and pelvic girdles. (londonorthopaedic.com)
  • Acetaminophen- Commonly known as Paracetamol, is the most widely used analgesic and antipyretic agent, in both prescribed and OTC forms (10). (medicaldialogues.in)
  • Pectin is commonly used as a thickening agent in foods like jam and jelly. (choice.com.au)
  • The tumour cell-intrinsic pathway is one of the main inflammatory targets for cancer immunotherapy. (proventainternational.com)
  • With this background in mind, we carried out a prospective study to find out any association between the inflammatory markers and renal tumour characteristics like histology, tumour size, presence of necrosis and calcification. (medcraveonline.com)
  • Ours is a landmark study correlating inflammatory markers with various renal tumour histological characteristics. (medcraveonline.com)
  • Smoking cigarette, stress, hormones, and infectious agents are some of the other factors that can be a trigger for the condition. (familynfriendsortho.com)
  • The extrinsic pathway, on the other hand, creates the inflammatory conditions which trigger cancer development . (proventainternational.com)
  • Based on this, incorporation of bioactives such as polyphenols, thymoquinone, resveratrol, curcumin, celastrol, hesperidin and gambogic acid show high efficacy against RA in a dosedependent manner via targeted action on inflammatory biomarkers. (drugtargetreview.com)
  • Determining absolute risk from medicines is difficult owing to the infrequency of SJS/TEN and identification of the causative agent is often complicated by polypharmacy, acute medicines and self-medication. (pharmaceutical-journal.com)
  • In addition, there are a number of anti-TNF-alpha antibodies approved by the FDA including adalimumab . (proventainternational.com)
  • It is believed that various genes, infections (acting as triggers) and environmental factors may be important for the disease development. (printo.it)
  • Indaptus' Decoy products have also produced significant single agent activity against chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in pre-clinical models. (fox4kc.com)
  • Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with chronic haemolysis, immuno-suppression and suscepti- bility to infections, which may trigger infection-associated haemolysis (IAH). (bvsalud.org)
  • 5 Other factors, like cyclooxygenase, neutral proteases and nitric oxide synthase, trigger neo-angiogenesis. (drugtargetreview.com)
  • With studies reporting that 1 in every 6 patients visit a general dentist with acute orofacial pain (3), an effective, safe, and well-tolerated analgesic -anti-inflammatory drug combination is the need of the hour. (medicaldialogues.in)
  • Josep Pámies El CORONAVIRUS se puede curar en 24 horas (Censurado) Stevia, la hierba dulce (con Josep Pàmies) Heart of the Matter Part 2 - Cholesterol Drug War. (pearltrees.com)
  • Such cells can develop resistance to several anti-cancer agents, earning the name multi-drug resistant (MDR). (pearltrees.com)
  • AstraZeneca also noted that the FDA has accepted a New Drug Application (NDA) by development partner Pozen for Vimovo, a combination of the former's antiulcerant Nexium and the anti-inflammatory naproxen previously known as PN 400. (pharmatimes.com)
  • The American Academy of Ophthalmology has not designated any agent because the drug of alternative for initiation of glaucoma therapy. (atpobtvs.com)
  • For patients failing to respond to an preliminary drug, a change to another agent must be considered. (atpobtvs.com)
  • No definitive etiology has been determined for microscopic colitis (MC), but evidence indicates that drug consumption may trigger underlying inflammatory factors in the colon of affected individuals, whereas other agents may exacerbate diarrhea in patients with idiopathic microscopic colitis. (medscape.com)
  • In Barcelona, AstraZeneca also presented full data from the previously-announced 18,642-patient Phase III PLATO trial which showed that experimental oral antiplatelet agent Brilinta (ticagrelor) significantly reduced cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndromes, compared with Sanofi-Aventis/Bristol-Myers Squibb's Plavix (clopidogrel). (pharmatimes.com)
  • Although used mostly for patients with increased risk for suboptimal surgical outcome (after cataract surgical procedure and a earlier failed filtering procedure), use of these agents also improves success in low-risk sufferers. (atpobtvs.com)
  • Get a flu shot every year - the flu virus can trigger asthma. (srgtexas.com)
  • The concept of asthma as an inflammatory disease of the airway has gained considerable support. (org.pk)
  • Four-fifths of ambulatory care utilization for asthma was conducted in physician to a variety of triggers that cause offices. (cdc.gov)
  • Conclusions --The patient populations receiving care for asthma vary (anti-inflammatory agents) or open the depending on the ambulatory care setting. (cdc.gov)
  • One of its biological functions is anti-viral immunity in plants. (vin.com)
  • The two 15-HETE stereoisomers have intrinsic biological activities but, perhaps more importantly, can be further metabolized to a major class of agents, the lipoxins. (wikipedia.org)
  • This defense mechanism is triggered by double stranded RNA, and small interfering RNAs can be chemically produced and delivered to cells to silence specific genes of interest. (vin.com)
  • Amylmetacresol, cetylpyridinium chloride, dichlorobenzyl alcohol and hexylresorcinol are antibacterial agents that help fight against disease-causing bacteria. (choice.com.au)
  • Other topical agents include salicylic acid, tazarotene and calcipotriene. (curriedayspa.com)
  • Matthew Buckley, PSc.D., Waking Times One of my most recent blog entries(1) summarized roughly 10 years of research related to the consequences of inflammatory processes in the periphery of the body, such as the gut, and how this was driving brain degenerative inflammatory processes within the brain. (pearltrees.com)
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents can play an important role in the management of myofascial pain, although long term they are potentially deleterious to tissue healing. (londonorthopaedic.com)
  • Secondary osteoarthritis is triggered by a joint trauma that leads to pain. (unpad.ac.id)
  • Myofascial pain syndrome is a chronic pain condition that causes pain that originates at trigger points. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • For example, a person might have a hip trigger point that causes hip or groin pain that radiates down the legs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Trigger point pain causes aching or throbbing. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • When a person massages trigger points, the pain may get very intense, or feel like burning. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Additionally, the effect that each trigger has on the lungs varies from one individual to another. (srgtexas.com)
  • As you can see below and at 3:11 in my video , two ginger compounds had no effect against COX-1, the "good" enzyme, but could dramatically cut down on COX-2, the pro-inflammatory one. (biologicalce.com)
  • Long-term studies demonstrate these agents are protected, efficacious, and nicely tolerated in glaucoma therapy. (atpobtvs.com)
  • Microscopic colitis (MC) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the colon, predominantly subdivided into collagenous colitis (CC) and lymphocytic colitis (LC). (medscape.com)
  • The office visit rate in exaggerated broncho-constrictor the Northeast was almost 2.5 times that in the South, although the prevalence of response to many physical changes and chemical and pharmacologic agents. (cdc.gov)
  • It gives a cooling and soothing sensation when you inhale or eat it, thanks to its ability to chemically trigger cold-sensitive receptors in the skin. (choice.com.au)
  • During this time, the urge to use extreme quantities of topical agents have to be resisted. (atpobtvs.com)
  • PPARs play an important role in many cellular functions including lipid metabolism, cell proliferation, differentiation, adipogenesis and inflammatory signalling. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • This finding is important to avoid misunderstandings and unnecessary antiinflammatory therapies. (revespcardiol.org)
  • Asacol ( mesalamine ) is one of the most secure medicine now we have to deal with ulcerative colitis Very sometimes it makes diarrhea worse, and rarely does it trigger some hair loss. (page.tl)
  • Lymphocytic colitis is characterized histologically by chronic inflammatory infiltration in the lamina propria with lymphocyte and plasma cell proliferation. (medscape.com)
  • Hormones in both genders may play a role in either preventing or triggering it. (reportsanddata.com)