AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesHealth Care
Carcinoid Heart DiseaseCarcinoid TumorTricuspid ValveMalignant Carcinoid SyndromeTricuspid Valve InsufficiencyTricuspid Valve StenosisHeartHeart ValvesHeart Valve DiseasesHydroxyindoleacetic AcidPulmonary ValveHeart DiseasesHeart RateTricuspid AtresiaBioprosthesisHeart Defects, CongenitalEchocardiographyHeart FailureCoronary DiseaseRheumatic Heart DiseaseFetal HeartFollow-Up StudiesEbstein AnomalyCardiac Valve AnnuloplastyIleal NeoplasmsHeart TransplantationBronchial Neoplasms
StenosisEndocarditisHaving carcinoid syndromeFunctional tricuspid regurgitationEvaluating tricuspid regurgitationAnnulusSyndromeVentricularCongestive heart fRheumaticCardiacEtiologyTumorsValvular heart dMetastaticValvesAorticIncompetenceRheumatoid arthritisSevereLeafletSymptomsArrhythmiaValve replacementInsufficiencySeverityCoronaryFabryDiagnosis2022Neuroendocrine tumorDysfunctionAtrialSurgicalEndomyocardial BiopsyAcuteAffectsOccursLiverFailureInvolvementStenoticApparatus
Stenosis13
  • See also Tricuspid Atresia and Tricuspid Stenosis . (medscape.com)
  • When due to the latter, it generally occurs in combination with tricuspid stenosis . (medscape.com)
  • These changes characteristically cause severe tricuspid regurgitation and less often tricuspid stenosis. (acc.org)
  • CHD primarily affects right heart valves, causing tricuspid and pulmonic regurgitation and less frequently stenosis of these valves. (karger.com)
  • Pre-PRRT 2D echocardiography revealed a severely dilated right atrium, severe tricuspid stenosis, moderate pulmonary stenosis, and severe tricuspid regurgitation. (snmjournals.org)
  • Emergency TAVI for acute heart failure due to severe aortic stenosis in critically ill patients with or without cardiogenic shock [published online ahead of print, 2022 Oct 10]. (herzklappenzentrum.org)
  • Patients with an ejection fraction of less than 50%, right ventricular systolic pressure greater than 45 mm Hg, moderate or more severe left-sided valve disease, congenital cardiac anomalies, previous valve operation, tricuspid stenosis, flail leaflet, carcinoid, and rheumatic disease were excluded. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Patients with isolated TR (without tricuspid stenosis) usually have functional TR related to pulmonary hypertension (secondary or primary) or coexisting mitral valve disease, particularly stenosis. (empendium.com)
  • Tricuspid valve stenosis. (usa-good.com)
  • These murmurs can be due to a narrowing (stenosis) in the mitral or tricuspid valves, or regurgitation in the aortic or pulmonary valves. (bluenethospitals.com)
  • Mitral stenosis is an important cause of heart valve disease globally. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Less common causes of mitral stenosis include: congenital causes, systemic immune-mediated diseases, carcinoid syndrome, radiotherapy, and some drugs. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The most serious complication of ARF is development of rheumatic heart disease, which most commonly manifests as mitral valve stenosis. (lecturio.com)
Endocarditis6
  • Tricuspid valve insufficiency due to leaflet abnormalities may be secondary to endocarditis or rheumatic heart disease. (medscape.com)
  • Endocarditis is an important cause of tricuspid regurgitation. (medscape.com)
  • The course will cover the following topics: Mitral and tricuspid valves, arrhythmia, endocarditis, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, carcinoid and aortic root. (eacts.org)
  • We present a rare case of an 84-year-old man with a cardiac pacemaker and heart osteosarcoma, hepatocellular and prostatic carcinoma, who was admitted with suspected symptoms of infective endocarditis. (journalmc.org)
  • We report a sporadic case of an 84-year-old man with a pacemaker diagnosed with heart osteosarcoma, hepatocellular and prostatic adenocarcinoma and presenting with symptoms mimicking infective endocarditis. (journalmc.org)
  • Endocarditis is an inflammatory disease involving the inner lining (endocardium) of the heart, most commonly affecting the cardiac valves. (lecturio.com)
Having carcinoid syndrome1
  • Bronchoconstriction: A relatively rare symptom affects about 15% of those having carcinoid syndrome and often accompanies flushing, sneezing, and shortness of breath. (wikipedia.org)
Functional tricuspid regurgitation2
  • Right ventricular dilatation can lead to functional tricuspid regurgitation, while tricuspid valve leaflets remain normal. (acc.org)
  • Atrial Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation: Novel Definition and Impact on Prognosis. (herzklappenzentrum.org)
Evaluating tricuspid regurgitation1
Annulus4
  • Inspiration induces widening of the RV, which enlarges the tricuspid valve annulus and thus increases the effective regurgitant orifice area. (medscape.com)
  • Prognosis for these patients depends upon the degree of apical displacement of the tricuspid annulus and the severity of the regurgitation. (medscape.com)
  • 2) Functional TR (most frequent in patients with acquired valvular disease): Dilation of the tricuspid annulus of an anatomically normal valve secondary to the altered right ventricular geometry most commonly caused by pulmonary hypertension, mitral valve disease, right ventricular myocardial infarction, or congenital heart disease (eg, right ventricular outflow obstruction). (empendium.com)
  • Tricuspid regurgitation can develop through a number of cardiac conditions that cause dilation of the right ventricle and tricuspid annulus. (lecturio.com)
Syndrome25
  • Carcinoid syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome comprising the signs and symptoms that occur secondary to neuroendocrine tumors (formerly known as carcinoid tumors). (wikipedia.org)
  • The syndrome is caused by neuroendocrine tumors most often found in the gut releasing biologically active substances into the blood causing symptoms such as flushing and diarrhea, and less frequently, heart failure, vomiting and bronchoconstriction. (wikipedia.org)
  • The carcinoid syndrome occurs in approximately 10% of all neuroendocrine tumors or about 30-40% of more advanced/well developed neuroendocrine tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • The biologically active substances that are released by the tumors cause the symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • These substances act on the vessels to produce the symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heart Disease: About 60-70% of the those affected by carcinoid syndrome develop cardiac complications. (wikipedia.org)
  • The carcinoid syndrome occurs secondary to neuroendocrine tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are over 40 substances known to be secreted by these tumors but the exact effect of each and their contribution to the carcinoid syndrome is unknown. (wikipedia.org)
  • The symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome result from the action of these substances largely on the blood vessels. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is why carcinoid syndrome most often occurs in patients whom the neuroendocrine tumor has metastasized to the liver, which allows the substances to bypass the first pass metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neuroendocrine tumors arising in the bronchi may be associated with manifestations of carcinoid syndrome without liver metastases because their biologically active products reach the systemic circulation before passing through the liver and being metabolized. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tryptophan metabolism is altered in the carcinoid syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Increased amounts of serotonin lead to increased gut motility causing the diarrhea seen in carcinoid syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Increased amounts of serotonin can also cause the flushing seen as the main symptom of carcinoid syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tryptophan is also needed for niacin synthesis which can be a cause for pellagra associated with carcinoid syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors or metastases, histamine release and kallikrein metabolism are the vasoactive mediators of flushing and the other symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carcinoid crisis is an extreme exacerbation of the carcinoid syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treatment focuses on control of the underlying carcinoid syndrome, targeting subsequent valvular heart disease and managing consequent heart failure. (karger.com)
  • Carcinoid syndrome develops in about 50% of the population with neuroendocrine tumors ( 1 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • Carcinoid heart disease manifests in many patients with carcinoid syndrome ( 2 ), but the prevalence dropped to approximately 20% after the introduction of newer therapies such as somatostatin analogs and 177 Lu-DOTATATE, along with everolimus, sunitinib, and the combination of capecitabine and temozolomide ( 3 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • The patient was thus considered for PRRT as a potential way to control the functioning carcinoid syndrome. (snmjournals.org)
  • Malignant carcinoid syndrome occurs in fewer than 10% of patients with a carcinoid tumor. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoids do not produce the malignant carcinoid syndrome until they are no longer confined to the small bowel or mesentery, perhaps because the liver breaks down the secretory products of tumors restricted to those locations. (medscape.com)
  • If a patient is thought to have carcinoid syndrome, blood and urine tests must be performed to determine levels of bioactive substances secreted by carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Similarly, the heart may be involved transiently in Guillain-Barré syndrome. (mhmedical.com)
Ventricular8
  • The coordinated actions of the tricuspid valve are made possible by the atrial and ventricular masses, conduction system tissue, and support structure of the fibroelastic cardiac skeleton. (medscape.com)
  • Ebstein anomaly is a congenital malformation of the tricuspid valve characterized by apical displacement of the annular insertion of the septal and posterior leaflets and atrialization of a portion of the ventricular myocardium. (medscape.com)
  • This is a parasternal right ventricular inflow view where the septal and anterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve are well seen. (acc.org)
  • 3 The morphology of the valve leaflet is not disrupted and the carcinoid plaque generally affects the ventricular aspect of the tricuspid valve leaflets and the arterial aspect of the pulmonic valve cusps. (acc.org)
  • Invasive Right Ventricular to Pulmonary Artery Coupling in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Tricuspid Valve Repair [published online ahead of print, 2022 Dec 12]. (herzklappenzentrum.org)
  • Right ventricular function in transcatheter mitral and tricuspid valve edge-to-edge repair. (herzklappenzentrum.org)
  • Symptoms and signs are usually absent, but severe TR can cause neck pulsations, a holosystolic murmur, and right ventricular-induced heart failure or atrial fibrillation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Morphologic findings include atrial enlargement without increased ventricular wall thickness or ventricular cavity dilation, the absence of eosinophilic infiltration, and the absence of pericardial disease. (medscape.com)
Congestive heart f1
  • Chronically, tricuspid regurgitation leads to RV volume overload, which results in right-sided congestive heart failure (CHF). (medscape.com)
Rheumatic4
  • Tricuspid regurgitation secondary to rheumatic involvement is usually associated with mitral and aortic valve pathology. (medscape.com)
  • Rheumatic disease is the most common cause of pure tricuspid regurgitation due to deformation of the leaflets. (medscape.com)
  • Rheumatic heart disease is the most common etiology worldwide [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Acute rheumatic fever usually occurs 2-4 weeks after an untreated infection and affects the heart, skin, joints, and nervous system. (lecturio.com)
Cardiac10
  • The opinion of a cardiothoracic surgeon was sought, who deemed the disease inoperable because of suboptimal cardiac function. (snmjournals.org)
  • They were compared to a historical group of non-COVID patients with undifferentiated dyspnea also without known cardiac or pulmonary disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • While SLE, systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), and mixed connective tissue disease may cause myocarditis, these more commonly involve the pericardium, coronary arteries, or cardiac valves. (mhmedical.com)
  • Overview of Cardiac Valvular Disorders Any heart valve can become stenotic or insufficient (also termed regurgitant or incompetent), causing hemodynamic changes long before symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Alterations in the normal hepatic venous Doppler waveform often indicate cardiac dysfunction, although it may also reflect disease of the hepatic parenchyma and/or vasculature. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Cardiac catheterization is a procedure that can identify heart abnormalities. (bluenethospitals.com)
  • Although primary cardiac osteosarcoma could occur in any heart chamber, the vast majority of cases originated from the left atrium. (journalmc.org)
  • Osteosarcomas metastatic to the heart most commonly involve the right-sided cardiac chambers [ 13 , 14 ]. (journalmc.org)
  • Hypertensive heart disease is a sort of catch-all term referring to the cardiac sequelae of chronically elevated blood pressure, causing dystrophic remodeling of the left ventricle, dilation and remodeling of the left atrium, and degenerative changes to the coronary arteries. (lecturio.com)
  • Important clinical exam findings include a new or changed heart murmur and common extra-cardiac signs, such as Osler nodes, Janeway lesions, splinter hemorrhages, and Roth spots. (lecturio.com)
Etiology3
  • Depending on the etiology and severity of tricuspid regurgitation, treatment may involve medication or surgical repair or replacement of the valve. (medscape.com)
  • 1] The heart is grossly normal, although histologic abnormalities are often present, depending on the etiology of the restrictive cardiomyopathy. (medscape.com)
  • However, these may be considered separate diseases because the etiology is known. (medscape.com)
Tumors14
  • A study found that levels of chromogranin-A (CgA) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were associated with the presence and severity of tricuspid regurgitation as a manifestation of carcinoid heart disease among patients with neuroendocrine tumors. (acc.org)
  • and asthma attacks-caused by vasoactive hormones secreted by metastases from carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors arise from neuroendocrine cells, which are widespread in the human body, especially in the organs derived from the primitive intestine (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors and related syndromes may be a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia . (medscape.com)
  • Typically, 90% of carcinoid tumors originate from the distal ileum or appendix (the embryologic midgut. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] ) Carcinoid tumors represent 90% of appendiceal tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Bochemical diagnosis of carcinoid tumors is based on the measurement of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in urine. (medscape.com)
  • Scintigraphy with indium-111 diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) octreotide (In-111 DTPA Octr), or OctreoScan, localizes the primary carcinoid and eventual recurrences, as well as other neuroendocrine tumors, with high sensitivity and specificity. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] but Oberndorfer called a group of small, benign-appearing tumors karzinoide tumoren (carcinoid) for the first time in 1907. (medscape.com)
  • The name was chosen to separate these tumors from ordinary malignancies (carcinomas), but by the 1950s, the fact that carcinoids could be malignant was obvious, thanks to Erspamer and Asero (1952), who identified serotonin production by carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • In 1914, Gosset and Masson demonstrated that carcinoid tumors might arise from enterochromaffin cells (Kulchitsky cell) within glands of Lieberkühn using silver impregnation techniques. (medscape.com)
  • In 1928, Masson established characterization of carcinoids as argentaffin cell tumors. (medscape.com)
  • In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) applied the term carcinoid to all tumors of the diffuse endocrine system (synonymous with amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation [APUD] and neuroendocrine cell system). (medscape.com)
  • The majority of these are benign, primary malignant heart tumors accounting for less than 25% [ 3 ]. (journalmc.org)
Valvular heart d3
  • 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. (empendium.com)
  • 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. (empendium.com)
  • Valvular heart disease (VHD) refers to valvular dysfunction in the heart secondary to a number of possible etiologies, including degenerative disease, autoimmune and infectious causes, and even malignancy. (lecturio.com)
Metastatic4
  • However, given the patient's history of metastatic neuroendocrine tumor, as well as an elevated pro-BNP with echocardiographic evidence of severe tricuspid regurgitation, carcinoid heart disease is the most likely cause. (acc.org)
  • Metastatic carcinoid tumor to the heart: echocardiographic-pathologic study of 11 patients. (acc.org)
  • We report the gratifying response of functioning metastatic neuroendocrine tumor with carcinoid heart disease (uncontrolled by long-acting octreotide) to treatment with 177 Lu-DOTATATE. (snmjournals.org)
  • A 30-y-old man who had been diagnosed with a grade II jejunal neuroendocrine tumor metastatic to the liver and abdomen was found clinically and on 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiography to have the complication of carcinoid heart disease. (snmjournals.org)
Valves7
Aortic1
  • Clinical Outcome Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. (herzklappenzentrum.org)
Incompetence1
  • The pathophysiology of tricuspid regurgitation focuses on the structural incompetence of the valve. (medscape.com)
Rheumatoid arthritis1
  • SLE may present with pericarditis, and pericardial involvement is not uncommon (but is less frequently symptomatic) in active rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, and mixed connective tissue disease. (mhmedical.com)
Severe4
  • The echocardiogram above shows severe tricuspid regurgitation due to leaflet malcoaptation, typical for carcinoid heart disease. (acc.org)
  • 2 Characteristic echocardiographic features of advanced carcinoid heart disease include thickening and retraction of immobile tricuspid valve leaflets with associated tricuspid regurgitation, which is severe in 90 percent of patients. (acc.org)
  • At the time of his referral for consideration of PRRT, he presented with severe flushing, diarrhea, and dyspnea of grade III on the New York Heart Association scale, uncontrolled by monthly long-acting octreotide injection. (snmjournals.org)
  • For example, severe heart failure can cause peripheral edema , pulmonary edema , pleural effusions and ascites . (wikidoc.org)
Leaflet2
Symptoms8
  • Symptoms of carcinoid crisis include flushing, hypotension, arrhythmia and bronchospasm. (wikipedia.org)
  • This response favorably altered the clinical course of the patient, enabling corrective valvular surgery, enhancing health-related quality of life, improving symptoms (from New York Heart Association grade III at baseline to grade I after 6 cycles), stabilizing the disease, and substantially reducing the level of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. (snmjournals.org)
  • The somatostatin analogs (SSAs) octreotide and lanreotide are used to control carcinoid symptoms and tumor progression in advanced inoperable disease. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical features are usually dominated by symptoms of the coexisting pulmonary hypertension or mitral valve disease. (empendium.com)
  • Tricuspid regurgitation usually causes no symptoms, but some patients experience neck pulsations due to elevated jugular pressures. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Symptoms and treatments of tricuspid valve disorder vary, relying on the specific valve situation. (usa-good.com)
  • The signs and symptoms and symptoms of tricuspid valve disease vary. (usa-good.com)
  • It is important to note that specific symptoms may vary depending on the underlying cause of the heart murmur. (bluenethospitals.com)
Arrhythmia1
Valve replacement2
Insufficiency1
  • Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is insufficiency of the tricuspid valve causing blood flow from the right ventricle to the right atrium during systole. (msdmanuals.com)
Severity1
  • Inspiration increases the severity of tricuspid regurgitation. (medscape.com)
Coronary9
  • Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is located between the surface of the heart and the visceral layer of the pericardium and surrounds the coronary arteries. (go.jp)
  • Many clinical studies suggest that an increase in EAT volume is associated with coronary artery disease. (go.jp)
  • The tricuspid valve is among the right higher heart chamber (atrium) and the proper lower coronary heart chamber (ventricle). (usa-good.com)
  • Blood can leak backward into the atrium from the leaky tricuspid valve, causing your coronary heart to pump more difficult to move blood through the valve. (usa-good.com)
  • Tricuspid valve sickness is a kind of coronary heart valve ailment (valvular heart ailment). (usa-good.com)
  • Tricuspid valve disorder regularly occurs with other coronary heart valve problems. (usa-good.com)
  • It's tougher for blood to transport from the higher proper coronary heart chamber (right atrium) to the lower proper coronary heart chamber (right ventricle). (usa-good.com)
  • In this situation present at start (congenital coronary heart defect), the tricuspid valve isn't formed. (usa-good.com)
  • A solid sheet of tissue blocks the blood waft among the right coronary heart chambers. (usa-good.com)
Fabry2
  • The most common type of myocardial involvement is an infiltrative cardiomyopathy, such as systemic amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, Fabry disease, or glycogen storage disease. (mhmedical.com)
  • These include Fabry disease (X-linked recessive), Gaucher disease (autosomal recessive), glycogen storage diseases, and autosomal recessive hemochromatosis. (medscape.com)
Diagnosis4
  • By 5 years after diagnosis, 51.5% had been hospitalized for heart failure. (elsevierpure.com)
  • At BlueNetHospitals , we have a highly trained medical team specialized in Cardiology and heart care, committed to providing a comprehensive approach to the diagnosis, treatment, and management of heart murmurs. (bluenethospitals.com)
  • Less than 30 cases of antemortem diagnosis of osteosarcoma metastasising to the heart and less than 100 cases of cardiovascular involvement have been described in the literature [ 9 - 12 ]. (journalmc.org)
  • Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs , tissues , cells and bodily fluids . (bionity.com)
20224
Neuroendocrine tumor2
  • Carcinoid heart disease is the result of valvular damage related to the vasoactive substances released by the neuroendocrine tumor reaching the right side of the heart. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carcinoid heart disease (CHD) is a rare and potentially lethal manifestation of an advanced carcinoid (neuroendocrine) tumor. (karger.com)
Dysfunction1
  • In addition to LV dysfunction and heart failure, these conditions frequently cause conduction abnormalities, which may be the presenting or only feature. (mhmedical.com)
Atrial1
  • 66-year-old female with a history of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, presented to the clinic for worsening lower extremity edema. (acc.org)
Surgical3
  • Surgical management of left-sided carcinoid heart disease. (acc.org)
  • Surgical options are limited to heart transplantation. (medscape.com)
  • Generally, VHD is a surgical problem, but early identification of the disease requires a thorough history and physical examination, especially via auscultation and the assessment of JVD and volume status. (lecturio.com)
Endomyocardial Biopsy2
  • Iatrogenic causes include pacemaker leads that cross the tricuspid valve and valve damage sustained during RV endomyocardial biopsy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In true idiopathic RCM, endomyocardial biopsy and pathologic specimen findings are usually abnormal, although they may not be diagnostic for any single disease. (medscape.com)
Acute2
Affects2
  • This mainly affects the right side of the heart unless there is anomalous circulation (i.e. patent foramen ovale) because the lungs will metabolize the substances released by the tumor similar to how the liver will. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tricuspid valve disease or TVD is a heart condition that affects the tricuspid valve This valve is part of the heart's pumping system and helps move blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle When it malfunctions blood can flow backward into the lungs when the heart pumps As a result of this abnormal blood flow patients experience a feeling of fullness or pressure in their chest. (usa-good.com)
Occurs3
Liver2
  • Affected individuals may be stated to have a heart murmur, an enlarged, pulsating liver as well as a pulsating neck vein, reflecting the backflow of blood from the proper aspect of the heart. (usa-good.com)
  • Alterations in the normal hepatic vein waveform may reveal or confirm abnormalities in the heart or liver. (radiopaedia.org)
Failure5
  • Conclusion: Patients with isolated TR are frequently hospitalized for heart failure and experience excess mortality. (elsevierpure.com)
  • A healthy lifestyle is recommended, although there is an increased risk of sudden death and worsening heart failure, which generally precludes competitive sports participation. (medscape.com)
  • We hypothesized the existence of distinct phenotype-based groups within the very heterogeneous population of patients of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and using an unsupervised hierarchical clustering applied to plasma concentration of various biomarkers. (karger.com)
  • It can be caused by systemic diseases, pregnancy in some women, either directly or as a result of heart failure , or local conditions such as varicose veins , thrombophlebitis , insect bites , and dermatitis . (wikidoc.org)
  • Increased hydrostatic pressure inside the blood vessel (for example in heart failure ) will have the same effect. (wikidoc.org)
Involvement1
  • Pericardial involvement is particularly common in many of the connective tissue diseases. (mhmedical.com)
Stenotic1
  • With Epstein's anomaly the tricuspid valve is funnel-shaped ("sail-like"), incompetent, and rarely stenotic. (acc.org)
Apparatus1
  • Tricuspid regurgitation may result from structural alterations of any or all of the components of the tricuspid valve apparatus (see Anatomy ). (medscape.com)