• The sensitivity of the test results depends on the ability to completely lavage all regions of the peritoneal cavity and to detect cancer cells being shed into the peritoneal cavity by the tumor. (medscape.com)
  • Endometriosis is a common benign and chronic inflammatory gynaecological disease due to functional endometrial glands and stroma in an ectopic location outside the uterine cavity [ 1 ]. (polradiol.com)
  • This drawback is explained by immunological theory, which states that normally refluxed menstrual endometrium is cleared from the peritoneal cavity by macrophages, natural killer cells, and lymphocytes preventing endometriosis in most cases. (polradiol.com)
  • However, there is reduced immunological clearance of refluxed endometrium from the peritoneal cavity, causing endometriosis in some women with immune system dysfunction. (polradiol.com)
  • However, several mechanisms have been proposed, such as through lymphatic channels, blood vessels, and peritoneal cavity 9 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • CT findings in patients with malignant peritoneal mesotheliomas range from peritoneum-based masses (a so-called "dry" appearance) to ascites, irregular or nodular peritoneal thickening, and an omental mass (a so-called "wet" appearance). (medscape.com)
  • The most common mesothelioma finding on radiographs is unilateral, concentric, plaquelike, or nodular pleural thickening (as seen in the images below). (medscape.com)
  • Primary peritoneal carcinoma usually manifests as abdominal distention and diffuse nonspecific abdominal pain secondary to ascites. (medscape.com)
  • Diffuse pleural thickening or extensive lobular pleural-based masses are seen in about 50% of cases. (medscape.com)
  • Chest computed tomography revealed an irregular, thickened pericardium with diffuse enhancement, with loculated large amounts of pericardial and bilateral pleural effusions ( Fig. 1A ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • To date, three clinical distinct phenotypes of endometriosis of the pelvis are recognized: ovarian cysts (endometrioma), peritoneal implants of endometriotic lesions and deep infiltrating endometriosis [1]. (fortuneonline.org)
  • Understanding the characteristic radiological patterns on ultrasound (USG) and CT offers valuable insights for differential diagnoses of mesenteric lesions and their treatment. (sajr.org.za)
  • Enhancing lesions are divided into three main categories: focus/foci, masses, and areas of non-mass enhancement (1). (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • These lesions are typically stable on follow-up and are considered to be a part of the normal background enhancement pattern in the breast. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • Reported imaging patterns include ileal mass, long stenosis with heterogeneous submucosa, short severe stenosis with upstream bowel dilatation, irregular asymmetric circumferential thickening. (eurorad.org)
  • Abdominal computed tomography (CT) axial ( Fig. 1A ) and coronal ( Fig. 1B ) portal phase images showed irregular circumferential edematous wall thickening at the hepatic flexure of the colon. (e-kjar.org)
  • On further evaluation using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the axial fat-suppressed T2 weighted image ( Fig. 1D ) showed circumferential T2 hyperintense wall thickening with a uniform layer of the transverse colon. (e-kjar.org)
  • Albeit difficult, preoperative diagnosis of malignant ECFs impacts treatment since it requires en-bloc resection plus chemotherapy. (eurorad.org)
  • Other described primary peritoneal cancers and tumors include malignant mesothelioma, benign papillary mesothelioma, desmoplastic small round cell tumors, peritoneal angiosarcoma, leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata (LPD), and peritoneal hemangiomatosis. (medscape.com)
  • Imaging helps in the diagnosis of these tumours and aids in directing appropriate treatment by assessing their size, extent and relationship with adjacent structures. (sajr.org.za)
  • CT plays an essential role in the diagnosis of mesenteric disease. (sajr.org.za)
  • Some mesenteric diseases present with distinctive imaging findings while others have similar findings, thereby complicating their differential diagnosis. (sajr.org.za)
  • Thus, an early definitive diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial for the management of PMPM. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an excellent non-invasive modality that helps in non-invasive diagnosis, with excellent delineation of the disease extent, and thus provides a presurgical mapping of the disease, which is helpful for the operating surgeon [ 6 ]. (polradiol.com)
  • This article, besides being a general presentation of Whipple disease, focuses on both the neurologic manifestations and specifics of diagnosis and treatment of Whipple disease with symptomatic CNS involvement (CNS-WD). (medscape.com)
  • 1949: Black-Schaffer advanced the diagnosis, proved the systemic nature of this disease, and raised the suspicion of an infectious cause for Whipple disease. (medscape.com)
  • Pleural effusions are common and may obscure the presence of the underlying pleural thickening. (medscape.com)
  • Women with higher risk of ovarian cancer also have increased risk of peritoneal cancer. (medscape.com)
  • The management of peritoneal carcinoma is similar to that of epithelial cancers of ovarian and fallopian tube, due to similar clinical characteristics. (medscape.com)
  • Epithelial cancers of ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal origin are known as epithelial ovarian cancer in clinical practice. (medscape.com)
  • Primary peritoneal cancers, some of which have been implicated in many cases of carcinomas of unknown primary origin, include ovarian cancer arising in women several years after bilateral oophorectomy. (medscape.com)
  • Differentiation between primary and metastatic ovarian carcinoma is of great importance with respect to treatment and prognosis but may be very difficult based on imaging findings solely. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Although primary neoplasms arising in the mesentery are rare, the mesentery is a major avenue for the dissemination of tumours, which can spread through hematogenous, lymphatic, direct or peritoneal seeding. (sajr.org.za)
  • Primary peritoneal carcinoma is treated with tumor debulking followed by chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, or cisplatin. (medscape.com)
  • The tumor frequently extends into the fissures, which become thickened and irregular in contour. (medscape.com)
  • Features of non-mass enhancement include its distribution, its internal enhancement pattern, and whether the enhancement is symmetric or asymmetric. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • The image on the left shows a large, irregular mass, which proved to be an angiosarcoma. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • They appear as solitary or multiple irregular hypoechoic masses with heterogeneous echotexture and increased echogenicity in the surrounding mesentery and omentum on USG and show increased internal vascularity on colour Doppler. (sajr.org.za)
  • Irregular masses have an uneven shape that cannot be characterized as round, oval, or lobulated. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • Small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBAC) is a rare but dreaded occurrence in CD, which generally affects males with long-standing CD, 33 times more commonly than in the general population, but is disguised by nonspecific and varied manifestations mimicking active or obstructive disease. (eurorad.org)
  • He identified periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-staining granules, most likely representing degenerating bacterial forms, within macrophages isolated from the small bowel as well as other tissue and fluid specimens (eg, pericardium, endocardium, lymph nodes, synovia, lung, brain, meninges) obtained from patients in whom Whipple disease was suspected. (medscape.com)
  • A pelvic imaging study, if there is clinical suspicion of peritoneal carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • The radiographic findings of mesothelioma are nonspecific and are observed in other diseases, including metastatic carcinoma, lymphoma, and benign asbestos disease. (medscape.com)
  • The hallmark of the pathologic report was the marked infiltration by foamy macrophages of joints and aortic valves, and prominent deposits of fat within intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes, which made Whipple consider this case an obscure disease of fat metabolism and propose the name intestinal lipodystrophy. (medscape.com)
  • 1961: Electron microscopy (EM) studies by Yardley et al provided more evidence for an infectious cause of Whipple disease by finding bacillary bodies within membrane-bound vesicles in the cytoplasm of macrophages. (medscape.com)
  • Direct visualization of the peritoneal surfaces along with palpation of the abdominal contents is by far the most sensitive modality for detecting peritoneal cancer. (medscape.com)
  • CT is the imaging modality of choice to assess pleural disease and has shown sensitivity and specificity for identifying malignancy. (medscape.com)
  • Particularly in patients with prolonged CD duration, with obstruction or worsening symptoms after quiescence, non-healing ECFs despite treatment should raise the possibility of SBAC, and thorough endoscopic and imaging assessment is required. (eurorad.org)
  • The choice of treatment should respect current symptoms and individual patient preferences. (fortuneonline.org)
  • 1952: Paulley was first to report a case of a patient with histologically proven Whipple disease whose symptoms responded to chloramphenicol. (medscape.com)
  • Peritoneal carcinomas are divided into primary and secondary peritoneal tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Primary peritoneal carcinomas originate from the cells lining the peritoneum. (medscape.com)
  • Primary peritoneal cancer has been linked to certain variants of BRCA1/2 . (medscape.com)
  • Peritoneal neoplasia can originate de novo from the peritoneal tissues (primary) or invade or metastasize into the peritoneum from adjacent or remote organs (secondary). (medscape.com)
  • Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma is a rare non-Hodgkin lymphoma mainly involving the upper aerodigestive tract, even rarer is primary extranasal disease involving the intestine. (frontiersin.org)
  • BACKGROUND: The frequency and prognosis of positive peritoneal washing cytology (CY1) in resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (R-PDAC) remains unclear. (bvsalud.org)
  • More common diseases, such as benign asbestos-related pleural disease and metastatic adenocarcinoma , can look radiographically identical to mesothelioma. (medscape.com)
  • Pathophysiology Congenital heart disease is the most common congenital anomaly, occurring in almost 1% of live births ( 1). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Open abdominal exploration and palpation are extremely sensitive for 1- to 2-mm peritoneal nodules. (medscape.com)
  • Multiplanar CT-enterography (Fig. 1) with oral polyethylenglycole solution confirmed two ventral enterocutaneous fistulas with characteristic tram-track appearance, mixed fluid and air content, and showed a markedly thickened ileal segment with non-stratified enhancement which appeared to infiltrate the anterior abdominal wall. (eurorad.org)
  • Laparotomic en-bloc resection of ileal mass, anterior abdominal wall and subcutaneous tissue involved by enterocutaneous fistulas and a segment of transverse colon was performed (post-surgical status shown in Fig. 2a, b). (eurorad.org)
  • Most ECFs develop either through an abdominal scar weeks or months after gastrointestinal surgery, or as a complication of fistulizing Crohn's disease (CD). (eurorad.org)
  • Abdominal CT revealed multi-segmental intestinal wall thickening. (frontiersin.org)
  • Despite the slowly progressive course of most cases of Whipple disease, CNS-WD may have a fulminant course, and manifest isolated CNS-WD cases have been reported in the literature. (medscape.com)
  • Another short poorly distensible ileal tract with mural thickening of lesser degree was consistent with known Crohn's disease. (eurorad.org)
  • Chest computed tomography imaging examination revealed an irregular thickened pericardium with large amounts of pericardial effusion and a small pleural effusion. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Examination of a surgically resected specimen revealed a grayish‑white thickening of the pericardium, with a straw‑colored mucinous pericardial effusion. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In most cases of scrotal disease, the combination of clinical history, physical examination, and information obtained with ultrasonography is sufficient for diagnostic decision-making. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • therefore, disease extent is frequently underestimated in radiographs. (medscape.com)
  • Conclusion: Polypoid endometriosis is a very rare disease but should be taken into account in postmenopausal women with use of tamoxifen or hormonal therapy. (fortuneonline.org)
  • Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects approximately 10% of fertile women [1], up to 50% of women with infertility problems and up to 70% of women with chronic pelvic pain [2]. (fortuneonline.org)
  • Due to its nature as an estrogen dependent disease, endometriosis usually resolves in menopause because of decreasing hormone levels. (fortuneonline.org)
  • They demonstrate various contrast enhancement patterns including early peripheral enhancement because of vascular tissue ( Figure 1 ), delayed central enhancement of the fibrotic components, heterogenous, homogenous and absent enhancement. (sajr.org.za)
  • Strong contrast enhancement is usually seen in the solid component or the wall of the intratumoral cyst 5 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Just as in mammography and ultrasound, we look at its shape, its margins and its internal characteristics: this includes its T1- and T2-characteristics as well its enhancement pattern. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • Unlike pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, the association between exposure to asbestos and PMPM remains controversial ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Although MRI is superior to CT scanning in some areas, this advantage did not change the surgical treatment in a study by Heelan et al. (medscape.com)
  • Current concepts of therapy imply surgical resection and/or endocrine treatment creating a hypo-estrogenic environment [2]. (fortuneonline.org)
  • the treatment is usually surgical, although other treatment options such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy are used. (medscape.com)
  • Colonoscopy showed multiple irregular ulcers in colon. (frontiersin.org)
  • A total of three colonoscopes and biopsies were performed for the patient, and the results showed multiple irregular ulcers in the whole colon ( Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • IX administration increased markers of intestinal barrier function, including thickening the mucin layer and increasing caludin-1, a tight-junction related protein in the colon. (bvsalud.org)
  • Multimodality therapy is currently the most commonly accepted therapeutic approach for peritoneal mesothelioma. (medscape.com)
  • Standard imaging tests, including ultrasonography and helical CT scans, are notably insensitive for the detection of peritoneal tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Focus (or when multiple, foci) is an area of enhancement measuring less than 5 mm in diameter which is too small to characterize. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • Evaluation of the mesentery is often neglected during routine ultrasound (US) because of inadequate training and unfamiliarity with the common US features encountered with mesenteric disease. (sajr.org.za)
  • Whipple disease bacillus has a characteristic trilamellar appearance on EM. (medscape.com)
  • 1 cm, abrupt "shouldering" transition, lost mural stratification, soft-tissue attenuation or solid MRI signal intensity, irregular serosal nodularity, regional adenopathy [10-11]. (eurorad.org)