Causes of the disorder are predominantly idiopathic. (wikipedia.org)
Idiopathic epilepsy is an epilepsy syndrome that is genetic or presumed genetic and in which there is no underlying disorder affecting development or other neurologic function (e.g., petit mal epilepsy). (clinicalgate.com)
Neurological movement disorder2
Spasmodic torticollis is an extremely painful chronic neurological movement disorder causing the neck to involuntarily turn to the left, right, upwards, and/or downwards. (wikipedia.org)
Dystonia is a complex neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions. (bvsalud.org)
Tremor2
citation needed] Primary spasmodic torticollis is defined as having no other abnormality other than dystonic movement and occasional tremor in the neck. (wikipedia.org)
Several primary neurodegenerative disorders distinct from Parkinson's disease (PD) share parkinsonian features of bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and balance disturbances. (medscape.com)
Involuntary1
A seizure typically causes altered awareness, abnormal sensations, focal involuntary movements, or convulsions (widespread violent involuntary contraction of voluntary muscles). (msdmanuals.com)
Metabolic disorders1
Nonepileptic seizures are provoked by a temporary disorder or stressor (eg, metabolic disorders, central nervous system (CNS) infections, cardiovascular disorders, drug toxicity or withdrawal, psychogenic disorders). (msdmanuals.com)
Contractions1
citation needed] Spasmodic torticollis is a form of focal dystonia, a neuromuscular disorder that consists of sustained muscle contractions causing repetitive and twisting movements and abnormal postures in a single body region. (wikipedia.org)
Parkinson's1
Neuroscientific studies on the function of the basal ganglia often examine the behavioral performance of patients with movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and dystonia (DT), while simultaneously examining the underlying electrophysiological activity during deep brain stimulation surgery. (bvsalud.org)
Focal1
presents with focal seizures with dysarthria, sialorrhea, dysphasia, and unilateral clonic or tonic-clonic movement of the mouth, or nocturnal focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. (medlink.com)
Dystonia2
BACKGROUND: Early spasticity and dystonia identification in cerebral palsy is critical for guiding diagnostic workup and prompting targeted treatment early when it is most efficacious. (bvsalud.org)
Increasing studies implicate the microbiome as a possible key susceptibility factor for neurological disorders, but the relationship between the gut microbiota and dystonia remains poorly explored. (bvsalud.org)
Neonatal1
Neonatal Seizure Disorders Neonatal seizures are abnormal electrical discharges in the central nervous system of neonates and usually manifest as stereotyped muscular activity or autonomic changes. (msdmanuals.com)
Epileptic1
An epileptic syndrome is a disorder that manifests one or more specific seizure types and has a specific age of onset and a specific prognosis. (clinicalgate.com)
Pathologic1
Glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) and neuronal multisystem degeneration are the pathologic hallmarks of this clinically variable disorder (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Brain disorder2
Symptomatic epilepsy is an epilepsy syndrome caused by an underlying brain disorder (e.g., epilepsy secondary to tuberous sclerosis). (clinicalgate.com)
A cryptogenic epilepsy (also termed presumed symptomatic epilepsy ) is an epilepsy syndrome in which there is a presumed underlying brain disorder causing the epilepsy and affecting neurologic function, but the underlying disorder is not known. (clinicalgate.com)
Seizure2
Diagnosis may be clinical and involves results of neuroimaging, laboratory testing, and electroencephalography (EEG) for new-onset seizures or levels of antiseizure drugs (anticonvulsants) for previously diagnosed seizure disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
Seizure disorder is a general term that is usually used to include any one of several disorders including epilepsy, febrile seizures, and possibly single seizures and seizures secondary to metabolic, infectious, or other etiologies (e.g., hypocalcemia, meningitis). (clinicalgate.com)
Diagnosis3
Approach to the Patient With a Suspected Inherited Disorder of Metabolism Most inherited disorders of metabolism (inborn errors of metabolism) are rare, and therefore their diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion. (msdmanuals.com)
Timely diagnosis leads to early treatment and. (msdmanuals.com)
Studies demonstrate that a patient's quality of life deteriorates quickly if treatment is not instituted at or shortly after diagnosis. (medscape.com)
Symptomatic2
Pharmacologic treatment of Parkinson disease can be divided into symptomatic and neuroprotective (disease modifying) therapy. (medscape.com)
Levodopa, coupled with carbidopa, a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (PDI), remains the gold standard of symptomatic treatment for Parkinson disease. (medscape.com)
Abnormal1
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (pseudoseizures) are symptoms that simulate seizures in patients with psychiatric disorders but that do not involve an abnormal electrical discharge in the brain. (msdmanuals.com)
Epilepsy2
the prognosis depends on the underlying disorder, including its reversibility or treatability and the likelihood of developing epilepsy from it. (clinicalgate.com)
Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate seizures and by the neurobiologic, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences of this condition. (clinicalgate.com)
Onset1
The disorder is categorized as early onset if the patient is diagnosed before the age of 27, and late onset thereafter. (wikipedia.org)
Symptoms2
The most common treatment for spasmodic torticollis is the use of botulinum toxin type A. Initial symptoms of spasmodic torticollis are usually mild. (wikipedia.org)
An inadequate response to treatment in a patient with parkinsonian symptoms suggests the possibility of Parkinson-plus syndrome and warrants a search for the signs and symptoms of degeneration in other neuronal systems. (medscape.com)
Patients3
A small number of patients develop the disorder as a result of another disorder or disease. (wikipedia.org)
Dejerine and Thomas first used the term olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) in 1900 when they described 2 patients with a degenerative disorder leading to progressive cerebellar dysfunction and parkinsonism. (medscape.com)
[ 41 ] Note that patients may be reluctant to mention these events or may not attribute them to their treatment. (medscape.com)
Primary2
The studies hypothesize the hyper activation of the cortical areas is due to reduced pallidal inhibition of the thalamus, leading to over activity of the medial and prefrontal cortical areas and under activity of the primary motor cortex during movement. (wikipedia.org)
Studies of local field potentials have also shown an increase of 4-10 Hz oscillatory activity in the globus pallidus internus during myoclonic episodes and an increase of 5-7 Hz activity in dystonic muscles when compared to other primary dystonias. (wikipedia.org)
Common1
However, because of the common parkinsonian features, the disorders have been collectively named Parkinson-plus syndromes. (medscape.com)
Complex1
These disorders have complex clinical presentations that reflect degeneration in various neuronal systems. (medscape.com)
Early treatment1
The younger the patient, the more emphasis the authors place on long-term considerations to guide early treatment. (medscape.com)
Disease1
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B inhibitors can be considered for initial treatment of early disease. (medscape.com)