Treaties drug and narcotic control. Medical search. Frequent questions

First published in 1981, the bulletin provides a great deal of insight into the legislative history of the drug control treaties of the 20th century, including the earlier treaties as well as: The 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs The 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances The 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. (wikipedia.org)
In 2011 the 1961 UN Single Convention on drugs will be in place for 50 years . (druglawreform.info)
It was established in 1968 in accordance with the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 . (incb.org)
Eventually, at the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs in 1961, most of the world's nations committed to legally restricting the availability of narcotics. (literaturfestival.com)
The Vienna-based Board is an independent body, established by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs to monitor and support governments' compliance with the international drug control treaties. (incb.org)
The ECDD is mandated by the 1961 and 1971 UN drug conventions with the task of undertaking scientific reviews of substances and recommending their appropriate scheduling to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND), taking into account both risks related to non-medical use and therapeutic usefulness. (ungassondrugs.org)
For fifty years the World's attitude to and treatment of the coca leaf and coca farmers has been controlled by the UN Drugs Conventions beginning with the Convention of 1961 which prohibited the production, possession and purchase of the coca leaf as well as cocaine. (druglawreform.info)
Today the Plurinational State of Bolivia can celebrate a rightful victory, as the country can become formally a party again to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, but without being bound by its unjust and unrealistic requirement that "coca leaf chewing must be abolished. (druglawreform.info)
Sweden joined the United States and the United Kingdom in objecting to the re-accession of Bolivia to the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs after Bolivia had denounced the convention and asked for re-accession with a reservation that allows for the traditional age-old ancestral habit of coca chewing in the country. (druglawreform.info)
Cannabis is controlled under the 1961 Convention on Narcotic Drugs, to which Uruguay is a party. (unodc.org)
However, any member state can create a pathway for a critical review by invoking their rights under Article 3, paragraph 1 of the SingleConvention Treaty of 1961. (safeaccessnow.org)
The treaty is also known as the Single Convention , 1961 Convention , or simple C61 . (omegastore.com)
An important purpose of the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances codify internationally applicable control measures in order to ensure the availability of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances for medical and scientific purposes, and to prevent their diversion into illicit channels and include general provisions on trafficking and drug use. (druglawreform.info)
In a recently published report, 'High compliance, a lex lata legalization for the non-medical cannabis industry', Kenzi Riboulet-Zemouli claims to have discovered a new legal justification for regulating recreational cannabis in accordance with the 1961 United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. (druglawreform.info)
The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) regrets the decision by the Government of the Plurinational State of Bolivia to denounce the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, as amended by the 1972 Protocol. (undrugcontrol.info)
On 29 June 2011, in an unprecedented step, the Government of Bolivia denounced the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, to which the State of Bolivia had previously acceded. (undrugcontrol.info)
Broadsterdam of 2013, and many places like it in America and Europe, would have been unimaginable in New York in 1961, when diplomats hammered out the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, which aimed to counter the "serious evil" of addiction. (ungassondrugs.org)

In this article, an international group of legal and industry experts discusses the growing worldwide cannabis industry, the protection of cannabis intellectual property, recent developments in Mexican cannabis laws, and the implications of international treaties and trade. (americanbar.org)
In spite of this liberalization of use of soft drugs, traff cking in cannabis products is still forbidden. (druglibrary.org)
Cannabis users are the largest group of drug users in France, according to official French government statistics. (scoop.co.nz)
The INCB also warns against moves to legalize drugs, particularly cannabis. (globalsecurity.org)
Cannabis is not a harmless drug, as advocates of its legalization tend to portray. (globalsecurity.org)
Regulating the non-medical use of controlled drugs, including cannabis, in some countries puts into question the consensus of the international community on how to ensure the health and welfare system of our societies. (incb.org)
Legal tensions are growing within the international drug control regime as increasing numbers of member states move towards or seriously consider legal regulation of the cannabis market for non-medical purposes. (ungassondrugs.org)
As a growing number of countries move towards legal regulation for non-medical cannabis, governments are pushing the boundaries of the three UN drug control treaties. (ungassondrugs.org)
Buzzing in the background of Canada's debate on cannabis legalization is the issue of the three UN drug control treaties, and what to do with them. (ungassondrugs.org)
There is no doubt that legalizing and regulating cannabis markets for non-medical use will mean Canada is no longer in compliance with the obligation under the treaties to restrict cannabis to "medical and scientific" purposes. (ungassondrugs.org)
Regulate cannabis like wine" is among the slogans of the legalization movement, and most of the state-level legalization measures so far are variations on the alcoholic-beverage control system. (nationalaffairs.com)
I am in New York this week to take part at the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) where leaders from all over the world are joining together to discuss global drug policies, including what to do about medical Cannabis . (safeaccessnow.org)
With a shared commitment to moving global policy forward, ASA and IMCPC have created a 1-page document that ties cannabis into the international priorities for drug policy Outcome Document. (safeaccessnow.org)
Cannabis must be rescheduled in order to meet the objective of "ensuring the availability of and access to controlled substances exclusively for medical and scientific purposes. (safeaccessnow.org)
Cannabis with more than 15 percent of the THC that makes it intoxicating is now under consideration to be reclassified as one of the "hard drugs" that come with stiff penalties. (drugprevent.org.uk)
The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs includes several key provisions related to cannabis. (omegastore.com)
In its Report for 2022, the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), the " independent, quasi-judicial expert body " that monitors the implementation of the UN drug control conventions, focuses on the legalisation of cannabis. (druglawreform.info)
Most drug crime is not cannabis-related. (ungassondrugs.org)

The Bulletin on Narcotics is a publication of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (wikipedia.org)
WASHINGTON, June 24 (AP)--- The Senate ratified today a treaty transferring narcotic drug control from the League of Nations to the United Nations. (druglibrary.net)
The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) is the independent and quasi-judicial monitoring body for the implementation of the United Nations international drug control conventions. (incb.org)
26 February An independent panel overseeing United Nations drug treaties warned today that the narcotics trade harms long-term economic growth in the developing world and also strongly cautioned against any moves to legalize illicit drugs. (globalsecurity.org)
Drug policies, including addressing new drug control challenges, need to be implemented in a balanced and proportionate manner, with full respect for human rights, as agreed at the 2016 United Nations General Assembly Special Session on the world drug problem. (incb.org)
On behalf of INCB, I congratulate Mr. Yury Fedotov, Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and UNODC as a whole, on the launch of the 2016 World Drug Report. (incb.org)
Over March break, Alex Wang (III) represented his home country of China at the Youth Forum 2019 held by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (milton.edu)
Alex was one of two delegates chosen to read the statement at the opening of the annual meeting of the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs, the organization that supervises the application of the international drug control treaties. (milton.edu)
Levitsky, a U.S. representative to the United Nations' International Narcotics Control Board, added that federalizing medicinal marijuana would violate anti-drug treaties the United States has signed. (umich.edu)
In 2017, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimated that the global market for drug trafficking is worth $426 to $652 billion [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The 1988 United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances significantly reinforced the obligation of countries to apply criminal sanctions to combat all the aspects of illicit production, possession and trafficking of drugs. (druglawreform.info)
The UN's own thinktank, the United Nations University (UNU), published a report entitled What Comes After the War on Drugs? (ungassondrugs.org)
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (uct.ac.za)
The Global Initiative was a joint project of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), previously the United Nations International Drug Control Programme or (UNDCP) and World Health Organization (WHO), implemented from 1998 to 2003 in 8 countries with funding by the Norwegian Government. (uct.ac.za)
the central policymaking body within the United Nations system dealing with drug-related matters. (uct.ac.za)
Drug abuse prevention among youth from ethnic and indigenous minorities / United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna. (uct.ac.za)
The Annual Report of the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB or Board) for 2015 is, like the broader international drug policy debate, coloured by what was then the approaching United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on the world drug problem of April 2016. (undrugcontrol.info)
Through of the production and distribution of United Nations and introduced strict intergovernmental processes under the controlled substances on the Parties provisions on the consumption of aegis of the United Nations the interna- that had signed the Convention. (who.int)

Does it still serve its purpose or is a reform of the UN Drug Conventions needed? (druglawreform.info)
Both forms of drugs policies have a similar background in the successive International Drug Conventions. (druglibrary.org)
The INCB was established in 1968 as the independent and quasi-judicial control organ for implementation of UN drug conventions. (globalsecurity.org)
In fact, legalizing marijuana would mean violating three global treaties on drug use signed by previous Canadian governments, although there is nothing stopping Canada from ignoring the conventions altogether. (vice.com)
The inclusion of the coca leaf in the list of narcotic drugs raises questions about the logic behind the current system of classification under the UN conventions. (druglawreform.info)
For more than ten years, TNI's Drugs & Democracy programme has been studying the UN drug control conventions and the institutional architecture of the UN drug control regime. (druglawreform.info)
As we approach the 2016 UNGASS, this primer is a tool to better understand the role of these conventions , the scope and limits of their flexibility, the mandates they established for the CND, the INCB and the WHO, and the various options for treaty reform. (druglawreform.info)
Such approach would undermine the integrity of the global drug control system, undoing the good work of Governments over many years to achieve the aims and objectives of the drug control conventions, including the prevention of drug abuse which is devastating the lives of millions of people. (undrugcontrol.info)
The international drug control conventions are the corner stone of international efforts to prevent the illicit production, manufacture, traffic in and abuse of drugs while at the same time ensuring that licit drugs are available for medical and scientific purposes. (undrugcontrol.info)
The almost universal adherence to these conventions is testimony to Governments' trust in the international drug control system and a pre-requisite for the treaties' effectiveness to prevent drug trafficking and abuse. (undrugcontrol.info)
Colombia's commitment to addressing and countering the world drug problem is based on the implementation of the obligations included in the three international conventions on drugs and other relevant instruments, always keeping in mind the principles of integrity, balance, and especially the common and shared responsibility. (cndblog.org)
the defence of the international drug control conventions, and the availability of controlled drugs for medical and scientific uses. (undrugcontrol.info)
Currently, the international drug control conventions enjoy near universal adherence, with over 180 states party to the three international drug control conventions. (who.int)

The objective of the UN is a balanced approach which promotes drug abuse prevention and treatment, while at the same time countering the production and trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. (unodc.org)
We investigated the type and quantity of detained narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances from 2015 to 2018, representing a population of approximately 4 million people, in addition to the number of abusers and mortality among abusers. (biomedcentral.com)
In total, 6220 cases from the Narcotic and Psychotropic Laboratory and 17,755 cases from the Forensic Toxicology Laboratory were reviewed and analyzed. (biomedcentral.com)
Psychotropic drugs in psychiatry / Michael Shepherd. (who.int)
Rational use of psychotropic drugs with special emphasis on tranquillizers in non-psychiatric settings : proceedings of the International Symposium 'Rational Use of Psychotropic Drugs in Clinical Medicine', Moscow, USSR, 29 September-1 October, 1986 / editors, M. E. Vartanian, P. V. Morozov, I. Khan. (who.int)

But others are criticizing the Liberal government for not legalizing marijuana as soon as they took office, and pushed them to decriminalize the drug as soon as possible and address regulations surrounding production afterwards. (vice.com)
For that reason, NDP leader Tom Mulcair criticized the Liberals for not legalizing marijuana as soon as they took office, suggesting they decriminalize the drug as soon as possible and address regulations surrounding production afterwards. (vice.com)
What stands in the way of a broad role for medical science in marijuana policy is the Controlled Substances Act. (brookings.edu)
Congress has the power to reschedule marijuana, either through new legislation specific to marijuana or through tailored amendments to the Controlled Substances Act. (brookings.edu)
Supporters of medical marijuana immediately criticized the court's 5-2 ruling, saying it undermined the 1996 law, which prohibits the state from criminalizing the medical use of the drug. (drugsense.org)
Hundreds of medical marijuana users have complained that they have been fired, threatened with termination or not hired by California companies because of their drug use, according to one advocacy group. (drugsense.org)
While the OAS report concluded under its "Pathways" scenario that "it would be worthwhile to assess existing signals and trends that lean toward the decriminalization or legalization of marijuana," members still oppose complete legalization of hard drugs. (americasquarterly.org)
It is fueling discussion, not only about casual use of marijuana but also how society deals with the truly problematic drug users. (stopthedrugwar.org)
The president of National Families in Action, an anti-drug group, warned that commercial marijuana would "literally dumb down the precious minds of generations of children. (cannabisnews.com)
Psychiatrist Christian Thurstone, an outspoken opponent of Colorado's marijuana legalization, argued in 2010 that "the state's relaxed laws have made the drug widely available and irresistible to too many adolescents. (cannabisnews.com)
Given the widespread liberalization of marijuana laws and huge changes in public acceptance of the drug, you might expect that by now we'd be seeing more marijuana use and more problematic use, such addiction and dependency among the nation's teens. (cannabisnews.com)
But in fact the exact opposite has happened, according to a new study from Richard Grucza and colleagues at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.The number of American teens with marijuana-related problems such as dependency on the drug, or troubles with family and school due to marijuana use fell by 24 percent between 2002 and 2013. (cannabisnews.com)
And the teens who do use marijuana are less likely to experience problems due to the drug. (cannabisnews.com)
It could sue to block the states from issuing licenses to marijuana growers, processors and retail stores, on the grounds that doing so conflicts with federal drug law. (cannabisnews.com)
Yes, legalizing marijuana breaks treaties. (ungassondrugs.org)
Levitsky, who sits on the board of directors for the Drug Free America Foundation, said Michigan's state law permitting dispensaries for medicinal marijuana, while federal law still classifies marijuana as a narcotic with no medical benefit, creates unnecessary confusion. (umich.edu)
Proponents of legalization further argue that illicit drug markets pose greater risks than do their legal, regulated counterparts, and that law-enforcement actions meant to curtail the production, sale, possession, or use of marijuana have racially disparate effects even when they're not subjectively racially motivated. (nationalaffairs.com)
Marijuana, a Schedule 1 drug, causes well-known debates. (lifescaperecovery.com)

Mexican cartels started taking their business operations and cocaine transit routes to Central America after 2006, when former President Felipe Calderón (with U.S. support) began breaking up criminal syndicates and interdicting the flow of narcotics to the U.S. border. (americasquarterly.org)
Trying to stop the flow of narcotics is akin to the legendary Sisyphus futilely pushing a boulder uphill, says Fernando Carrera, Guatemala's foreign minister. (ungassondrugs.org)

j) "Drug" means any of the substances in Schedules I and II, whether natural or synthetic. (kenyalaw.org)
VIENNA, 28 November (UN Information Service) - The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) concluded its assessment of 18 substances used in the illicit manufacture of drugs: two fentanyl precursors and two series of closely related precursors of amphetamine-type stimulants (16 substances) at its 138th session. (incb.org)
Over the years, more and more psychoactive substances were covered by these treaties. (literaturfestival.com)
An RCMP spokesperson told VICE News that the agency has "the mandate to enforce the current laws related to trafficking and possession of drugs," including enforcement of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. (vice.com)
Substances classified in Schedules II-V are still subject to varying degrees of control, but have a recognized medical use and may be dispensed with a prescription under certain circumstances. (brookings.edu)
Article 38 of the Uniform Convention on Drugs states that the signatory countries will take every possible step to prevent the misuse of narcotic substances, ensure an early identification of abusers, treat them, restore them to full working capability, re-socialize, and monitor them after the completion of treatment (Paragraph 1). (jurinfor.ru)
The UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) makes decisions on scheduling of substances based on recommendations from the World Health Organization's (WHO) Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD). (safeaccessnow.org)
These findings revealed the illicit drug abuse situation in the State of Kuwait, in a region that suffers from the scarcity of information regarding illicit substances. (biomedcentral.com)
Despite international efforts to eliminate drug abuse, the global consumption trend of these substances increases continuously. (biomedcentral.com)
The term "drug trafficking" refers to the cultivation, production, distribution, and sale of illicit substances. (biomedcentral.com)
Despite the continued reliance on scheduling, there is an ongoing debate as to whether scheduling substances is beneficial or determinantal in preventing drug-related harms. (druglawreform.info)
The observed displacement/replacement effect indicates that the scheduling of substances and resulting law enforcement involvement is routinely followed by the emergence of new substances often posing greater harms from consumption, as has been observed in the case of the steadily increasing rate of overdoses around the world caused by highly potent opioids in the unregulated drug market. (druglawreform.info)
There are good reasons to legally regulate drugs markets, rather than persist with efforts to ban all non-medical uses of psychoactive substances. (druglawreform.info)
According to Title 21 of the U.S. code, controlled substances do not include distilled spirits, wine, malt beverages, or tobacco. (lifescaperecovery.com)
It provides the basis for the international community and the individual Member States to effectively put in place the mechanisms to address the problem of drug production trafficking and use of illicit substances at different levels. (who.int)
Plant, the Production of, Internation- cocaine and the derivatives of these sub- al and Wholesale Trade in, and Use of the substances of concern while en- stances. (who.int)

In 2012 the international drug control system will exist 100 years since the International Opium Convention was signed in 1912 in The Hague. (druglawreform.info)
The attempts across the world to prohibit and outlaw certain drugs are over 100 years old: During the first International Opium Conference in 1912, an opium convention treaty was signed that went into force in 1919 as part of the Treaty of Versailles. (literaturfestival.com)

Boots on the ground: A Salvadoran anti-narcotics officer stands guard over 392 pounds (178 kilos) of cocaine, seized as it crossed the border with Guatemala. (americasquarterly.org)
The primary aspect of the entire anti-narcotics effort is a series of medical treatment measures. (jurinfor.ru)
The efforts of the medical institutions make up a significant part of the anti-narcotics strategy. (jurinfor.ru)

The de facto legalization of the distinction between hard and soft drugs, the modest aims of the aid to drugs users, and the important place of low threshold facilities within the framework of the Dutch drugs policy, are three branches of the same tree: the pragmatical character of the Dutch drugs policy. (druglibrary.org)
Yet, the legalization of the sale of certain drugs could allow for high tax revenues, with which - similar to the legal drugs tobacco and alcohol - awareness and prevention work could be funded. (literaturfestival.com)
Divisions among member countries were immediately apparent - while some take the more liberal approaches of legalization and decriminalization, others still favor dealing with drug traffickers by death penalty. (vice.com)
Up until a few years ago, most strategies for coping with the threat fell into two camps: intensifying the drug war or outright legalization. (americasquarterly.org)
Alternatively, Holder could decide not to mount a court challenge.The ex-DEA heads are issuing the statements though the Florida-based Save Our Society from Drugs, a national group lobbying against legalization. (cannabisnews.com)
The former DEA chiefs want senators to question Holder on the legalization issue.Advocates of legalization have welcomed Colorado and Washington's new laws, arguing that criminalizing drugs creates serious though unintended social problems. (cannabisnews.com)

At the 61st session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) in March 2018, TNI, the Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) and the Global Drug Policy Observatory (GDPO) organised a side event to explore the issue, addressing the various challenges and opportunities involved. (ungassondrugs.org)

l) "Illicit traffic" means cultivation or trafficking in drugs contrary to the provisions of this Convention. (kenyalaw.org)
Reminding of the provisions of Article 38, the conference stressed that hospital treatment in a drug-free atmosphere is the most efficacious medical approach to the issue. (jurinfor.ru)
Raymond Yans, President of the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), said the "legislative body that has endorsed an international law and agreements, and a Government that is an active partner in international cooperation and in the maintenance of the international rule of law, knowingly decided to break the universally agreed and internationally endorsed legal provisions of the treaty. (unodc.org)
The Government also announced its intention to re-accede to this Convention but with a reservation regarding specific treaty provisions. (undrugcontrol.info)
The international community should not accept any approach whereby Governments use the mechanism of denunciation and re-accession with reservation, in order to free themselves from the obligation to implement certain treaty provisions. (undrugcontrol.info)

Looking at the long-term implications for international drugs policy, the UNODC chief added: "It is unfortunate that, at a time when the world is engaged in an ongoing discussion on the world drug problem, a unilateral action has been taken ahead of the outcome at a special session of the UN General Assembly planned for 2016. (unodc.org)
In Vienna March, 2016, UN officials created an Outcome Document to set international priorities for drug policy. (safeaccessnow.org)
Pressure on the UN drug control system continues to build following the UNGASS in 2016. (undrugcontrol.info)
There is a reluctance to speak out regarding human rights violations, though the explicit critique in August 2016 of the 'war on drugs' in the Philippines represents a promising exception. (undrugcontrol.info)

The "war on drugs" declared by Richard Nixon in 1971 has been lost - a conclusion made by thousands of NGOs, politicians, and scientists around the world, including the aforementioned Global Commission, whose members include, in addition to former heads of state, Kofi Annan and Nobel Prize for Literature winner Mario Vargas Llosa. (literaturfestival.com)
The Co-operation Group to Combat Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in Drugs (Pompidou Group) is an inter-governmental body formed in 1971 at the initiative of the late French President Georges Pompidou. (uct.ac.za)

g) "Commission" means the Commission on Narcotic Drugs of the Council. (kenyalaw.org)
In their report, the Global Commission on Drug Policy concludes that the prohibition policy has not seen the desired success: Despite global prohibition, drugs are everywhere and easy to access - even in prisons. (literaturfestival.com)
Currently, it is working, with the assistance of the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (OAS/CICAD), on a National Anti-Drug Plan (NADP). (bfsb-bahamas.com)
Instead, the OAS tabled the document and postponed discussion, pending further study by its drug policy arm, the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission-known by its Spanish acronym, CICAD-in anticipation of an OAS special general assembly to discuss regional drug policy in 2014. (americasquarterly.org)
The treaty originated in the International Opium Commission, which met in Shanghai, China, in 1909, under the leadership of the American delegation at the behest of President Theodore Roosevelt. (wikisummaries.org)
The CICAD Executive Secretariat supports the Commission by strengthening the human and institutional capabilities and channeling the collective efforts of its member states to reduce the production, trafficking and use of illegal drugs. (dianova.org)
27-29 November - The Civil Society Forum on Drugs is a platform for a structured dialogue between the European Commission and civil society. (dianova.org)
The Commission on Narcotic Drugs, the central policymaking body of the UN on this issue, will hold a high-level review in 2014 of Member States' implementation of the Political Declaration and Plan of Action on the world drug problem. (unodc.org)
C61 Schedule I - All drugs to be regulated by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) and the World Health Organization (WHO) are listed in either Schedule I or Schedule II. (omegastore.com)
Substance scheduling is a central function of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and a longstanding pillar of international and national drug policies. (druglawreform.info)
At last month's annual gathering of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) in Vienna, the abysmal failure to be able to claim any progress whatsoever towards these so-called 'drug-free' targets was the backdrop to the latest round of tense negotiations on global drug control. (undrugcontrol.info)
Commission on Narcotic Drugs. (uct.ac.za)
High-level segment Commission on Narcotic Drugs (Vienna, 11-12 March 2009). (uct.ac.za)

In its annual report released in Vienna, the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) says it has for the first time examined the impact of illicit drug cultivation, trade and abuse on overall economic development, dispelling what it calls "the myth that drug trafficking might be a route to growth and prosperity. (globalsecurity.org)
The review in the present report shows that illicit drug production actually prevents long-term economic growth," Board President Philip Emafo said. (globalsecurity.org)
The INCSR is the State Department's annual report on illicit drug-control and money laundering activities in more than 140 countries. (bfsb-bahamas.com)
It has been described as the only comprehensive United States Government publication that addresses global illicit drug-control activities outside the United States. (bfsb-bahamas.com)
The shift in attitudes away from illicit drug use and drug users is an extraordinary success story. (cia.gov)
Methamphetamine was the most abused illicit drug in Kuwait. (biomedcentral.com)

UN system coordination Task Team on the Implementation of the UN System Common Position on drug-related matters. (uct.ac.za)

Chairman Arthur H. Vandenberg, Republican of Michigan, said the treaty carried 'no new obligations' for the United States except possibly a slight increase in its contribution. (druglibrary.net)
How to reconcile migrant communities' right to the enjoyment of cultural life (including the use of traditional plants) with international drug control obligations. (druglawreform.info)
This represents the successful conclusion of an arduous process in which Bolivia has sought to reconcile its international treaty obligations with its 2009 Constitution, which obliges upholding the coca leaf as part of Bolivia's cultural patrimony. (druglawreform.info)
To legalize it would break its own treaty obligations, which I assume we take seriously," he said. (umich.edu)
But ignoring or denying that such policy shifts contravene certain obligations under the UN drug control treaties is untenable and risks undermining basic principles of international law. (druglawreform.info)

Efforts to prevent and control cancer are hampered by the low priority frequently given to the disease by governments and health ministries, excessive reliance and expenditure on treatment, and a considerable imbalance between resources allocated for basic cancer research and those devoted to its prevention and control. (who.int)
Drug control by governments is therefore not only in the interest of health and security but also in the interest of building a viable and sustainable economy. (globalsecurity.org)
Together with the INCB Annual Reports and its recommendations to Governments - focusing on promoting compliance with the international drug control treaties, in particular on the availability of drugs for medical and scientific purposes - the World Drug Report constitutes essential reading for politicians, parliamentarians and the public at large. (incb.org)
The international drug control agreements give Governments a great deal of flexibility to adopt positive measures. (incb.org)
As the official OAS Assembly Declaration from Antigua notes, most OAS members now recognize drug abuse as a public health problem, requiring governments to prioritize prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. (americasquarterly.org)
This is an important admission from the UN's lead agency for drugs given that it is now less than nine months away from 2019 - the current target date by which governments committed to "significantly reduce or eliminate" the global drug market within ten years. (undrugcontrol.info)
In particular, the UNGASS Outcome Document's progress on human rights is proving to be an anathema to governments firmly wedded to more repressive drug control responses. (undrugcontrol.info)

Toxicomanie (MIDLT, or the Interministerial Mission for the Fight Against Drugs and Drug Addiction), is the focal point for French national drug control policy. (scoop.co.nz)
In late 2004, France launched a five year action plan called "programme drogue et toxicomanie" (Drug and Addiction Program) to reduce drug use among the population and lessen social health damage caused by the use and trafficking of narcotics. (scoop.co.nz)
At the beginning of the twentieth century, amid increasing rates of opium addiction and calls from progressive reformers for government action, Roosevelt assigned a prominent role to narcotics interdiction in his activist foreign policy toward South America and East Asia. (wikisummaries.org)
Experts, however, warn against an overly simplified belief that containing drug addiction boils down to the availability of medicines and available hospital beds. (jurinfor.ru)
Therefore, the treatment for drug addiction consumes much painstaking effort of a doctor, psychologist, educator and other specialists working with a person who is likely to develop the illness or is ill already. (jurinfor.ru)
The treaty was conceived during a time when concerns about drug addiction and the consequences of drug use were on the rise. (omegastore.com)

Increasingly, traffickers are also using the Channel tunnel linking France to Great Britain as a conduit for drugs from Continental Europe to the UK and Ireland. (scoop.co.nz)
We've gotten accustomed to preparing our coca for the drug traffickers," who take leaf any way they can get it, he said. (aliciapatterson.org)
On the vision, lastly, the complexity of the drug problem and the creativity of producers, traffickers and users demand from all of us a comprehensive approach and the need to constantly revise our assumptions, our practices and actions. (cndblog.org)

The criminalization of responsible drug users is only one of the many pointless aspects of drug prohibition. (stopthedrugwar.org)
Criminalization of the trade in drugs itself is also pointless, though for more complex reasons that involve economics, public health and many other factors. (stopthedrugwar.org)
Brent and Wright, who once again headed the American delegation, presented the antiopium measures recently enacted in the Philippines to the convention as evidence of the success of narcotics criminalization, ignoring the fact that opium use there had increased since the measures were implemented. (wikisummaries.org)

The International Opium Convention was the first official international effort to control the global drug trade and the forerunner of numerous international drug control treaties. (wikisummaries.org)
The International Opium Convention was signed by eight nations in The Hague 101 years ago today, finalizing the first international drug-control treaty. (thepostathens.com)
Even though the narcotics trade is still a significant issue, the International Opium Convention set a precedent for all international drug-control measures. (thepostathens.com)

France is a party to the 1988 UN Drug Convention. (scoop.co.nz)
drafting of precursor chemical control legislation as required by the 1988 UN Drug Convention. (bfsb-bahamas.com)
1 NATIONAL DRUG POLICY BOARD 1 88-2459X/1 Washington, D.C. 20530 July 6, 1988 Dear Director Webster: The Chairman has requested that you and your staff review the final draft of the National Drug Policy Board's Fiscal Year 1987 Progress Report. (cia.gov)

Its primary objective was to establish a foundation for international cooperation in monitoring and controlling the cultivation, production, and distribution of drugs deemed harmful and addictive. (omegastore.com)

VIENNA, 10 November - The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) held consultations with Member States on operational responses to counter the public health threats posed by trafficking in synthetic drugs and their precursors. (incb.org)
VIENNA, 3 November (UN Information Service) - The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) has welcomed two new Members, Pierre Lapaque and Dr. Mariângela Simão. (incb.org)
VIENNA, 26 June (UN Information Service) - On the occasion of the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking I congratulate members of the public, civil society, national authorities and regional and international organizations on their engagement in tackling the world drug problem aiming at preventing and reducing drug abuse, promoting health, welfare and security, and countering drug trafficking. (incb.org)
Alex was one of 42 youth delegates from 33 countries who gathered in Vienna over three days to share their experiences and ideas on topics such as drug-use prevention and rehabilitation. (milton.edu)
2018 marks the 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and this year the human rights dimension of drug policies continued to gain prominence in Vienna and elsewhere. (undrugcontrol.info)
1United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Vienna, Austria (Correspondence to: Kamran Niaz: [email protected]). (who.int)

By contrast, users of the next most popular drugs, heroin and cocaine, account for approximately 4 percent and 2 percent of users respectively. (scoop.co.nz)
Heroin and cocaine account for most of the problems worldwide, the INCB says, but the legal market for opiates for pain relief like morphine risks getting out of control with supply currently exceeding demand, and synthetic drugs like Ecstasy could become the main illicit drugs of the future. (globalsecurity.org)
The most common single drug identified were heroin, benzodiazepines, and methamphetamine. (biomedcentral.com)
Deaths resulting from benzodiazepines and heroin abuse were the highest in the single drug category, while heroin-benzodiazepines combination deaths were the highest in the multiple-drug category. (biomedcentral.com)
For example, heroin is listed as a Schedule I drug in the United States. (omegastore.com)
In contrast, heroin is classified as a Schedule II drug in the UK, which allows it to be prescribed to patients . (omegastore.com)
The president, Otto Pérez Molina, now wants to see global legal regulation of all drugs, from hashish to heroin, albeit with strict controls. (ungassondrugs.org)
The report focused on a supposed drug epidemic that was particularly affecting the Kentucky suburbs: heroin. (thepostathens.com)
While the history of heroin itself dates to the 19th century, the Sumerians of present-day Iraq were the first to grow opium around 3400 B.C. This natural drug comes from the seedpods of the opium poppy, and it oozes out of the fruit when it is cut. (thepostathens.com)

The prophylactics of social illnesses like alcoholism, misuse of narcotics and toxic chemicals cannot be built upon the same methods as the treatment of serious infectious diseases. (jurinfor.ru)
However, a lack of laboratory-based research has limited the scientific assessment of drug misuse in the Arabian Gulf region. (biomedcentral.com)
The International Narcotics Control Board [ 6 ] estimates that the cost of medical care associated with drug misuse is more than $200 billion annually. (biomedcentral.com)
A drug-dependent person is also likely to misuse drugs with chemical similarities. (lifescaperecovery.com)

The Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD) of the World Health Organization (WHO) will hold its 39 th meeting from 6th to 10th November 2017 in Geneva. (ungassondrugs.org)

It took the otherwise faulty Treaty of Versailles of 1919 for the agreement to be enforced worldwide. (thepostathens.com)

It's valuable to understand the pharmacology classification of drugs, and specifically the risks and side effects. (lifescaperecovery.com)
That's why it is vital to understand the pharmacology classification of drugs, and the risks and side effects. (lifescaperecovery.com)
Chemical similarities classify drugs because they often have the same impact and risks. (lifescaperecovery.com)

Over 100 years of attempts at global drug control should be enough of a reason to take stock of the situation: What has been achieved? (literaturfestival.com)
Although the UNGASS process had some challenges, it was nonetheless a critical moment for global drug policy reform. (ungassondrugs.org)
The World Health Organization (WHO) Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse organizes, for the first time, the global Forum on alcohol, drugs and addictive behaviours (FADAB) with a primary goal to enhance public health actions in these areas by strengthening partnerships and collaboration among public health oriented organizations, networks and institutions in the era of Sustainable Development Goals 2030 . (dianova.org)
Just as illicit drugs are everyone's shared responsibility, there is a need for each country to work closely together and to jointly agree on the way forward for dealing with this global challenge. (unodc.org)
The use of illicit drugs is a global concern. (biomedcentral.com)
Drug abuse is accountable for roughly 1.5% of the global disease burden and was responsible for more than 750,000 premature deaths in 2017 [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, the abuse of illicit drugs adds a severe financial burden on the global economy. (biomedcentral.com)
The global market for drug trafficking continues to grow each year. (biomedcentral.com)
C61 was a groundbreaking step in international drug control, as it aimed to address the complex issue of drug abuse and trafficking at a global level . (omegastore.com)
The Board's blinkered view completely ignores that in the 60 years since the adoption of the Single Convention, the global drug control regime that it so tenaciously defends has failed dismally. (druglawreform.info)
The global illegal drug trade is massive in scope with sweeping consequences for the developed and developing world. (oxfordbibliographies.com)
With an estimated annual value of between $300 billion and $400 billion, international drug trafficking dwarfs the value of many staple legal commodities in the global economy. (oxfordbibliographies.com)
The last decade has also witnessed significant increases in cocaine use in Europe that has further established this region as a hub in the global market for illicit drugs. (oxfordbibliographies.com)
Given the scope and mutually constitutive nature of international drug trafficking with global social, economic, and political dynamics, an empirically based understanding of this issue is imperative. (oxfordbibliographies.com)
Since the global drug situation remains very dynamic, the multilateral system has the ability to adjust and respond to the changing situation over the years. (who.int)

Another example is the failure to take into consideration the social inequalities related to cancer prevention and control. (who.int)
prevention, early detection, treatment, and palliative care, as set out in WHO's guidelines for national cancer control programmes.1 A national cancer control programme can help policy-makers and programme managers make the most efficient use of available resources to benefit the whole population by taking a balanced approach to evidence-based interventions. (who.int)
Prevention frequently offers the most cost-effective long-term strategy for cancer control. (who.int)
In this context, education, prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, care and the provision of a continuum of measures to reduce the negative consequences of drug abuse should be paramount. (incb.org)
The importance of drug abuse prevention, especially among young people, must remain the primary objective of drug control policy and practice. (incb.org)

The "Resilience" scenario describes what the outcomes could be if policies focus on people and community-building rather than suppressing drug production or altering the regulatory regime. (americasquarterly.org)
Amongst reform options not requiring consensus, inter se modification appears to be the most 'elegant' approach and one that provides a useful safety valve for collective action to adjust a treaty regime arguably frozen in time. (ungassondrugs.org)

The U.S. must use certain drug classifications to comply with diplomatic agreements. (lifescaperecovery.com)
These agreements include the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. (lifescaperecovery.com)

The three major international drug control treaties are mutually supportive and complementary. (druglawreform.info)

Gasanov E.G. Organization of Medical Counteraction to Narcotics. (jurinfor.ru)
As a rule, these documents emphasize perfection of the strategies and organization of drug abuse services on the assumption that drug abuse is a social disease. (jurinfor.ru)
It expands the scope of the National Drug Enforcement Policy Board and builds upon the successes of that organization. (cia.gov)

It had predecessors under the former drug control treaties as far back as the time of the League of Nations. (incb.org)

The Arabian Gulf region is considered a crossing point and a consumer of illicit drugs. (biomedcentral.com)

Though an international debate on legalisation has barely started, experiments are already showing how the production and consumption of drugs could be regulated. (ungassondrugs.org)

The "ministerial segment" is the moment when member states would essentially need to agree the way forward as the current agreement containing the 10-year "drug-free" targets, the 2009 Political Declaration and Action Plan , ends in 2019. (undrugcontrol.info)
Member states generally fall into two camps on the way forward beyond 2019 - there are those that want to extend and reaffirm the 2009 targets, and those that absolutely do not and instead want to base the next phase of UN drug policy on the UNGASS Outcome Document. (undrugcontrol.info)
This report summarizes for healthcare managers those developments and their implications post UNGASS for the development of policies and in identifying the challenges and priorities for their responses to address the drug situation in order to achieve the targets set for 2019 and the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. (who.int)

While this is true, the landscape is a bit trickier due to an international treaty known as the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs . (omegastore.com)
The drug Schedules between the UK and the United States are similar with varying differences, however, the Single Convention Schedule is quite different. (omegastore.com)
As we've mentioned, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs is an international treaty that seeks to unite all nations against highly addictive drugs that can cause harm to social structures due to high occurrences of dependence and overdose. (omegastore.com)

Canada's Health Minister Jane Philpott revealed when the legislation would be introduced at a special session of the UN General assembly in New York on Wednesday morning, where delegates have gathered to review the UN's 2009 action plan on drugs. (vice.com)
And there is not much the UN's International Narcotics Control Board can do. (vice.com)

I invite all Member States to consult the UNODC report, which provides invaluable insight on the facts and numbers behind the drug problem worldwide. (incb.org)
UNODC strives to achieve the fundamental principles of the UN - to safeguard health, human rights and justice in drugs and crime policy. (unodc.org)
On an international level, the natural framework for advancing all negotiations regarding the approach to the world drug problem is, without a doubt, the CND supported by the UNODC, the INCB and the WHO among others. (cndblog.org)

However, the relation between the juridical and medical aspects of the drugs problem are different in both drugs policies. (druglibrary.org)
Moreover, in a legalistic drugs policy, both the juridical and the medical points of view have in common the rejection on moral grounds of illegal drugs, and everything connected to them. (druglibrary.org)
Despite a strong political commitment worldwide in complying with international drug control law, some initiatives to regulate the consumption of drugs for non-medical use in a number of jurisdictions constitute a clear contravention of the international legal order that has been endorsed by virtually all States. (incb.org)
They are carried out by different medical institutions as actions against narcotics is inalienable from the activities of public health services of all levels, including the medical service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. (jurinfor.ru)
The medical treatment of drug addicts is also presupposed by Resolution II of the UN conference on implementing the Uniform Convention on Drugs. (jurinfor.ru)
It categorizes drugs into four schedules based on their medical uses and potential for abuse. (omegastore.com)
International Alcohol Control Study, South African Medical Research Council. (uct.ac.za)
SG 31/07, in force from 13.04.2007) The national system of health care shall include the medical establishments under the Law for the medical establishments, the health establishments under this law and the Law for the medicinal products in the human medicine, as well as the state, municipal and public bodies and institutions for organisation, management and control of the activities related to preservation and strengthening of health. (who.int)
SG 88/05) The Minister of Health shall exercise methodological management and control of the medical activity of the medical establishments at the Council of Ministers, the Ministry of defence, the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Transport. (who.int)

TNI's Drugs and Democracy Team expose the myths and reality surrounding the coca leaf. (druglawreform.info)

The report notes that only 1 per cent of the money ultimately spent by drug abusers is earned as farm income in developing countries while the remaining 99 per cent is earned at various other points along the drug trafficking chain, with half to two-thirds of the profits accruing in developed countries where most illicit drugs are used. (globalsecurity.org)
This is achieved by the treatment and rehabilitation of abusers and, in the final run, is a positive factor of a general improvement in the drug abuse situation. (jurinfor.ru)

A well conceived national cancer control programme is the most effective instrument to bridge the gap between knowledge and practice and achieve this goal. (who.int)

He said the international program against narcotics 'has been amazing in its effectiveness. (druglibrary.net)
This article addresses whether one (or more) of these venues indicted adequate remedies of violations of socio-economic rights and whether these mechanisms could have adopted a different (and more human rights- oriented) adjudicative approach with the view of enhancing the effectiveness of socio-economic rights enshrined in international treaties. (ciaonet.org)

The campaign has managed to put drug reform in the media spotlight just as a Hungarian parliamentary committee examining the subject is getting underway. (stopthedrugwar.org)

Drug trafficking and possession arrests decreased in 2006 by 8.16 percent to 110,486. (scoop.co.nz)
Penalties for drug trafficking can include up to life imprisonment. (scoop.co.nz)
The Government of The Bahamas was credited with assigning a "high priority" to combating drug trafficking. (bfsb-bahamas.com)
On the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking, our message is to listen first to our young people and to our communities to return to the initial and fundamental aim of the drug control treaties, to prevent the initiation of drug abuse and enable our children and youth to grow up healthily and safely. (incb.org)
These include the education and promotion of healthy lifestyles to protect our children from drug abuse and exposure to drug trafficking, as well as the provision of education, treatment and rehabilitation as alternative measures for people affected by drug use and abuse. (incb.org)
On this international day, all individuals and public and private actors should do everything in their power to prevent and counteract the harm that drug trafficking and abuse cause to the health and well-being of society. (incb.org)
Central American delegates in particular were acutely aware that the escalating murder rate in the isthmus could be attributed to Mexican cartels infiltrating and taking over drug trafficking in Guatemala and Honduras. (americasquarterly.org)
The United States was a major supplier of opium to China prior to the Opium Wars, but at the end of the nineteenth century, as imperialistic competition among major world powers deepened American involvement in the affairs of East Asia, the U.S. government seized control of opium trafficking in an attempt to assert the status of the United States as an emerging world power. (wikisummaries.org)
Recent decades have dramatically reconfigured international drug trafficking. (oxfordbibliographies.com)
Originally subcontracted to smuggle drugs into the United States by Colombian cartels, Mexican drug trafficking organizations have emerged as, potentially, the dominant force in the drug economy of the new millennium. (oxfordbibliographies.com)
International drug trafficking is a broad and multifaceted issue. (oxfordbibliographies.com)

n) "Manufacture" means all processes, other than production, by which drugs may be obtained and includes refining as well as the transformation of drugs into other drugs. (kenyalaw.org)
Huge proceeds from illicit drugs lead to conspicuous consumption, promote inflation, destroy production capacity and result in negative economic growth. (globalsecurity.org)
The primary objective of the international treaty was to coordinate countries around the world to collaboratively intervene and control the production, trade, and use of narcotic drugs. (omegastore.com)
Colombia remains a leader in the production of cocaine, although the power of the Colombian drug cartels has decreased in recent decades. (oxfordbibliographies.com)
Although the Chemical Weapons Convention and a number of international treaties have banned the development, production, and stockpiling of those CWAs with only a warfare use, these agents reportedly still are being produced or stockpiled in several countries. (medscape.com)

For unlike the foreign technocrats sent to fight the drug war, who see coca as merely the raw material for cocaine, Andean farmers view their coca through a nuanced lens of culture and history, as well as economics. (aliciapatterson.org)

The European Federation of Therapeutic Communities ( EFTC ) was established in 1981 and is a network of drug and alcohol treatment communities across Europe, and internationally, all learning from each other whilst ensuring delivery of quality and evidence based treatment and rehabilitation services. (dianova.org)

So, in the tradition of 'how a bill becomes a law,' we hope to explain how a drug becomes a legally-defined less dangerous drug. (brookings.edu)
And while we consider the UN drug control treaties to be out of date and not fit for purpose, we strongly disagree with proposals that would seek to overcome the challenges on the basis of legally unsound and invalid arguments. (druglawreform.info)

France's presence in the Caribbean, its proximity to North Africa, and its participation in the Schengen open border system, contribute to its desirability as a transit point for drugs, including drugs originating in South America. (scoop.co.nz)

The INCB is an independent body of experts established by the UN to monitor countries' compliance with international drug treaties. (unodc.org)

In contrast to the other countries, in the Netherlands, the distinction, well known in drug users circles, between soft and hard drugs has been recognized in the Opium Act. (druglibrary.org)
This brings us to a third difference between the Dutch drugs policy and those of the neighbouring countries. (druglibrary.org)
The death penalty is being increasingly used in the fight against drugs: According to Amnesty International, in 2017, 15 countries imposed or enforced the death penalty for drug crimes. (literaturfestival.com)
The Board calls on the international community to offer assistance to drug control efforts in countries in which illicit drugs thrive and which do not have sufficient resources to combat the problem. (globalsecurity.org)
The report covers countries that range from major drug producing and drug-transit countries, where drug control is a critical element of national policy, to small countries or entities where drug issues or the capacity to deal with them are minimal. (bfsb-bahamas.com)
The countries will train appropriate personnel (Paragraph 2), and will inform the population about the hazards of drug abuse (Paragraph 3). (jurinfor.ru)
It recommended that an economically potent countries where drug abuse is a serious problem provide the opportunities for such treatment. (jurinfor.ru)
The Board requests the Bolivian Government to consider very seriously all the implications of its actions in this regard, and invites it to do so in the context of the shared responsibility of all countries in dealing with the universal drug problem. (undrugcontrol.info)
That treaty, with 184 countries signed up, underpins the prohibition policy of the past half century. (ungassondrugs.org)
Women, alcohol, and drugs in the nordic countries / edited by Elina Haavio-Mannila. (who.int)
Parties to the Hague ment to make certain drug offences countries. (who.int)

Organisms2

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs32

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Psychiatry and Psychology5

Phenomena and Processes2

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena5

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Health Care4

Geographicals1

196117

Cannabis18

United Nations18

Conventions13

Psychotropic5

Marijuana18

Flow of narcotics2

Substances16

19122

Anti-narcotics3

Legalization6

Washington Office1

Provisions5

20164

19712

Commission13

Illicit drug6

Implementation1

Obligations5

Governments7

Addiction6

Traffickers3

Criminalization3

Opium convention3

19883

Cultivation1

VIENNA6

Heroin9

Misuse4

Expert Committee on Drug Dependence1

Versailles1

Risks3

Global15

Prevention5

Regime2

Agreements2

Mutually1

Organization3

League of Nati1

Consumer of illicit drugs1

Legalisation1

20193

Single Convention3

UN's2

UNODC3

Medical9

TNI's Drugs1

Abusers2

Programme1

Effectiveness2

Reform1

Trafficking11

Production5

Cocaine1

Treatment and rehabilitation1

Legally2

South America1

Compliance1

Countries11