• Therefore, fungi evolved fine-tuned mechanisms for uptake and storage of iron, such as the production of siderophores (low-molecular mass iron-specific chelators). (frontiersin.org)
  • During iron sufficiency, SreA represses iron uptake, including reductive iron assimilation and siderophore-mediated iron uptake, to avoid toxic effects. (frontiersin.org)
  • Bacteria satisfy their iron demand through an active uptake of self-made and/or foreign siderophore molecules. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • We utilize these siderophore transporters for antibiotic uptake by coupling siderophore motifs to antibiotics using a DOTAM/metal scaffold. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • In additional projects, we search for and optimize artificial siderophore mimics, and systematically investigate the conditions of cargo uptake. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • Siderophores chelate Fe 3+ for uptake into the cell, where it is reduced to soluble Fe 2+ . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some bacteria have evolved extraordinary ways to synthesize proprietary siderophores that require the expression of specialized TonB-dependent receptors (TBDRs) to allow for efficient siderophore uptake by the producer and its relatives [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, some diatom genera expressed components of a putative Fe-siderophore uptake system, including an Fe-siderophore outer membrane receptor protein and corresponding ABC transporter components. (uri.edu)
  • In the bacterial metatranscriptome, upregulation of Fe-siderophore uptake genes was observed, possibly indicating increased competition for Fe among the stimulated diatom-associated bacterial community. (uri.edu)
  • Bacterial metatranscriptomes from the P. arenysensis and T. tumida cultures also revealed the expression of the bacterial Fe-siderophore uptake system in both sets of cultures. (uri.edu)
  • This family includes transporters involved in the uptake of various metallic cations such as iron, manganese, and zinc. (umbc.edu)
  • The ATPases of this group of transporters are very similar to members of iron-siderophore uptake family suggesting that they share a common ancestor. (umbc.edu)
  • 2002) The siderophore iron transporter of Candida albicans (Sit1p/Arn1p) mediates uptake of ferrichrome-type siderophores and is required for epithelial invasion. (prelekara.sk)
  • Here, using the same approaches, we show that physiological concentrations of hemin in the bacterial growth medium result in the repression of the expression of the proteins of the PVD- and PCH-dependent iron uptake pathways, leading to less production of these two siderophores. (cnrs.fr)
  • The purpose of this study, through use of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), was to verify the presence of virulence genes of phospholipase D (PLD), integral membrane protein (FagA), iron enterobactin transporter (FagB), ATP binding cytoplasmic membrane protein (FagC) and iron siderophore binding protein (FagD) in 168 isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis obtained from cases of caseous lymphadenitis in goats and sheep. (scielo.org)
  • The genomes encode low-specificity major facilitator superfamily transporters and high-affinity ABC transporters for sugars, suggesting that they are best suited to low-nutrient conditions. (nih.gov)
  • As observed with other hydroxamate-type siderophores, the three-dimensional structure of albomycin reveals an identical coordination geometry surrounding the ferric iron atom. (rcsb.org)
  • Cefiderocol binds to ferric iron and is actively transported into bacterial cells through the outer membrane via the bacterial iron transporters, which function to incorporate this essential nutrient for bacteria. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
  • In general, fungi use transporters of the major facilitator protein superfamily, quite than ABC transporters, for siderophore internalization (Haas et al. (wagergun.com)
  • Example of designed siderophore conjugate. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • Here we present the crystallographic structures of the natural siderophore-antibiotic conjugate albomycin and the siderophore phenylferricrocin, in complex with the active outer membrane transporter FhuA from Escherichia coli. (rcsb.org)
  • In addition to known iron source utilization genes, we identified a previously uncharacterized iron-repressed cytoplasmic membrane transporter system, fbpABC, that is required for the utilization of multiple structurally distinct siderophores including alcaligin, enterobactin, ferrichrome, and desferrioxamine B. Expression of type III secretion system genes was also found to be upregulated during iron starvation in both B. pertussis strain Tohama I and Bordetella bronchiseptica strain RB50. (umn.edu)
  • Mutant strains not synthesizing polyamine-siderophores significantly increased enterobactin production levels, though lack of enterobactin did not impact the production of serratiochelins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study shows the natural occurrence of serratiochelins, photobactin, enterobactin, and aerobactin in a single bacterial species and illuminates the interplay between siderophore biosynthetic pathways and polyamine production, indicating routes of molecular diversification. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Identification of an intestinal heme transporter. (wikipedia.org)
  • Albomycins are broad-host range antibiotics that consist of a hydroxamate-type iron-chelating siderophore, and an antibiotically active, thioribosyl pyrimidine moiety. (rcsb.org)
  • The structural information derived from this study provides novel insights into the diverse array of antibiotic moieties that can be linked to the distal portion of iron-chelating siderophores and offers a structural platform for the rational design of hydroxamate-type siderophore-antibiotic conjugates. (rcsb.org)
  • Siderophores are low-molecular weight, high affinity, iron-chelating ligands produced by many microorganisms as a means of acquiring iron. (bruker.com)
  • Following a so-called Trojan horse strategy, a bio-ligand or targeting moiety such as a sugar-residue or an iron-complex is recognized by bacterial transporters and actively translocated into the cell. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • In our approach, oligomers of maltose are functionalized at various positions and used as transporters for antibiotics into the bacterial cell. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • Bacterial siderophores are small molecules with unmatched capacity to scavenge iron from proteins and the extracellular milieu, where it mostly occurs as insoluble Fe 3+ . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Strain ATSA2 T displayed PGP traits such as indole acetic acid (IAA, 62.9 μg/mL) and siderophore production, and phosphate solubilization activity. (springeropen.com)
  • These compounds represent a specific means by which potent antimicrobial agents, covalently linked to iron-chelating siderophores, can be actively transported across the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. (rcsb.org)
  • 2016 ). Indirect mechanisms promote plant growth through the inhibition of phytopathogens, for example, via inhibition of soil-borne fungi, bacteria, and nematodes through the production of antimicrobial metabolites or siderophores (Fu et al. (springeropen.com)
  • In iron-restricted conditions, some microorganisms produce large amounts of siderophores, which chelate free iron present in the environment and then carry it across the cell membrane, into the microorganism. (bruker.com)
  • The genomes contained numerous genes that encode siderophore receptors, but no evidence of siderophore production was found, suggesting that they may obtain iron via interaction with other microorganisms. (nih.gov)
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative pathogen, secretes two siderophores, pyoverdine (PVD) and pyochelin (PCH), to access iron and is also able to use many siderophores produced by other microorganisms (called xenosiderophores). (cnrs.fr)
  • Bacteria have not only devised ways of biosynthesizing "proprietary" siderophore molecules, but have evolved transport mechanisms that allow them to utilize foreign siderophores, or xenosiderophores, as well [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • At the other finish of the spectrum, there are also fungi that don't produce any identified siderophores (as with L. monocytogenes discussed above), but readily make use of xenosiderophores through the deployment of specific transporters. (wagergun.com)
  • This study identified 46 genes that are likely to be direct targets of Zap1p, including the genes encoding Zrt3p, which is responsible for mobilizing stored zinc out of the vacuole [ 2 ], and more surprisingly, Zrc1p, a zinc transporter responsible for sequestering excess zinc in the vacuole. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They have devised complex regulatory mechanisms responding to Fe 2+ unavailability that induce the expression of a series of genes to produce small iron chelators, termed siderophores [ 5 , 6 , 7 ], secrete them, and take up their iron-bound forms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One alternative method for drug delivery involves the use of siderophore-antibiotic conjugates. (rcsb.org)
  • To our knowledge, this represents the first structure of an antibiotic bound to its cognate transporter. (rcsb.org)
  • Further studies have shown that these proteins transport iron bound to different siderophore compounds (siderophores are iron-binding agents produced and secreted by other microbes in order to obtain iron) [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The researchers will discuss the use of rabiolabeled siderophores in the detection of Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungus that causes the life-threatening infection invasive aspergillosis (IA). (bruker.com)
  • Now, Novy, Petrik and co-workers have discovered that the Aspergillus siderophore triacetylfusarinine C shows great potential as sensitive and selective PET tracer of Aspergillus infection once it is labelled with the radionuclide Gallium-68 (68Ga). (bruker.com)
  • This laboratory was centred on siderophore chemistry and biochemistry On return to the UK, Hider in collaboration with Ernest Huehns, developed the first orally active iron chelator, deferiprone, which was introduced into clinical trials by Victor Hoffbrand in 1987. (wikipedia.org)
  • Siderophore mediated absorption of iron. (wikipedia.org)
  • During iron starvation, HapX represses iron-consuming pathways, including heme biosynthesis and respiration, to spare iron and activates synthesis of ribotoxin AspF1 and siderophores, the latter partly by ensuring supply of the precursor, ornithine. (frontiersin.org)
  • 8. WeissmanZ, ShemerR, KornitzerD (2002) Deletion of the copper transporter CaCCC2 reveals two distinct pathways for iron acquisition in Candida albicans. (prelekara.sk)
  • 11. HuCJ, BaiC, ZhengXD, WangYM, WangY (2002) Characterization and functional analysis of the siderophore-iron transporter CaArn1p in Candida albicans. (prelekara.sk)
  • Cefiderocol functions as a siderophore [see Microbiology ]. (globalrph.com)
  • Cefiderocol is a siderophore cephalosporin with a novel mechanism for penetrating the outer cell membrane of Gram-negative pathogens, including MDR strains. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
  • As well as infection imaging with siderophores, it is also possible to derivatize the siderophore molecule by conjugation of different targeting vectors such as peptides (eg. (bruker.com)
  • one way that bacteria diversify siderophore structure is by incorporating different polyamine backbones while maintaining the catechol moieties. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover other uncharacterized homologs of these metal-type transporters are mainly found in pathogens like Haemophilus or enteroinvasive E. coli isolates. (umbc.edu)
  • A third, independent operon is responsible for biosynthesis of the hydroxamate siderophore aerobactin, initially described in Enterobacter aerogenes . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Novy and Petrik will describe the studies they have conducted into the use of rlabeled siderophores for the nuclear and optical imaging of both infection and cancer. (bruker.com)
  • We report that Serratia plymuthica V4 produces a variety of siderophores, which we term the siderome , and which are assembled by the concerted action of enzymes encoded in two independent gene clusters. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Besides assembling serratiochelin A and B with diaminopropane, S. plymuthica utilizes putrescine and the same set of enzymes to assemble photobactin, a siderophore found in the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interestingly, the secondary metabolites cerecidin, carotenoid, siderophore (staphylobactin), and bacillaene underlying plant growth promotion were found in the whole genome via antiSMASH analysis. (springeropen.com)
  • The best characterized metal-type ABC transporters are the YfeABCD system of Y. pestis, the SitABCD system of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and the SitABCD transporter of Shigella flexneri. (umbc.edu)
  • Microbial cell specific transporters recognize and bind the radiolabelled siderophores, which are then taken up by the microbe. (bruker.com)
  • One such innovative way is the incorporation of polyamines into the nascent siderophore, which has evolved in multiple species that naturally produce polyamines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ATP-binding cassette domain of the metal-type transporters. (umbc.edu)
  • Bacteria internalize maltodextrin units through dedicated maltodextrin transporter systems like E. coli 's LamB. (helmholtz-hzi.de)