• Modulation of glutamate transmission has been studied extensively in neurons in the CNS. (jneurosci.org)
  • In hypothalamic neurons, modulators such as neuropeptide Y (NPY) and adenosine depress glutamatergic transmission by either a pertussis toxin (PTx)-sensitive G-protein-coupled pathway or by inhibition of voltage-activated calcium channels (VACCs). (jneurosci.org)
  • These are patterns of synaptic activity that produce a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) neurons provide excitatory input to wake-promoting brain regions including the basal forebrain (BF). (sri.com)
  • As with the striatum CA1 neurons exhibited an abundance of mGluR5 both on the cell surface and intracellular membranes including the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus where it colocalized with the sodium-dependent excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT3. (biongenex.com)
  • Confocal microscopy revealed that both excitatory and inhibitory neurons express βAR248. (frontiersin.org)
  • With whole-cell recording from single neurons, we found that ACh inhibited excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) while elevating neuronal firing in a dose-dependent manner. (springer.com)
  • Gamma-hydroxybutyrate and Ethanol depress spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. (123dok.org)
  • Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings on brain slices of 21- to 25-day-old rats, the present study investigated the effects of GHB and ethanol on spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). (123dok.org)
  • Retrograde transmission can inhibit presynaptic neurons from releasing additional neurotransmitters and help control the level of activity and communication among neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A neuron can simultaneously receive many impulses-excitatory and inhibitory-from other neurons and integrate simultaneous impulses into various patterns of firing. (msdmanuals.com)
  • bursting persisted and became more regular in the presence of ionotropic glutamate and GABA receptor antagonists. (nih.gov)
  • However, it seems that such changes need to reach a certain magnitude because the discrete deficit in glutamate clearance which occurs in the supraoptic nucleus of lactating rats is not sufficient to modulate GABA-mediated transmission. (hal.science)
  • Topiramate is known to modulate the dopamine reward pathways of the brain by acting as an antagonist of excitatory glutamate receptors at a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) and kainate receptors and inhibiting dopamine release within the mesocorticolimbic system while enhancing inhibitory GABA (by binding to a site of the GABA-A receptor). (psychscenehub.com)
  • The sustained increase in [Cl - ] i was not blocked by GABA A receptor antagonists. (jneurosci.org)
  • Phospholipase C-related inactive protein (PRIP) plays important roles in trafficking to the plasma membrane of GABA A receptor, which is involved in the dominant inhibitory neurotransmission in the spinal cord and plays an important role in nociceptive transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BF adenosine (ADO), γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA), and glutamate levels were then determined via microdialysis from intact, freely behaving rats following oral ALM, ZOL or VEH. (sri.com)
  • Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD), also known as 4-hydoxybutyric aciduria or gamma-hydoxybutyric aciduria , is a rare autosomal recessive disorder [1] of the degradation pathway of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid , or GABA . (wikidoc.org)
  • Under normal conditions, SSADH works with the enzyme GABA transaminase to convert GABA to succinic acid . (wikidoc.org)
  • However, because of the deficiency, the final intermediate of the GABA degradation pathway, succinic semialdehyde, accumulates and cannot be oxidized to succinic acid and is therefore reduced to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) by gamma-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase. (wikidoc.org)
  • GABA is synthesized in a single step from its precursor glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase . (wikidoc.org)
  • GABA is metabolized by successive transamination and oxidation to yield succinic semialdehyde and succinic acid respectively via the catalyzing effects of GABA transaminase . (wikidoc.org)
  • Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, including the cortex and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). (jneurosci.org)
  • Glutamate is the brain's major excitatory neurotransmitter system. (psychscenehub.com)
  • Glutamate (Fig. 1) is believed to be the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the retina. (org.es)
  • Secondary effects of brain trauma can be reduced by molecules that limit glutamate release, antagonists of ionotropic glutamate receptors, and compounds that target calcium influx. (drexel.edu)
  • receptors located on axon terminals, near to the release sites of the excitatory amino acids and peptides. (druglibrary.org)
  • Receptors for excitatory amino acids like N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors have both been found to play an important role in the transmission of photic information from the retina to the SCN. (eurekamag.com)
  • These findings suggest that both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors may be involved in the transmission of information to the SCN via the retinohypothalamic tract. (eurekamag.com)
  • Finally, in vivo assays allowed us to evaluate the agonist-antagonist properties of pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. (bvsalud.org)
  • These results suggest the involvement of NMDA receptors in both the transmission of pain and the mediation of spinal segmental pain inhibitory mechanisms. (tau.ac.il)
  • Increasing evidence has suggested the possibility that the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors modulates spinal nociceptive transmission via a nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) pathway. (silverchair.com)
  • The authors hypothesized that the activation of NMDA receptors stimulates an NO/cGMP pathway, and this pathway evokes glutamate release within the spinal cord, modulating spinal nociceptive transmission. (silverchair.com)
  • Furthermore, blocking group III metabotropic glutamate receptors with the specific antagonist MAP4 prevented the depression of GABAergic transmission induced by glutamate transporter blockade. (hal.science)
  • Alcohol alters NMDA and metabotropic MGlu5 receptors thus interfering with glutamate transmission. (psychscenehub.com)
  • AMPAR, together with other members of the ionic glutamate receptor (iGluR) family, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors and kainic acid receptors (NMDARs and KARs), is a cationic permeable receptor tetramer. (immune-system-research.com)
  • Besides, AMPA receptors are responsible for most of the rapid excitatory transmission in the central nervous system. (immune-system-research.com)
  • Neuroactive glutamate is classified as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) because glutamate binding onto postsynaptic receptors typically stimulates, or depolarizes, the postsynaptic cells. (org.es)
  • Positive allosteric modulators of α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole- propionate (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors ("ampakines" and functionally related compounds) constitute a relatively new class of psychoactive drugs that enhance fast, excitatory transmission in the brain. (escholarship.org)
  • Excitatory synaptic input to the substantia nigra mediated by glutamate is a key component of the regulation of dopamine cells, which express NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors that contribute to the generation of synaptic responses [5,19]. (123dok.org)
  • Impulse transmission is chemical, caused by release of specific neurotransmitters from the nerve ending (terminal). (msdmanuals.com)
  • instead, they communicate through the transmission of neurotransmitters across the synapses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The NMDA-induced phase delay was antagonized by an NMDA-receptor antagonist MK-801. (eurekamag.com)
  • A competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, completely blocked the NMDA-induced responses. (silverchair.com)
  • The dual HCRT receptor antagonist almorexant (ALM) decreases waking and increases sleep. (sri.com)
  • Now, we will introduce a selective noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonist, CP-465022 . (immune-system-research.com)
  • At first, CP-465022 is a potent, and selective noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonist with anticonvulsant activity. (immune-system-research.com)
  • receptor antagonist 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5[H]benzocyclohepte-5-ol-4-ylidene acetic acid (NCS-382), pointing to a specific effect of this drug. (123dok.org)
  • N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor/channel (NMDAR) and voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC) antagonists applied independently reduce the magnitude of long-term potentiation (LTP) in area CA1 of the hippocampal slice preparation. (omeka.net)
  • A kinetic model of the glutamate DL-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor/channel complex was used to test whether changes in the rate constants describing channel behavior could account for various features of long-term potentiation (LTP). (escholarship.org)
  • Haloperidol, but not clozapine, produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-induced current with an EC 50 value of 37 nM. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous tryptophan (Trp) metabolite known to possess neuroprotective property. (mdpi.com)
  • Although genetic manipulations have failed to cleanly isolate mGluR5 from one membrane versus another (unpublished results) pharmacological isolation is definitely achieved via specific impermeable nontransported medicines including the antagonist LY53 and the agonist DHPG as BP897 well as transferred or permeable medicines such as the agonists Quis and CHPG BP897 and the antagonist MPEP (Jong et al. (biongenex.com)
  • The concentration of the excitatory amino acid in the extracellular space was increased pharmacologically by blocking glutamate transporters. (hal.science)
  • One of the first consequences of oxygen and glucose deprivation during cerebral ischemia is membrane depolarization, the rapid depletion of cellular ATP, and the accumulation of extracellular excitatory amino acids. (jneurosci.org)
  • The type III mGluR agonist l -2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate consistently inhibited 5HT-evoked calcium rises, whereas in a smaller number of cells quisqualate and L-CCG-I showed both inhibitory and additive effects. (jneurosci.org)
  • Application of DL-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid hydrobromide (AMPA) (1 or 10 microM), a non-NMDA-receptor agonist, also produced a dose-dependent phase delay of SCN activity. (eurekamag.com)
  • The analgesic effects of both agonist and antagonist are markedly potentiated by spinalization. (tau.ac.il)
  • In addition, COX-2 regulates the formation of CB1 ligands, which reduce excitatory transmission in the hippocampus (HC). (bvsalud.org)
  • The study of current-voltage relationship indicates that clozapine preferentially potentiates NMDA receptor-mediated transmission, whereas haloperidol depresses the non-NMDA receptor-mediated response, which probably obscures its potentiating effect on NMDA receptor-mediated EPSPs. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Injection of the excitatory amino acid N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) into the spinal subarachnoid space of rats produces both hyperalgesic and analgesic effects. (tau.ac.il)
  • The NMDA antagonist, arginine vasopressin, produces analgesia when injected by itself and completely reverses all effects of NMDA. (tau.ac.il)
  • The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolopropionic acid receptor ( AMPA receptor ) is an ionic glutamate (iGluR) transmembrane receptor. (immune-system-research.com)
  • sEPSCs are an index of glutamate release from the excitatory input to dopamine cells, which play a key role in different reward-related behaviors. (123dok.org)
  • Some neuroactive compounds are amino acids, which also have metabolic functions in the presynaptic cell. (org.es)
  • Roles of neuroactive amino acids in ammonia neurotoxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) on the plasma membrane regulate and modulate glutamate neurotransmission by transporting synaptically released glutamate back into cells. (drexel.edu)
  • This study indicates that GHB and ethanol share the effect of reducing the efficacy of excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission in the SNc by acting through different mechanisms. (123dok.org)
  • GHB and ethanol, sharing many neuropharmacological properties [14], have been shown to reduce excitatory neurotransmission in different brain systems[2,26,27]. (123dok.org)
  • When in dendrites and spines, βAR 248 was frequently concentrated along plasma membranes and at post-synaptic densities of asymmetric (excitatory) synapses. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the SCN it acts as the primary excitatory transmitter conveying the photic signal from the retina that entrains the circadian clock. (jneurosci.org)
  • The heart is constituted by three types of muscle: atrial, ventricular, and specialized excitatory and conducting fibers. (bvsalud.org)
  • Research in the A. Mortensen lab focuses on understanding mechanisms that regulate glutamate transporters, crucial proteins in the central nervous system (CNS) that modulate excitatory transmission. (drexel.edu)
  • Modulation of GABAergic transmission by endogenous glutamate in the rat supraoptic nucleus. (hal.science)
  • The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy, safety and durability of a large particle hyaluronic acid in the correction of facial lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients over a 3-year period. (ikk-signal.com)
  • However, the existence and the role of an NO/cGMP pathway in the modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission has been unclear. (silverchair.com)
  • Furthermore, we propose potential mechanisms (related to oxidative stress and glutamatergic transmission) that may be important in α-Klotho-mediated regulation of mental and cognitive function. (bvsalud.org)
  • Consistent with the notion that mGluR5 can transmission from intracellular membranes uncaging glutamate on a CA1 dendrite led to a local Ca2+ rise actually in the presence of ionotropic and cell surface metabotropic receptor inhibitors. (biongenex.com)
  • Our findings provide a morphological basis for understanding ways in which NE may modulate transmission by acting via synaptic or non-synaptic mechanisms in the LA. (frontiersin.org)
  • 3 Katayama Y, Glisson JD, Becker DP and Hayes RL: Concussive head injury producing suppression of sensory transmission within the spinal cord. (medicalnote.jp)
  • Alcohol reduces glutamate levels in the nucleus accumbens and suppresses glutamate-mediated signal transmission in the central nucleus of the amygdala. (psychscenehub.com)
  • Studies on the physiological effects of sulfamic acid and ammonium sulfamate. (cdc.gov)
  • The sympathetic system generally mobilizes bodily resources for action-it constricts visceral blood vessels so that more blood is directed to muscles and brain, accelerates the heart beat, inhibits intestinal and gastric activity, widens the pupils of the eye, and secretes adrenaline The parasympathetic system is the antagonist of these effects. (druglibrary.net)
  • The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. (sri.com)
  • 1987. Ammonia emissions and their role in acid deposition. (cdc.gov)