AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
M Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsG2 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsCell CycleG2 PhaseS Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsG1 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsAllyl CompoundsCell Cycle ProteinsCell Cycle CheckpointsMitosisIsothiocyanatesS PhaseDNA DamageCheckpoint Kinase 2G1 PhaseCell Line, TumorApoptosisCell ProliferationGenes, cdcAtaxia Telangiectasia Mutated ProteinsProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesCell DivisionTumor Suppressor Protein p53Phosphorylationcdc25 PhosphatasesProtein KinasesCDC2 Protein KinaseCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21DNA RepairCyclinsCyclin B1DNA-Binding ProteinsFlow CytometryTumor Suppressor ProteinsDNA ReplicationCyclin BNuclear ProteinsGamma RaysHydroxyureaAtaxia TelangiectasiaRadiation, IonizingSpindle ApparatusRetinoblastoma ProteinHeLa CellsG0 PhaseSignal TransductionCell LineCyclin-Dependent Kinase 2MutationRadiation ToleranceCyclin-Dependent KinasesCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27Cyclin ENocodazoleCyclin D1Saccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsUltraviolet RaysCell SurvivalGenomic InstabilitySaccharomyces cerevisiaeTumor Cells, CulturedSchizosaccharomycesFibroblastsMolecular Sequence DataModels, BiologicalRNA, Small InterferingSchizosaccharomyces pombe ProteinsHistonesBlotting, WesternCyclin-Dependent Kinase 4Cells, CulturedDNADNA Breaks, Double-StrandedAntineoplastic Agents, PhytogenicCell NucleusMimosineFungal ProteinsInterphaseAntineoplastic AgentsChromosomal InstabilityCyclin ABRCA1 ProteinCDC2-CDC28 KinasesAmino Acid SequenceAphidicolinProtein BindingTranscription FactorsGenes, p53KinetochoresTime FactorsGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticBase SequenceDose-Response Relationship, RadiationIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsMetaphaseMethyl MethanesulfonateDNA Repair EnzymesDose-Response Relationship, DrugChromatinRNA Interference
MitosisProgressionProliferationAtaxia-telangiProteinsKinaseChromatinInterphaseCyclinApoptosisMetaphaseInhibitionRegulatesIntegrityTumorDynamicsDifferentiationDamage checkpointMechanismRegulatoryBiologyDrosophilaSynthesisPathwayChromosomalHistonePhosphorylationProduced by meiotic cell divisionRegulation of the cell cycleResponsesSister chromatidsChromosome duplicationProkaryotic Cell DivisionChromosomesReplication stressMeiosisInducesAmitotic or mitotic cellGeneGenomicRestriction PointCyclinsEmbryonicSpindle fiberOccursEmbryosCDKsTranscriptionalMitotic cell divisionGenesOccurDescribeYeast cell cycleDistinctCytoplasmDivisionMainControlDendritic cellsStagesInternal
Mitosis27
Progression13
  • The first is a stochastic model of the progression of cell cycle states, which is applied to experimental data for two synchronized isogenic MMR + and MMR − colon cancer cell lines treated with and without IUdR. (aacrjournals.org)
  • We found that the total transcript level per cell and the expression of most individual genes correlated with progression through the cell cycle, but not with cell size. (frontiersin.org)
  • The molecular processes behind cell cycle progression have been dissected by numerous morphological studies on live or fixed single cells using a plethora of techniques to visualize components and processes during cell division. (frontiersin.org)
  • Interestingly, the most primordial defense responses employed by myeloid cells against pathogens, such as complement activation, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis, actually seem to favor cancer progression. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this review, we discuss how rudimentary defense mechanisms deployed by myeloid cells can promote tumor progression. (frontiersin.org)
  • Regulatory signaling systems that control the progression of the CELL CYCLE through the G1 PHASE and allow transition to S PHASE when the cells are ready to undergo DNA REPLICATION. (umassmed.edu)
  • In the presence of errors or damage during DNA replication, cell cycle checkpoint nodes and repair machinery work in concert to retard cell cycle progression until sufficient repair has been achieved. (bmj.com)
  • A checkpoint is one of several points in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the progression of a cell to the next stage in the cycle can be halted until conditions are favorable. (openstax.org)
  • 12 The activation of cyclin/CDK complex accelerates cell cycle progression, which are regulated by phosphorylation. (jcpjournal.org)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases that act as key regulatory elements in cell cycle progression. (proteopedia.org)
  • For instance, DNA replication and DNA damage checkpoints delay cell cycle progression until each chromosome is fully replicated and physically intact. (rupress.org)
  • As the cell routine machinery continues to be extremely conserved through progression it is today clear the fact that cell routine has been improved in different and novel methods to adapt to brand-new developmental applications elaborated during progression (26). (bioerc-iend.org)
  • The role of cell cycle checkpoint proteins is to integrate internal and external factors to determine whether the cell is prepared for progression of the cell cycle. (ptgcn.com)
Proliferation14
  • Cell proliferation includes a series of events that is tightly regulated by several checkpoints and layers of control mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • In conclusion, we provide useful experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify informative and predictive genes at the single-cell level, which opens up new means to describe and understand cell proliferation and subpopulation dynamics. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, most of our knowledge about cell proliferation comes from studies that average data from large and mixed cell populations. (frontiersin.org)
  • Combined treatment with selumetinib and a dose of palbociclib sufficient to reinforce G1 arrest in selumetinib-sensitive cells, but not to impair proliferation of resistant cells, delays the emergence of resistant colonies, meaning that escape from G1 arrest is critical in the formation of resistant clones. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Here, we have determined the mechanism of inhibition of cell proliferation in TRAIP-depleted cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Inhibitory effect of EESR on cancer cell growth and proliferation was determined by water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay. (jcpjournal.org)
  • EESR possessing antioxidant activity efficiently inhibits proliferation of HT29 cells by inducing both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (jcpjournal.org)
  • 6 , 7 Therefore, the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis is being an important preventive strategy against cancer. (jcpjournal.org)
  • Crucial role in orchestrating a fine balance between cellular proliferation, cell death, and DNA repair in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). (proteopedia.org)
  • Compound 51 inhibited the proliferation of 13 out of 15 cancer cell lines with IC50 values between 0.27 and 6.9 muM, which correlated with the complete suppression of retinoblastoma phosphorylation and the onset of apoptosis. (proteopedia.org)
  • The most significant pathways and BPs that were deregulated in the primary disease condition were associated with the cell cycle and fibroblast proliferation procedures. (genominfo.org)
  • Taken together, our study establishes crucial roles for the AtASF1A and AtASF1B genes in chromatin replication, maintenance of genome integrity and cell proliferation during plant development. (nih.gov)
  • Many important developmental procedures including proliferation development patterning and differentiation need the cell routine to be carefully coordinated with several signaling pathways. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • It is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of lymphoid lineage cells (typically B cells, rarely non-B lineage) in a context of posttransplant immunosuppression. (medscape.com)
Ataxia-telangi2
  • During normal DNA replication, the checkpoint kinase ATR (ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related) is activated by ETAA1 to block this switch until the S phase ends. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The presence of replication stress activates the DNA damage response and downstream checkpoint proteins including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related kinase (ATR), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), and WEE1-like protein kinase (WEE1), which trigger cell cycle arrest while protecting and restoring stalled replication forks. (bmj.com)
Proteins11
Kinase7
  • In response to DNA damage, a synthetic lethal relationship exists between the cell cycle checkpoint kinase MK2 and the tumor suppressor p53. (nature.com)
  • The focus of this study is the role of protein kinase Chk1 and the phosphatase Cdc25A in the DNA replication checkpoint. (vt.edu)
  • The activation of the kinase function is then followed by a cascade of protein phosphorylations that promotes the transition through the cell-cycle checkpoint from the G 1 phase into the S phase ( 3 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Here we show that cells transactivate the mitotic gene network as they exit the S phase through a CDK1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1)-directed FOXM1 phosphorylation switch. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The cell cycle delay was totally dependent on the Gcn2 kinase, a sensor of the nutritional status, and was accompanied by phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha and by a general depression of translation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • EESR induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in a dose-dependent manner by modulating cyclin B, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), and CDK inhibitor p21 expression. (jcpjournal.org)
  • 8 , 9 Cell cycle program is regulated by cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes. (jcpjournal.org)
Chromatin1
  • Ultraviolet irradiation of fission yeast cells in G1 phase induced a delay in chromatin binding of replication initiation factors and, consistently, a transient delay in S-phase entry. (ox.ac.uk)
Interphase4
Cyclin18
  • In most cases, when a cyclin is degraded, the CDK is inactivated, signaling the end of a particular phase. (jove.com)
  • For instance, during G1, when one type of cyclin, named D, is synthesized and binds to a CDK, the cell transitions into S phase, as another cyclin, E, peaks and forms a complex with CDK to promote DNA replication. (jove.com)
  • E is then degraded by cytoplasmic enzymes and cyclin A concentrations increase throughout the S phase and remain high into G2 to promote entry into the M phase when in an active complex. (jove.com)
  • Positive regulators include two protein groups that allow cells to pass through regulatory checkpoints: cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). (jove.com)
  • Generally, levels of a given cyclin are low during most of the cell cycle but abruptly increase at the checkpoint they most contribute to (G 1 cyclins are an exception, as they are required throughout the cell cycle). (jove.com)
  • When unreplicated or damaged DNA is present, cell cycle checkpoint pathways cause cell cycle arrest by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). (vt.edu)
  • In the absence of active Chk1, Cdc25A activates cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks) allowing the cell to progress into S or M phase. (vt.edu)
  • The activation of Chk1 by two time-dependent events in the cell cycle, the critical nuclear to cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio and the cyclin E/Cdk2 maternal timer are explored in this study. (vt.edu)
  • Bufalin induces G0/G1 phase arrest through inhibiting the levels of cyclin D, cyclin E, CDK2 and CDK4, and triggers apoptosis via mitochondrial signaling pathway in T24 human bladder cancer cells. (umassmed.edu)
  • This truncated variant, cyclin D1b, does not have the part which is required for export from the nucleus into other cell localizations and therefore has higher transforming activity ( 8 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • 10 , 11 The major molecules responsible for G2/M transition are cyclin A /CDK1 and cyclin B/CDK1. (jcpjournal.org)
  • 13 The expression of CDK inhibitor p21 is upregulated by activated p53, resulting in the suppression of G2/M transition by the inactivation of cyclin/CDK complex. (jcpjournal.org)
  • Cyclin E/CDK2-mediated phosphorylation of NPAT at G1-S transition and until prophase stimulates the NPAT-mediated activation of histone gene transcription during S phase. (proteopedia.org)
  • The degradation of cyclin F mediated by β-TrCP occurs at the G2/M transition. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Several cell cycle events require specific forms of the cyclin-CDK complexes. (umassmed.edu)
  • 2. High accumulation of Cyclin B1 in the nuclei can be used as a marker for studying the G2/M phase (Figure 3). (ptgcn.com)
  • Also, the expression of Cyclin D should be decreased at the G2/M checkpoint (Figure 4). (ptgcn.com)
  • Western blot of Knockout validated Cyclin D1 antibody in HepG2, SW 1990, and NIH/3T3 cell lines with 60186-1-Ig at a dilution of 1:10000 incubated at room temperature for 1.5 hours. (ptgcn.com)
Apoptosis5
  • Wu X, Song M, Qiu P, Li F, Wang M, Zheng J, Wang Q, Xu F, Xiao H. A metabolite of nobiletin, 4'-demethylnobiletin and atorvastatin synergistically inhibits human colon cancer cell growth by inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (umassmed.edu)
  • Growing knowledge regarding molecules that control the cell cycle and apoptosis is expected to contribute to the identification of new therapy targets. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Acutely deleting Foxd3 leads to immediate replication stress, G2/M phase arrest, genome instability and p53-dependent apoptosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • To investigate the mechanism of EESR-mediated cytotoxicity, HT29 cells were treated with various concentrations of EESR and the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, and Western blot analysis. (jcpjournal.org)
  • Cancer cells can grow unusually via limitless number of cell division and can avoid apoptosis. (jcpjournal.org)
Metaphase5
  • 11. The metaphase-anaphase transition and the spindle checkpoint. (ucdavis.edu)
  • Much is known about the control of the G 1 /S, G 2 /M, and metaphase/anaphase transitions, but thus far, no control mechanism has been identified for the S/G 2 transition. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Much is known about the control of the G1/S, G2/M, and metaphase/anaphase transitions, but thus far, no control mechanism has been identified for the S/G2 transition. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These checkpoints occur near the end of G 1 , at the G 2 /M transition, and during metaphase ( Figure 10.10 ). (openstax.org)
  • There are three major checkpoints in the cell cycle: one near the end of G1, a second at the G2/M transition, and the third during metaphase. (tumericalive.com)
Inhibition7
  • SL originally described a relationship between two genes, where alteration of either gene alone results in viable cells, but alteration (mutation, loss, or inhibition) of both genes simultaneously was lethal. (nature.com)
  • Accordingly, pre-treatment with 350 nM LSD1 inhibitor for 3 days followed by exposure to serial dilutions of ruxolitinib led to synergistic growth inhibition in non-DS-AMKL and ML-DS cell lines (Supplementary Fig. 4 ), as well as in all ML-DS patient samples (Fig. 1A ). (nature.com)
  • ERKi treatment of cells drives the poly-ubiquitylation and proteasome-dependent turnover of ERK2 and pharmacological or genetic inhibition of Cullin-RING E3 ligases prevents this. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Transient inhibition of RNA polymerase II in S phase reduces observed replication stress and cell cycle defects. (bvsalud.org)
  • These results show how a transcriptional repressor can play a central role in maintaining genome integrity through the transient inhibition of transcription during S phase, enabling faithful DNA replication. (bvsalud.org)
  • Both the initiation and inhibition of cell division are triggered by events external to the cell when it is about to begin the replication process. (openstax.org)
  • This inhibition leads to a decrease in DNA synthesis during bacterial replication, resulting in cell growth inhibition and eventually cell lysis. (medindex.am)
Regulates1
  • Chk1 regulates cell cycle arrest in the presence of unreplicated DNA in somatic cells by phosphorylating Cdc25A and leading to its degradation. (vt.edu)
Integrity5
  • One goal of this work is to understand the developmental role and regulation of checkpoint signaling pathways due to its monitoring of DNA integrity within the cell. (vt.edu)
  • Rapidly dividing mouse pluripotent stem cells are highly transcriptionally active and experience elevated replication stress, yet paradoxically maintain genome integrity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, we study FOXD3, a transcriptional repressor enriched in pluripotent stem cells, and show that its repression of transcription upon S phase entry is critical to minimizing replication stress and preserving genome integrity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Maintaining genomic integrity is of utmost importance to eukaryotic cells, which have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to ensure speed, accuracy, and an adequate pool of nucleotide and replication factors as well as high-fidelity repair pathways to correct errors occurring during DNA replication. (bmj.com)
  • The integrity of the DNA is assessed at the G 1 checkpoint. (openstax.org)
Tumor10
  • Because BRCA mutations are observed in fewer than 10% of cancer patients (cBioPortal: 6.7%) 11 , 12 , 13 the identification of additional genes that share synthetic lethal sensitivity relationships with mutated oncogenes or tumor suppressors would greatly enhance the implementation of tumor cell-specific synthetic lethal sensitivity to improve an anticancer therapeutic response. (nature.com)
  • Because most tumors are deficient in one or more aspects of the function of the p53 tumor suppressor, either as a consequence of mutations within p53, or impairment of upstream and downstream modulators of p53 activity 19 , targeting MK2 has the potential to selectively enhance tumor cell killing without increasing the genotoxic effects of chemotherapy on normal p53-wild type tissues. (nature.com)
  • However, these immunotherapeutic approaches are hampered by the tumor-promoting nature of myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. (frontiersin.org)
  • Despite the arsenal of defense strategies against foreign invaders, myeloid cells succumb to the instructions of an established tumor. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although tumor-promoting functions have been attributed to other granulocytes, like eosinophils ( 17 ), basophils ( 18 ) and mast cells ( 19 ), further research is required to fully elucidate their role in cancer, as antitumoral roles have also been described ( 20 , 21 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Nevertheless, the majority of scientific discoveries points toward a more tumor-supporting role for myeloid cells in the TME. (frontiersin.org)
  • 5) increasing the intrinsic radioresistance of normal cells through ketone bodies but decreasing that of tumor cells by targeting glycolysis. (springer.com)
  • Distinct functions of macrophage-derived and cancer cell-derived cathepsin Z combine to promote tumor malignancy via interactions with the extracellular matrix. (uni-freiburg.de)
  • The abnormally high number of centrosomes found in many human tumor cells can lead directly to aneuploidy and genomic instability through the formation of multipolar mitotic spindles. (umassmed.edu)
  • S transition in the cell cycle, upregulated expression of tumor-promoting microenvironmental factors, and profound dysregulation of metabolic pathways (e.g., increased aerobic glycolysis, downregulation of pathways that metabolize drugs and xenobiotics). (biomedcentral.com)
Dynamics2
  • Most studies have been performed on large cell populations, but detailed understanding of cell dynamics and heterogeneity requires single-cell analysis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Learning perturbation-inducible cell states from observability analysis of transcriptome dynamics. (duke.edu)
Differentiation2
  • The endocycle is certainly popular among multicellular microorganisms and it is associated with development and differentiation (e.g. nurse cells and follicular cells from the oocyte cyst). (bioerc-iend.org)
  • After implantation differentiation of trophoblast large cells which get excited about the remodeling from the maternal uterus during implantation is certainly achieved through many endocycles resulting in boosts of DNA articles up to 1000N (48). (bioerc-iend.org)
Damage checkpoint1
  • Furthermore, the Atasf1ab-triggered replication fork stalling constitutively activates the DNA damage checkpoint and repair genes, including ATM, ATR, PARP1 and PARP2 as well as several genes of the homologous recombination (HR) pathway but not genes of the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. (nih.gov)
Mechanism4
  • These findings establish a mechanism for co-targeting DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoints in combination with repair of cisplatin-DNA lesions in vivo using RNAi nanocarriers, and motivate further exploration of ASL as a generalized strategy to improve cancer treatment. (nature.com)
  • A novel checkpoint mechanism regulating the G1/S transition. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The cell cycle delay represents a novel checkpoint with a novel mechanism of action that is not activated by ionizing radiation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The objective of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer effects of ethanol extract of S. rufopilosa (EESR) and to determine the molecular mechanism of its anticancer activity in human colon carcinoma HT29 cells. (jcpjournal.org)
Regulatory3
  • Internal regulatory checkpoints ensure that a cell's size, energy reserves, and DNA quality and completeness are sufficient to advance through the cell cycle. (jove.com)
  • Hence the G1 phase the main period of cell growth is the target of many regulatory pathways and appears extremely variable in length (39). (bioerc-iend.org)
  • Via dephosphorylation, calcineurin is the enzyme responsible for activating nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NF-AT), a T cell transcriptional regulatory factor. (medindex.am)
Biology4
  • I am a senior lecturer in Cell Bilogy and a member of the plant biology group. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Previous to this I completed my BSc in Cell and Human Biology here at Oxford Brookes University. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • For a century, the nucleus has been the focus of extensive investigations in cell biology. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Keep up with the Node 'Lab meeting' posts as the platform regularly highlights development and stem cell biology labs from across the globe and showcases research and researchers from the community. (silverchair.com)
Drosophila1
Synthesis4
  • Divisome and elongasome complexes responsible for peptidoglycan synthesis during lateral cell-wall growth and division. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Here, the authors report that after development is initiated, differentiating cells undergo a wave of DNA synthesis. (silverchair.com)
  • MiR-10b inhibits the synthesis of the HOXD10 protein and permits the expression of the pro-metastatic gene product RHOC, which in turn favors cancer cell migration and invasion [53]. (irjs.info)
  • As a consequence, the synthesis and release of Th1- (T helper 1) and Th2- (T helper 2) type cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators from T-cells and mast cells are blocked and the expression of signals essential for the activation of inflammatory T-lymphocytes is inhibited. (medindex.am)
Pathway2
  • Therefore, compared to normal p53-proficient cells, p53-defective cells are more reliant on MK2 activity, which drives an alternative cell cycle checkpoint pathway that stabilizes the CKI inhibitors p27 Kip1 and Gadd45α in order to maintain G 1 /S and G 2 /M arrest after certain types of DNA damage 16 , 18 . (nature.com)
  • ORC1b is expressed in both proliferating and endoreplicating cells, accumulates during G1 and is rapidly degraded upon S-phase entry through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. (bvsalud.org)
Chromosomal1
Histone1
  • the mitotic postpone in embryos is certainly connected with neither a dysfunction from the spindle checkpoint nor unusual global histone adjustments. (bioerc-iend.org)
Phosphorylation3
Produced by meiotic cell division1
  • Mitotic cell division enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself is produced by fusion of two gametes, each having been produced by meiotic cell division. (wikipedia.org)
Regulation of the cell cycle1
Responses8
  • Despite this, clinical responses are typically transient as tumour cells develop resistance. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Over the past decade, cancer immunotherapy has been steering immune responses toward cancer cell eradication. (frontiersin.org)
  • Immune cells abundantly infiltrate tumors, creating a complex environment mediated by repetitive cycles of antitumor responses and immune evasion ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Myeloid innate immune cells, such as granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), play an important role in cancer-cell recognition, initiation of inflammation and antitumor responses ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Hence, myeloid cells play a dual role in cancer as they can initiate antitumor responses and communicate with cells of the adaptive immune system, but also promote local inflammation leading to chronic cancer-associated inflammation ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The innate immune response by myeloid cells occurs as a succession of events starting at signaling through cytosolic or surface PRRs, followed by effector responses including the release of cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), antibacterial peptides and degranulation ( Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Exploring this border is now proving hugely rewarding, with implications for many aspects of cell function and plant responses to the environment. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • A TLR9-dependent checkpoint governs B cell responses to DNA-containing antigens. (umassmed.edu)
Sister chromatids3
  • Then, the sister chromatids split and are distributed between two daughter cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • A key issue is how cells pair sister chromatids but preclude the catastrophic pairing of nonsister chromatids. (rupress.org)
  • The M checkpoint is also known as the spindle checkpoint: here, the cell examines whether all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules. (tumericalive.com)
Chromosome duplication1
  • Proper chromosome duplication is assessed at the G 2 checkpoint. (openstax.org)
Prokaryotic Cell Division1
Chromosomes8
  • Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained. (wikipedia.org)
  • Homologous chromosomes are separated in the first division of meiosis, such that each daughter cell has one copy of each chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Before division can occur, the genomic information that is stored in chromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome must be cleanly divided between progeny cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • In meiosis I, the homologous chromosomes are paired before being separated and distributed between two daughter cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • In meiosis, typically in Meiosis-I the homologous chromosomes are paired and then separated and distributed into daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Mistakes in the duplication or distribution of the chromosomes lead to mutations that may be passed forward to every new cell produced from an abnormal cell. (openstax.org)
  • However, the most important role of the G 2 checkpoint is to ensure that all of the chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged. (openstax.org)
  • When the cell does not spend time checking its work in a programmed G2 phase, the event directly preceding the M phase is the DNA replication (the replication of chromosomes) in the S phase. (tumericalive.com)
Replication stress2
  • Initially, MiDAS was characterized as a process associated with intrinsically unstable loci known as common fragile sites that occurs after cells experience DNA replication stress (RS). (bvsalud.org)
  • The early preinvasive stage was characterized by cell-cycle checkpoint activation triggered by DNA replication stress and dramatic downregulation of basic transmembrane signaling processes that maintain epithelial/stromal homeostasis in the normal mucosa. (biomedcentral.com)
Meiosis2
Induces1
  • The increased calcium influx into the pancreatic beta cells induces insulin secretion, thereby lowering blood glucose levels. (medindex.am)
Amitotic or mitotic cell1
  • The amitotic or mitotic cell divisions are more atypical and diverse among the various groups of organisms, such as protists (namely diatoms, dinoflagellates, etc.) and fungi. (wikipedia.org)
Gene9
  • By applying the random forests algorithm, a supervised machine learning approach, we show how a multi-gene signature that classifies individual cells into their correct cell cycle phase and cell size can be generated. (frontiersin.org)
  • Detailed analysis of cell cycle predictive genes allowed us to define subpopulations with distinct gene expression profiles and to calculate a cell cycle index that illustrates the transition of cells between cell cycle phases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we employed single-cell gene expression profiling to describe the dynamic transition between cell proliferative states in three different cell lines using a panel consisting of 93 marker genes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Our findings demonstrate that acquisition of MEK inhibitor resistance often occurs through gene amplification and can be suppressed by impeding cell cycle entry in drug. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Selective up-regulation of expression of a subset of genes, including those involved in S-phase checkpoints and the CYCB1;1 gene at the G₂-to-M transition, was observed in Atasf1ab. (nih.gov)
  • Mammalian SNF5 is essential for normal cell viability, and loss or mutation of the human SNF gene is the molecular basis for familial malignant rhabdoid tumorigenesis. (umassmed.edu)
  • This miRNA has been shown to control the G1/S checkpoint gene p57 and, as a result, promotes stem cell transition from G1-phase to S-phase [51]. (irjs.info)
  • We were also able to pinpoint specific changes within each gene set that seem to play key roles at each transition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 70-gene signature as an aid for treatment decisions in early breast cancer: updated results of the phase 3 randomised MINDACT trial with an exploratory analysis by age. (cdc.gov)
Genomic1
  • In addition to adequate reserves and cell size, there is a check for genomic DNA damage at the G 1 checkpoint. (openstax.org)
Restriction Point1
  • The G 1 checkpoint, also called the restriction point (in yeast), is a point at which the cell irreversibly commits to the cell division process. (openstax.org)
Cyclins2
  • Cyclins can be categorized as G 1 , G 1 /S, S, or M cyclins based on the cell cycle phase or transition they are most involved in. (jove.com)
  • Such interactions were not known for the G1 class of cyclins, which are instrumental in helping the cell decide whether or not to commit to a new cell cycle, a function that is non-redundant with B-type cylins in budding yeast. (umassmed.edu)
Embryonic4
  • Chk1 plays a critical but not fully understood role in cell cycle remodeling and early embryonic development. (vt.edu)
  • In humans, the frequency of cell turnover ranges from a few hours in early embryonic development, to an average of two to five days for epithelial cells, and to an entire human lifetime spent in G 0 by specialized cells, such as cortical neurons or cardiac muscle cells. (openstax.org)
  • How plastic the normal cell cycle is usually becomes clear when comparing the so-called "embryonic cleavage cycles" and the endoreplication cycle also referred to as the endocycle. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • The embryonic cleavage cycles are maternally powered as nutrition and cell routine factors are kept in the egg cytoplasm during oogenesis. (bioerc-iend.org)
Spindle fiber1
  • Attachment of each kinetochore to a spindle fiber is assessed at the M checkpoint. (openstax.org)
Occurs2
Embryos1
CDKs1
  • By default, CDKs are always present in a cell in an inactivated form. (jove.com)
Transcriptional1
  • Role of WDHD1 in Human Papillomavirus-Mediated Oncogenesis Identified by Transcriptional Profiling of E7-Expressing Cells. (umassmed.edu)
Mitotic cell division1
  • On a larger scale, mitotic cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. (wikipedia.org)
Genes3
  • Here, we used quantitative real-time PCR, profiling the expression of 93 genes in single-cells from three different cell lines. (frontiersin.org)
  • Selumetinib causes long-term G1 arrest accompanied by reduced expression of DNA replication and repair genes, but cells stochastically re-enter the cell cycle during treatment despite continued repression of pERK1/2. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • FOXD3 binds near highly transcribed genes during S phase entry, and its loss increases the expression of these genes. (bvsalud.org)
Occur2
  • On the two-cell stage transcription from the zygotic genome takes place and is necessary for the next cleavages to occur (11). (bioerc-iend.org)
  • Efforts of this type have already identified several genetic and epigenetic changes that seem to occur at the transition from normal mucosa to precancerous lesions. (biomedcentral.com)
Describe2
  • The present study uses the integration of probabilistic mathematical models and experimental data on MMR − versus MMR + cells to describe the effects of IUdR incorporation upon the cell cycle for the purpose of increasing IUdR-mediated radiosensitivity in MMR − cells. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Furthermore, by inducing double-strand DNA breaks, they describe the first identified Dictyostelium checkpoint - at the G2-M transition. (silverchair.com)
Yeast cell cycle2
  • Using the yeast cell cycle as an example, we identified 101 cooperative module associations among 82 modules, and importantly, we established a cell cycle-specific cooperative module network. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A yeast cell cycle pulse generator model shows consistency with multiple oscillatory and checkpoint mutant datasets. (duke.edu)
Distinct1
  • Checkpoint-blocker-induced autoimmunity is associated with favourable outcome in metastatic melanoma and distinct T-cell expression profiles. (cdc.gov)
Cytoplasm1
  • which divides the cytoplasm, organelles, and cell membrane of one cell into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. (wikipedia.org)
Division20
  • Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both of these cell division cycles are used in the process of sexual reproduction at some point in their life cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) usually undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells, but there are alternative manners of division, such as budding, that have been observed. (wikipedia.org)
  • For simple unicellular microorganisms such as the amoeba, one cell division is equivalent to reproduction - an entire new organism is created. (wikipedia.org)
  • The primary concern of cell division is the maintenance of the original cell's genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bacterial cell division happens through binary fission or sometimes through budding. (wikipedia.org)
  • The divisome is a protein complex in bacteria that is responsible for cell division, constriction of inner and outer membranes during division, and remodeling of the peptidoglycan cell wall at the division site. (wikipedia.org)
  • A tubulin-like protein, FtsZ plays a critical role in formation of a contractile ring for the cell division. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell division in eukaryotes is more complicated than in prokaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • A primitive form of cell division, called amitosis, also exists. (wikipedia.org)
  • Such data are only indirectly related to quantitative changes in cells at different states of division and growth. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cell division is the basis for the propagation of life and requires accurate duplication of all genetic information. (bvsalud.org)
  • Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) usually undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Cell division in eukaryote is much more complicated than prokaryote. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • A lack of HGH can inhibit cell division, resulting in dwarfism, whereas too much HGH can result in gigantism. (openstax.org)
  • Crowding of cells can also inhibit cell division. (openstax.org)
  • The G 1 checkpoint determines whether all conditions are favorable for cell division to proceed. (openstax.org)
  • Orderly progressions of events in the cell division cycle are necessary to ensure the replication of DNA and cell division. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) to produce two daughter cells. (ptgcn.com)
  • Recent studies have examined the consequences of epigenetic marks and cell cycle control, which has led to more research regarding cell division cancer, emphasizing the fact that the cell division process requires accurate checkpoints to avoid genetic damage. (ptgcn.com)
Main3
  • To promote these innovative and promising methods to cell biologists, this Review summarizes the main concepts and terminologies of deep learning. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • During the cell cycle, there are two main checkpoints that regulate entrance into S and M phases. (vt.edu)
  • What are the main cell cycle checkpoints? (ptgcn.com)
Control3
  • Control mechanisms establish this order by dictating when a cell transitions from one phase to the next. (elsevierpure.com)
  • To facilitate investigation of the mechanisms that control centrosome reproduction, a frog egg extract arrested in S phase of the cell cycle that supported repeated assembly of daughter centrosomes was developed. (umassmed.edu)
  • The canonical watch about the control of the cell routine is in fact getting challenged by in vivo research. (bioerc-iend.org)
Dendritic cells1
  • However, pimecrolimus mode of action is cell-selective and does not affect Langerhans' cells/dendritic cells and primary fibroblasts. (medindex.am)
Stages2
  • We have taken advantage of the auxin induced degron system to rapidly degrade TRAIP within cells and to dissect the importance of various functions of TRAIP in different stages of the cell cycle. (bvsalud.org)
  • through all stages from the cell routine may be thoroughly modified during advancement to be able to meet the demands of a given Dalcetrapib cell at specific stages. (bioerc-iend.org)
Internal2
  • The timing of events in the cell cycle is controlled by mechanisms that are both internal and external to the cell. (openstax.org)
  • The blastocyst includes two cell Dalcetrapib types: the trophectoderm (TE) that provides rise towards the placenta and an internal cell mass Dalcetrapib (ICM) that the complete fetus and area of the extraembryonic tissue will establish. (bioerc-iend.org)