• Transfection is the forced introduction of small molecules such as DNA, RNA, or antibodies into eukaryotic cells. (glasp.co)
  • Commonly, the term transfection is used in the sense of non-viral introductions of nucleic acid specifically into eukaryotic cells, or even more specifically into animal cells. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The term transformation often is preferred to describe non-viral DNA transfer in bacteria and non-animal eukaryotic cells such as fungi , algae , and plants . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • However, transformation also is used in other senses as well, including to the non-viral nucleic acid uptake specifically in bacteria and non-animal eukaryotic cells such as fungi , algae , and plants . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Transformation of eukaryotic cells in tissue culture is usually called transfection. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Calcium phosphate transfection is a commonly used method for the introduction of DNA into eukaryotic cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Similar to bacterial transformation , electroporation allows the manipulation of eukaryotic cells by engineering their genetic material. (microbenotes.com)
  • Hieff Trans Liposomal Transfection Reagent is a versatile liposome transfection reagent, suitable for DNA, RNA, and oligonucleotide transfection, with high transfection efficiency for most eukaryotic cells. (biofargo.com)
  • Electroporation is used when extremely high transformation efficiencies are required, as in very inefficient cloning strategies. (bionity.com)
  • In addition to electroporation, transfection can be carried out using calcium phosphate, or by mixing a cationic lipid with the material to produce liposomes, which fuse with the cell plasma membrane and deposit their cargo inside. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • display libraries from electroporation-competent cells with high transformation efficiency. (thomassci.com)
  • Use for bacterial transformations, eukaryotic transfections, and the electroporation of mammalian cells and yeast. (thomassci.com)
  • Here is a report that shows significant increase in transformation efficiency for large plasmids (transformation was by electroporation. (stackexchange.com)
  • Electroporation is widely used in the transformation of bacterial cells to make them competent and capable of taking up foreign DNA for various purposes like recombinant protein production, cloning , and other biotechnological applications. (microbenotes.com)
  • Electroporation is also used in transfection. (microbenotes.com)
  • Plant transformation techniques are well developed for making transgenic varieties in certain crops and model organisms, yet reagent delivery and plant regeneration remain key bottlenecks to applying the technology of gene editing to most crops. (frontiersin.org)
  • Plasmid Extracted with CommaPure® kits for Transfection of Arabidopsis Protoplasts. (biocomma.blog)
  • Test the CommaPure® Anion-exchange Plasmid Preparation kits for transfection of Arabidopsis protoplasts, and compare it with another famous brand anion-exchange kits. (biocomma.blog)
  • Take 100μg each of plasmid (35S : GFP) extracted from two Resin kits, and separate protoplasts from Arabidopsis thaliana by enzymatic hydrolysis, and transform foreign genes into protoplasts by PEG-mediated transformation for transient expression. (biocomma.blog)
  • After Plasmid preparation and transformation, the amount of protoplasts expressing the GFP green fluorescent protein in the plasmid extracted with the CommaPure® kit is significantly higher than that of Company W. (biocomma.blog)
  • Size of the plasmid plays a large part in transformation, so intuitively it makes me think supercoiling the plasmid prior to transformation would improve the efficiency. (stackexchange.com)
  • I thought transformation was simply DNA diffusing through holes, but are parts of the plasmid required to bind/interact with the host? (stackexchange.com)
  • The procedure stated below is designed for the transfection of CHO cells with 1 µg/µL pSV40-CAT plasmid (diluted in sterile molecular biology grade water). (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • In transfection, the introduced nucleic acid may be transient, such that it does not replicate, or it may be stable and integrate into the genome of the recipient and replicate when the host genome replicates. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Transfection of animal cells typically involves opening transient pores or "holes" in the cell plasma membrane , to allow the uptake of material. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • This technique has been used to obtain both transient 1 and stable 2 transfections in a wide variety of cell types. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Observe transformation efficiency after 12 hours of culture. (biocomma.blog)
  • After 12 hours culture, observe transformation efficiency by fluorescence confocal microscope. (biocomma.blog)
  • Several studies have shown that miRNAs play multiple roles in the phenotypic transformation, migration, and proliferation of VSMCs by inhibiting ERK1/2 activation [ 11 , 12 ], partly by regulating the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)-MMPs and p21-cyclins interactions [ 13 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation is now recognised as an important feature of tissue remodelling. (ersjournals.com)
  • Reports from several laboratories suggest that a phenomenon termed epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, in which epithelial cells transform into fibroblasts capable of producing connective tissue matrix, is an important feature of tissue remodelling 10 , 11 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Typical plant transformation protocols to produce transgenic, genetically modified (GM) varieties rely on transgenes, chemical selection, and tissue culture. (frontiersin.org)
  • Viral transformation is the change in growth, phenotype, or indefinite reproduction of cells caused by the introduction of inheritable material. (wikipedia.org)
  • Natural transformations can include viral cancers, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and T-cell Leukemia virus type I. Hepatitis B and C are also the result of natural viral transformation of the host cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Interference with ROS production in 32D cells inhibited cell transformation by FLT3 ITD in a DEP-1-dependent manner, because RNAi-mediated depletion of DEP-1 partially abrogated the inhibitory effect of ROS quenching. (nih.gov)
  • Morphological transformation induced by glass fibers in BALB/c-3T3 cells. (cdc.gov)
  • To investigate the carcinogenicity of man made glass fibers, a study was undertaken to determine the ability of these fibers to transform BALB/c-3T3 cells and to elucidate the neoplastic potential of these cells after transformation. (cdc.gov)
  • To determine transformation, cultures of BALB/c-3T3 cells were exposed to five concentrations each of three glass fiber varieties (ISL, AAA-10, and JM-10) for 72 hours. (cdc.gov)
  • The neoplastic potential of transformed cells was determined via soft agar cloning and gene transfection analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • All glass fiber types produced concentration dependent transformation of BALB/c-3T3 cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Chemical sensitization of cells is frequently employed since this does not require specialised equipment and provides relatively high transformation efficiencies. (bionity.com)
  • Biolistics are mainly utilised in plant cell transformations, where the cell wall is a major obstacle in DNA uptake by cells. (bionity.com)
  • Broadly defined, transfection is the process of artificially introducing nucleic acids ( DNA or RNA ) into cells , utilizing means other than viral infection. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • It also was used in the sense of "infection by transformation," in other words, introduction of DNA (or RNA) from an eukaryote virus or bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria) into cells, resulting in an infection. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Because the term transformation had another sense in animal cell biology (a genetic change allowing long-term propagation in culture, or acquisition of properties typical of cancer cells), the term transfection acquired, for animal cells, its present meaning of a change in cell properties caused by introduction of nucleic acids by non-viral methods. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • 1990) state that the meaning of transfection is "clear and unambiguous" and refers to the "process by which nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) is introduced to cells with the intent to be expressed in the recipient. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The transfection process is different from "infection," which is the term used for a viral method of introducing nucleic acids into cells (Promega). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Since the DNA introduced in the transfection process is usually not inserted into the nuclear genome, the foreign DNA is lost at the later stage when the cells undergo mitosis . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • If it is desired that the transfected gene actually remains in the genome of the cell and its daughter cells, a stable transfection must occur. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The ECM 399 is an exponential decay wave electroporaton generator specifically designed to deliver the field strengths and pulse lengths required for the simple transformation of bacteria and yeast cells. (thomassci.com)
  • E1A transfection results in the transformation of peripheral lung epithelial cells and normal lung fibroblasts to a phenotype intermediate between that of the two primary cells. (ersjournals.com)
  • Transformation effeciency isn't usually a problem either (with good competent cells you easily get 5x10^8 transformants (and more) per ug of DNA. (stackexchange.com)
  • Zhixing, Y and Nahon, J-L (1995) DNA gyrase improves DNA transformation of E.coli cells with large recombinant plasmids. (stackexchange.com)
  • We have observed that transformation of cancer cells with oncogenic forms of RAS increases plasmin proteolytic activity by 2- to 4-fold concomitant with a 3-fold increase in cell invasion. (oncotarget.com)
  • Transfection of a rearranged viral DNA fragment, WZhet, stably converts latent Epstein-Barr viral infection to productive infection in lymphoid cells. (wikidata.org)
  • For example, it can be used for the transformation of plant cells , allowing the introduction of foreign DNA into plants for crop improvement. (microbenotes.com)
  • Transfection, Transduction, Transformation. (glasp.co)
  • Our research showed that the migration, phenotypic transformation, and proliferation of ox-LDL-induced VSMCs were repressed by AA through inhibiting miR-128-5p by targeting the p21 gene, which may provide an effective option for the treatment of atherosclerosis. (hindawi.com)
  • For most applications of transfection, it is sufficient if the transfected gene is only transiently expressed. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • In the present study, the hypothesis that adenoviral infection followed by persistent expression of its E1A gene is capable of producing epithelial-mesenchymal transformation was examined by investigating guinea pig PLECs that express adenoviral E1A. (ersjournals.com)
  • This recombination reaction by-product therefore serves as an unexpected potential underlying cause of lymphoid cell transformation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Transfection of a RAG-ESC complex increased γH2AX foci, indicating that this free RAG complex can trigger genome-wide DSBs. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Through this process, a virus causes harmful transformations of an in vivo cell or cell culture. (wikipedia.org)
  • Viral transformation is most commonly understood as transforming infections, so the remainder of the article focuses on detailing transforming infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transformation is the uptake of DNA from the environment by a bacterial cell. (glasp.co)
  • In molecular biology, the term transformation has been used in the related sense to refer to the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the uptake, genomic incorporation, and expression of foreign genetic material ( DNA ). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • In the classical restriction and ligation cloning protocols, cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves four steps: fragmentation, ligation, transfection, and screening/selection. (bionity.com)
  • Transforming infections are also referred to as malignant transformation. (wikipedia.org)
  • A possible malignant disorder is the proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL), which is often undergone malignant transformation to OSCC 14,15 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Viral transformation can occur both naturally and medically. (wikipedia.org)
  • The changes that occur during adenoviral E1A transformation of primary guinea pig PLECs were also compared with those occurring during the transformation of the fibroblasts that frequently contaminate primary epithelial cultures, and evidence is presented that both cell types are transformed to an intermediate phenotype. (ersjournals.com)
  • The reagents supplied in the Calcium Phosphate Transfection Kit (Product No. CAPHOS) are sterilized by 0.2 µM filter and aseptically filled. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • IBI DEPC Treated Water is ideal for all applications in a molecular biology lab including PCR, RT-PCR, restriction enzyme assemblies, modifying enzyme assemblies, transfection, cloning, transformation, and all general molecular biology lab procedures. (primelabmed.com)
  • The term can also be understood as DNA transfection using a viral vector. (wikipedia.org)
  • Viral transformation can also be induced for use in medical treatments. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are three types of viral infections that can be considered under the topic of viral transformation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Table 1: Cellular effects of viral infections Cytocidal infections are often associated with changes in cell morphology, physiology and are thus important for the complete viral replication and transformation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The simplest consideration is viral transformation of a bacterial cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transfection also has been used to refer to infecting a cell specifically with viral nucleic acid that is either isolated from a eukaryote virus or from a bacteriophage . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The present report concerns the role of adenovirus infection in inducing this transformation in an animal model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (ersjournals.com)
  • Chronic infections have similar cellular effects as acute cytocidal infections but there is a limited number of progeny and viruses involved in transformation. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has been shown that inflammation caused by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) contributes to the occurrence and development of AS [ 1 ], which can promote vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration, proliferation, and transformation from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype [ 2 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This product is a Linear Polyethylenimine (PEI) after optimization and transformation, with a concentration of 1 mg/mL. (biofargo.com)
  • The inhibitor increased p21, p27, and SM22ɑ expression and repressed the migration, phenotypic transformation, and proliferation of VSMCs. (hindawi.com)
  • begingroup$ Thank you, interesting to know in case of any problems with transformations that this might actually work! (stackexchange.com)
  • From my limited knowledge of science, I know transformation can be one of the hardest step in cloning, and that a large amount of research/trial and error has been done to improve on this step. (stackexchange.com)
  • Recalcitrance to transformation is a fundamental barrier to realizing the technology in many species and cultivars. (frontiersin.org)