• pp. 710-724) demonstrated that a pathogen-derived Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum type III effector RipL delays flowering time and enhances susceptibility to bacterial infection in Arabidopsis thaliana . (molcells.org)
  • Shown is the RipL-expressing Arabidopsis plant, which displays general dampening of the transcriptional program during pathogen infection, grown in long-day conditions. (molcells.org)
  • Transcriptional silencing of individual genes of the CoA biosynthetic pathway of this pathogen identified CoaBC as uniquely bactericidal within the CoA pathway, highlighting it as a good candidate for drug discovery 12 . (nature.com)
  • Our study provides a paradigm for a sensitive RNA-based analysis of intracellular bacterial pathogens and their hosts without physical separation, as well as a new discovery route for hidden functions of pathogen genes," senior author Jörg Vogel, a molecular infection biology and infectious diseases researcher at the University of Würzburg, and colleagues wrote. (genomeweb.com)
  • Although RNA sequencing is increasingly being used to explore host and pathogen features involved in infection, the team explained, most studies have focused on protein-coding transcripts, assessing bacterial RNA sequences and host RNAs separately. (genomeweb.com)
  • A]s bacterial infections of eukaryotic cells involve two interacting organisms with profoundly different transcriptomes, RNA-seq studies are commonly restricted to either the pathogen or host after their physical separation," the authors wrote. (genomeweb.com)
  • In an effort to simultaneously assess coding and non-coding transcripts in a bacterial pathogen and affected host, the researchers relied on dual RNA-seq, a strategy that uses green fluorescent-tagged Salmonella to identify infected human host cells from a HeLa cell line. (genomeweb.com)
  • To take a closer look at small RNAs with regulatory potential, the researchers added an extra step to deplete host and pathogen ribosomal RNAs. (genomeweb.com)
  • Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular human pathogen that exhibits stage-specific gene transcription throughout a biphasic developmental cycle. (plos.org)
  • Borrelia burgdorferi , an emerging bacterial pathogen, is maintained in nature by transmission from one vertebrate host to another by ticks. (cdc.gov)
  • By means of DNA sequencing of a large sample collection of the pathogen from across the United States, we studied the gene for the bacterium's highly diverse OspC protein, protective immunity against which develops in animals. (cdc.gov)
  • Indeed, bacterial genomes carry, on average, from 78% (for genomes containing the polymerase PolC) to 58% (for the other genomes) of their genes on the leading strand [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, genetic and simple obesity share similar structural and functional features of dysbiosis, such as higher production of toxins with known potential to induce metabolic deteriorations (e.g. trimethylamine-N-oxide and indoxyl sulphate), higher abundance of genomes containing genes coding enzymes involved in the production of these toxic co-metabolites and higher abundance of pathways for biosynthesis of bacterial antigens (such as endotoxin) [13-15]. (deepdyve.com)
  • Bacterial genomes usually contain a significant portion of open reading frames (ORFs) that encode lipoproteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The presence of numerous lipoproteins in bacterial genomes suggests their importance for bacterial survival and pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study we designed a set of PCR primers for the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA sequence based on 64 complete mitochondrial genomes and then tested their efficacy. (lookformedical.com)
  • Alignment of sequences was performed for the excised mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA sequences, and conserved regions were identified for all 64 mitochondrial genomes. (lookformedical.com)
  • in fact, these genes are targets of the transcriptional coactivator and master regulator of transcription of mitochondrial genes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) 12 . (nature.com)
  • Knockout of a master regulator gene, spo0A, triggers a global resource reallocation from survival-related pathways to biosynthesis pathways, further strongly stimulating the growth of B. subtilis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Through a series of follow-up experiments, the group demonstrated that the small RNA acts not only as a co-activator of Salmonella genes important to invasion, infection, and intracellular replication, but also as a regulator of coding and non-coding transcripts produced by infected host cells. (genomeweb.com)
  • In vitro analysis revealed that a putative switch-protein kinase regulator, RsbW, is capable of interacting directly with σ 66 , as well as phosphorylating its own antagonist, RsbV1, rendering it inactive. (plos.org)
  • the ß-importin kap8 (pse1/kap121) is required for nuclear import of the cellulase transcriptional regulator xyr1, asexual sporulation and stress resistance in trichoderma reesei. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • All three up-regulated genes con-tain putative DAF-16 binding sites and mRNA levels of these three genes were all decreased in daf-16 mutants in CN, suggesting that DAF-16 activates expression of these genes. (molcells.org)
  • encodes a putative lipoprotein, designated outer membrane protein P4 (OmpP4). (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is located upstream of the rimP-nusA-infB operon encoding RimP, a protein shown to be involved in the 30S ribosomal subunit maturation, NusA, a transcriptional factor controlling termination, and the translation initiation factor IF-2 respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tetracycline bind the 30s ribosomal subunit, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from attaching to the A site. (toku-e.com)
  • Specifically, tetracycline binds to a single site on the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the attachment of charged aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site on the ribosome. (toku-e.com)
  • Most yeast ribosomal protein genes are duplicated and their characterization has led to hypotheses regarding the existence of specialized ribosomes with different subunit composition or specifically-tailored functions. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • This study provides evidence that a switch-protein kinase regulatory network controls availability of σ 66 , the main sigma subunit for transcription in Chlamydia . (plos.org)
  • Quantitative proteomics show that increased (p)ppGpp level promotes the growth adaption of bacteria to amino acid downshift via triggering the proteome resource re-allocation from ribosome synthesis to amino acid biosynthesis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Protein synthesis is effectively blocked in the presence of high levels of lac repressor and the stability of cytotoxic constructs is enhanced. (qiagen.com)
  • Interestingly, the 2-MIB synthesis gene was consistently expressed, regardless of the water temperature. (mdpi.com)
  • CoA is essential for the synthesis of phospholipids, fatty acids, polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides, for the operation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and in the degradation of lipids 3 . (nature.com)
  • Tetracycline is a protein synthesis inhibitor. (toku-e.com)
  • Consequently, protein synthesis is inhibited. (toku-e.com)
  • Tetracycline HCl inhibits bacterial growth in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by disrupting codon-anticodon interactions at the ribosome, thus blocking protein synthesis. (toku-e.com)
  • Protein synthesis is a major energy consuming process involving intricate coordination of translation machinery in response to nutrient availability and stress sensing signals, as well as hormonal and growth factor cues in multi-cellular organisms. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Ribosome synthesis is a highly controlled process, whereby three distinct RNA polymerases are synchronously coordinated to produce equimolar amounts of four rRNAs and 79 mammalian ribosomal proteins (RPs) [1] - [4] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • A growing number of human diseases have been linked to mutations in genes encoding factors involved in ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis [5] , [6] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Targeting of novel essential pathways is expected to play an important role in the discovery of new antibacterial agents against bacterial pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa , that are difficult to control because of their ability to develop resistance, often multiple, to all current classes of clinical antibiotics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The discovery of novel essential genes or pathways that have not yet been targeted by clinical antibiotics can underlie the development of alternative effective antibacterials to overcome existing mechanisms of resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The interaction network of all identified differentially expressed genes and metabolites was constructed to outline the regulatory genes and dominant pathways in response to acid stress. (springeropen.com)
  • Recent multi-omics studies have revealed the heterogeneity and complexity of tumor features such as their genetic mutations, transcriptome, proteins, and signaling pathways. (rsc.org)
  • The tasks of mitochondrial particular ribosomal proteins aren't realized but these protein are thought to get evolved to modify the coordination of mitochondrial translation with extra-mitochondrial pathways in eukaryotic cells. (academicediting.org)
  • But PinT also appears to influence host transcriptional patterns, leading to shifts in representation by several long, non-coding RNAs as well as enhanced activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathways. (genomeweb.com)
  • However, the LSL and LB appeared to adopt different molecular pathways, as shown by circulating vitamin D levels and strain-specific transcriptome patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Previous analyses of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons from patients with Lewy-body pathology revealed a deficiency in nuclear-encoded genes for mitochondrial respiration, many of which are targets for the transcription factor estrogen-related receptor gamma ( Esrrg /ERRγ). (nature.com)
  • We demonstrate that deletion of ERRγ from DAergic neurons in adult mice was sufficient to cause a levodopa-responsive PD-like phenotype with reductions in mitochondrial gene expression and number, that partial deficiency of ERRγ hastens synuclein-mediated toxicity, and that ERRγ overexpression reduces inclusion load and delays synuclein-mediated cell loss. (nature.com)
  • While ERRγ deletion did not fully recapitulate the transcriptional alterations observed in postmortem tissue, it caused reductions in genes involved in synaptic and mitochondrial function and autophagy. (nature.com)
  • Further evidence suggests that during PD progression, transcriptional programs for the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial structure and function are disrupted 11 . (nature.com)
  • Laser-captured microdissected (LCM) DAergic neurons from postmortem tissue of patients with Lewy-pathology revealed a deficiency in expression for nuclear-encoded genes involved in mitochondrial respiration and function 12 . (nature.com)
  • Direct regulators of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes are members of the estrogen-related receptor (ERR) family, encoded by Esrra , Esrrb and Esrrg . (nature.com)
  • The co-chaperone Hep1 is required to prevent the aggregation of mitochondrial Hsp70 proteins. (cipsm.de)
  • The human mitochondrial genome contains genetic coding information for 13 proteins which are core constituents of the mitochondrial respiratory complexes I-IV that are embedded in the inner membrane. (academicediting.org)
  • The origin from the mitochondrial proteome can be an assortment of 'older' bacterial and 'fresh' eukaryotic-derived proteins2. (academicediting.org)
  • Furthermore to protein parts the mitochondrial genome encodes 22 transfer RNAs and 2 mitochondrial ribosome-coding RNAs which are crucial aspects of its translational equipment. (academicediting.org)
  • Mitochondrial ribosome set up within the mitochondrial matrix can be a relatively complicated and highly controlled process that involves mitochondrial ribosome-coding RNA digesting and maturation as well as the set up of mitochondrial ribosomal protein into little and huge subunits12. (academicediting.org)
  • However just a small fraction of mitochondrial ribosome protein possess identifiable homologues in bacterias13. (academicediting.org)
  • The nucleus-encoded proteins that define a lot of the mitochondrial proteome are translated on cytosolic ribosomes and positively brought in and sorted into mitochondrial sub-compartments by external and internal membrane translocase devices in a fashion that is dependent for the electrochemical potential14 15 Transcriptional posttranscriptional and post-translational settings of regulation can BMS-790052 be found for nucleus-encoded mitochondrial proteins. (academicediting.org)
  • With the induction of nuclear genes that straight impinge for the maintenance of mtDNA these relationships organize the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes18. (academicediting.org)
  • Mcl1 antiapoptotic protein is produced by Mtb -infected alveolar macrophages and is important for interrupting apoptosis in infected macrophages by regulating the mitochondrial membrane and blocking the release of cytochrome C and DNA-degrading enzymes [ 7 ⎼ 9 ]. (ajgreenchem.com)
  • Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • In particular, as RNA binding proteins, RPs have been found to bind cellular and viral RNAs outside of the context of the ribosome. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The nuclear ribosomal repeats for the 18S, 5.8S, and 26S RNAs of two closely related Picea (spruce) species were characterized by restriction mapping and Southern blot hybridization. (lookformedical.com)
  • This is done by a complex of proteins and RNAs called spliceosome. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • This bias is even more important when the essentiality of genes is taken into account, and essential genes distribution bias reaches 76% and 94% in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis respectively [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we demonstrate that PSRP1 is not a bona fide ribosomal protein, but rather a functional homologue of the Escherichia coli cold-shock protein pY. (cipsm.de)
  • Expression of the Escherichia coli tryptophanase operon depends on ribosome stalling during translation of the upstream TnaC leader peptide, a process for which interactions between the TnaC nascent chain and the ribosomal exit tunnel are critical. (cipsm.de)
  • Moreover, transcriptomic analyses have demonstrated that, in free-living bacteria, gene transcription levels and chromosomal organization are mutually influenced. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The asymmetry of the distribution of the genes between the two strands of DNA is explained as being a means of minimizing interruptions in gene transcription due to collisions between the DNA and RNA polymerases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gene organization in the bacterial chromosome has very well known effects on transcription and a standard example is the organization of genes into operons, which allows for a sophisticated regulation of gene expression [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Altogether, these experiments suggest that ERRγ-deficient mice could provide a model for understanding the regulation of transcription in DAergic neurons and that amplifying ERRγ - mediated transcriptional programs should be considered as a strategy to promote DAergic maintenance in PD. (nature.com)
  • 14 ). It is important to identify the transcription factors involved in regulation of these genes to reveal potential avenues for modulating transcriptional programs that could be dysfunctional in PD. (nature.com)
  • Tight coordination between transcription and translation has long been recognized as the hallmark of gene expression in bacteria. (bvsalud.org)
  • Overexpression of the stress-responsive transcription activator gene MSN2 reduced intracellular proline levels by inducing the expression of PUT1 , resulting in a short lifespan. (microbialcell.com)
  • The heterochromatin-enriched HP1 proteins play a critical role in regulation of transcription. (cipsm.de)
  • Representative σ 66 -dependent gene transcription was repressed in the absence of rsbV1 or upon increased expression of RsbW, and increased upon elevated expression of RsbV1. (plos.org)
  • The TATA box is recognized by a transcription factor called TATA-binding protein (TBP), which is part of a larger complex called TFIID. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Transcription in eukaryotes is a complex and highly regulated process that ensures accurate and timely expression of genes. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Each RNA polymerase requires the assistance of several other proteins or protein complexes, called general (or basal) transcription factors, which must assemble into a complex on the promoter in order for RNA polymerase to bind and start transcription. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Eukaryotic RNA polymerases do not terminate transcription at a specific site but rather transcription can stop at varying distances downstream of the gene. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Its mechanism remains unknown, but it is tempting to speculate a regulatory involvement of the NusA protein, which expression has been shown to lower the operon expression, and which is already involved in the attenuation of the Trp, His and S10 operons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite their critical implication in worldwide public healthcare, essential and available resources such as deep transcriptome annotations remain poor, which also limits our understanding of post-transcriptional control small regulatory RNA (sRNA) functions in these bacteria. (frontiersin.org)
  • Finally, we explore the transcriptional regulatory network of the glyoxylate cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The biological system is complex with many regulatory features such as DNA, mRNA, proteins, metabolites, and epigenetic features such as DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications (PTMs). (rsc.org)
  • In addition to the host regulatory mechanisms response to disease, the microbiome can make changes to the expression of the host features such as their genes, proteins, and/or PTMs. (rsc.org)
  • Protein conformation is critically linked to function and often controlled by interactions with regulatory factors. (cipsm.de)
  • Overlooked regulatory entities, such as transcriptional regulators, were found to play a role in this stress response. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The pQE-TriSystem vector contains CAG, T5, and p10 promoters that enable 6xHis-tagged protein expression in mammalian, E. coli , and baculovirus-infected insect cells, respectively (see figure pQE TriSystem. pQE TriSystem. "> pQE TriSystem ). (qiagen.com)
  • Vector pQE-TriSystem constructs can be transformed into E. coli , used as a shuttle vector for recombinant protein expression in insect cells, or transfected into mammalian cells. (qiagen.com)
  • Mammalian cells are not vulnerable to the effect of Tetracycline as these cells contain no 30S ribosomal subunits so no accumulation results. (toku-e.com)
  • Unlike yeast, most mammalian ribosomal proteins are thought to be encoded by a single gene copy, raising the possibility that heterogenous populations of ribosomes are unique to yeast. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) comprises at least 90% of total RNA extracted from mammalian tissue or cell line samples. (memberclicks.net)
  • The question is, how many of these gene families show gain or loss of numbers during mammalian evolution? (blogspot.com)
  • Preliminary studies can be carried out in bacterial expression systems, using the strong T5 promoter, which is recognized by E. coli polymerase, and allows efficient expression of proteins in any E. coli strain. (qiagen.com)
  • QIA express pQE vectors combine a powerful phage T5 promoter (recognized by E. coli RNA polymerase) with a double lac operator repression module to provide tightly regulated, high-level expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli . (qiagen.com)
  • a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. (frontiersin.org)
  • It is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • This mini-review highlights some of the very recent progress on the key role of (p)ppGpp in bacterial growth control in light of cellular resource allocation and cell size regulation. (bvsalud.org)
  • To also target low expressed essential genes, we included some variant steps that were expected to overcome the non-stringent regulation of the promoter carried by the expression vector used for the shotgun antisense libraries. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNAi phenotypes of two of the down-regulated genes, R07H5.8 (adenosine kinase) and rla-0 (ribosomal protein), in CN were similar to that of larval arrest in CS, and RNAi of a down-regulated gene, R07H5.8, in CS further enhanced the effects of CS, suggesting that down-regulation of these genes is likely responsible for the larval arrest in CS. (molcells.org)
  • DNA methylation and histone modifications play a central role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation. (cipsm.de)
  • Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs) have been proposed to play roles in the light-dependent regulation of chloroplast translation. (cipsm.de)
  • Functional enrichment analysis revealed that basic cellular processes such as metabolism, transcriptional and translational regulation are central, but other stress-associated responses might be elicited during the stringent response. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Detailed studies for the understanding of the regulation system in the tripartial mutualism-pathogenesis relationship between the bacteria, the nematode and the infected host have shown that secondary metabolites produced by the bacteria are either involved in the pathogenesis against numerous insect larvae or play an important role in the symbiosis towards the nematode. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Genomic studies on bacteria have clearly shown the existence of chromosomal organization as regards, for example, to gene localization, order and orientation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is a perfect illustration of the mutual influence between gene expression levels and chromosomal organization in bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Analyzing bacteria in late exponential phase, we capture ~40% ( E. faecalis ) and 43% ( E. faecium ) of the annotated protein-coding genes, determine 5′ and 3′ UTR (untranslated region) length, and detect instances of leaderless mRNAs. (frontiersin.org)
  • This study also identified 43 growth-impairing inserts carrying multiple loci targeting 105 genes, of which 25 have homologs reported as essential in other bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Specifically, tetracycline-speicific efflux pumps and ribosomal protection proteins are commonly employed by bacteria. (kenyon.edu)
  • Derived from tetracycline, glycylcyclines have added substituents that interfere with the mechanisms bacteria employ to resist tetracycline, including both the efflux pumps and ribosomal protection proteins. (kenyon.edu)
  • Tetracycline is a naturally occurring antibiotic from S. aureofaciens, S. rimosus , and S. viridofacien that shows wide-ranging activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. (toku-e.com)
  • Three models of Mtb biofilm formation have been proposed to study the factors regulating biofilm formation, the physiology of the resident bacteria, and the nature of the biomaterial that holds these bacterial masses together. (microbialcell.com)
  • There are many advantages of studying bacteria in the planktonic cultures such as development of a homogenous population of bacterial cells having similar transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic profile etc. (microbialcell.com)
  • Although both compounds show antibiotic activity against Gram-positive bacteria, XCN 1 is much more active and additionally shows good activity against different fungi. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Inversely, disruption of the proline biosynthetic genes PRO1 , PRO2 , and CAR2 decreased stationary proline level and shortened the lifespan of yeast cells. (microbialcell.com)
  • Compared to fungal and moss NAS that comprise merely a core-NAS domain (class III), NA biosynthetic activities of the four paralogous Arabidopsis thaliana NAS proteins were far lower. (bvsalud.org)
  • During this work, xenocoumacin 1 (XCN 1) and 2 (XCN 2), the major antimicrobial compounds produced by Xenorhabdus nematophila and their corresponding biosynthetic gene cluster were identified and studied in detail. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • The membrane protein EsaA is a conserved component of the type VIIb secretion system. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • The TEM results showed that the cell membrane of G. anatis (GAC026) was damaged and that cells were lysed in the presence of cell-free supernatants from Leuconostoc mesenteroides (CFS) or lactic acid. (springeropen.com)
  • Microorganisms and plants are exposed to various environmental stresses during their lifespan and have developed a variety of adaptation strategies against these stresses (e.g., altered membrane composition, induction of stress-responsive proteins, and accumulation of compatible solutes) [1] . (microbialcell.com)
  • The trimeric Sec61/SecY complex is a protein-conducting channel (PCC) for secretory and membrane proteins. (cipsm.de)
  • Astonishingly, homologues of the membrane-bound and D-asparagine-specific peptidase (XcnG) and the encoding NRPS for the starting module (XcnA) for the acylated D-asparagine residue were identified in many different bacterial genera. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Antibiotics in current use target a surprisingly small number of cellular functions: cell wall, DNA, RNA, and protein biosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The biosynthesis of CoA is performed in five steps, with the second and third steps being catalysed in the vast majority of prokaryotes, including M. tuberculosis , by a single bifunctional protein, CoaBC. (nature.com)
  • No detectable NA biosynthesis was mediated by two representative plant NAS proteins that naturally lack the C-terminal domain, class Ia Arabidopsis halleri NAS5 and Medicago truncatula NAS2 of class II which is found in dicots and diverged early during the evolution of flowering plants. (bvsalud.org)
  • The biosynthesis can be divided into enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the core structure (XcnAFHIJKL), including the hydroxymalonyl-ACP (XcnBCDE), in proteins involved in an interesting drug activation mechanism (XcnAG) and for a resistance conferring inactivation pathway (XcnMN). (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Our analysis showed that mRNA abundances, gene organization (operon) and gene essentiality are correlated in Buchnera (i.e., the most expressed genes are essential genes organized in operons) whereas no link between mRNA abundances and gene strand bias was found. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because alternative RNA splicing allows different types of mRNA molecules to be created from a single gene, it generates the diversity of protein function and structure that is essential to complex organisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • More than half of all human genes are alternatively spliced, so it is expected that alternative pre- mRNA splicing will be responsible for the identification of more than 90 percent of all human proteins. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • High- fidelity mRNA amplification for gene profiling. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Highly specific and effective gene silencing of any disease can be achieved by an accurate knowledge of the target mRNA sequence and rational design of its complementary antisense agents for the downregulation of its protein message. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • This releases the upstream portion of the transcript, which will serve as the initial RNA prior to further processing (the pre-mRNA in the case of protein-encoding genes). (stemcelldaily.com)
  • The effect of Buchnera genome evolution on gene expression levels has also been analysed in order to assess the constraints imposed by the obligate symbiosis with aphids, underlining the importance of some gene sets for the survival of the two partners. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This comprehensive global TSS mapping atlas provides a valuable resource for RNA biology and gene expression analysis in the Enterococci. (frontiersin.org)
  • The pQE TriSystem Vector allows for high-level expression of His-tagged proteins from a single vector containing three different expression systems. (qiagen.com)
  • Inserts encoding proteins of interest are cloned into appropriate constructs and transformed into a suitable E. coli strain for expression. (qiagen.com)
  • For the first time in P. aeruginosa , we applied regulated antisense RNA expression and showed the feasibility of this technology for the identification of novel essential genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A biological process that is crucial for gene expression in most animal life, including humans. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • presents an opportunity to manipulate gene expression within the cells to treat various diseases, and acts as a powerful tool for studying gene function utilizing antisense agents to manage the diseases by regulating the expression of the specific factor that actually causes the particular disease. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Deletion of the proline oxidase gene PUT1 and expression of the γ-glutamate kinase mutant gene PRO1-I150T that is less sensitive to feedback inhibition accumulated proline and extended the replicative lifespan of yeast cells. (microbialcell.com)
  • In this review, we discuss considerations of the study design for each data feature, the limitations in gene and protein abundance and their rate of expression, the current data integration methods, and microbiome influences on gene and protein expression. (rsc.org)
  • In this study, we performed a new bioinformatics analysis on microarray-based gene expression data obtained from the public domain to explore genes that were differentially induced by drugs between the group of capreomycin and PA-824 and the group of mainly the first-line TB drugs. (hindawi.com)
  • Colonization of the gut starts just after birth when pioneering species interact, through surface receptors, with gut cells to promote the expression of a specific set of host genes and favour the colonization of commensal microorganisms [6]. (deepdyve.com)
  • Additionally, it promotes expression of the P450 proteins. (toku-e.com)
  • In addition, interventions leading to reduced translation, such as dietary restriction and reduced 60S ribosomal protein expression, elicits lifespan extension in yeast, worms and files [10] - [13] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • We found that the tricarboxylic acid cycle-associated enzyme α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) dehydrogenase (KGDH) entered the nucleus, where it interacted with various JMJs to regulate α-KG-dependent histone demethylations by JMJs, and thus controlled genome-wide gene expression in plants. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study, we characterized gene expression profiles of DOPAL synthase and investigated its functions in larvae and female adults of Aedes agypti by RNAi. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results suggest that the expression of DOPAL synthase is different during development and the transcriptional level reached its peak at the female white pupal stage, and DOPAL synthase was more highly expressed in the cuticle and midgut than other tissues in the adult. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The primary data for 1-step growth, 2-step growth and gene expression summarized in Figs 4 and 5 are available in the S1 Dataset in the supplementary information. (plos.org)
  • construction of a shuttle vector for heterologous expression of a novel fungal α-amylase gene in aspergillus oryzae. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • the filamentous fungus aspergillus oryzae is a well-known expression host used to express homologous and heterologous proteins in a number of industrial applications. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Botting SK, Trzeciakowski JP, Benoit MF, Pritelivir research buy Salama SA, Diaz-Arrastia CR: Sample entropy analysis of cervical neoplasia gene-expression signatures. (bcl2signaling.com)
  • Fu LM, Fu-Liu CS: Multi-class cancer subtype classification based on gene expression signatures with reliability analysis. (bcl2signaling.com)
  • Integrating biological knowledge with gene expression profiles for survival prediction of cancer. (bcl2signaling.com)
  • Gordon GJ, Jensen RV, Hsiao LL, Gullans SR, Blumenstock JE, Ramaswamy S, Richards WG, Sugarbaker DJ, Bueno R: Translation of microarray data into clinically relevant cancer diagnostic tests using gene expression ratios in lung cancer and mesothelioma. (bcl2signaling.com)
  • A significant increase in IL8 expression was observed in the M2-M3 stages of the disease and immunohistochemical staining showed the source as keratinocytes, suggesting an important role for keratinocyte-derived IL8 in the pathogenesis of DD. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To identify cholesterol-respon-sive proteins likely responsible for the larval arrest upon CS, a comparative proteomic analysis was performed between C. elegans grown in normal medium supplemented with cholesterol (CN) and those grown in medium not supplemented with cholesterol (cholesterol starvation, CS). (molcells.org)
  • But the bacterial growth in biofilms requires a varied but coordinated transcriptional, proteomic and metabolomic profile. (microbialcell.com)
  • Past genomic studies have comprehensively described the organization of the bacterial chromosome, for example in terms of gene localization, order and orientation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This organization of the chromosome can be described as being an adaptive and functional tool, essential for the survival of the bacterial cell. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It has also been shown that neighbouring genes in a bacterial chromosome tend to be co-expressed, even if they are not in the same operon [ 10 ], suggesting the existence of a "supra-operonic" organization [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lateral gene transfers resulted in different linkages between the ospC gene and loci of the chromosome or other plasmids. (cdc.gov)
  • In 90% of the cases, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is associated with mutations in the Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome ( SBDS ) gene located on chromosome 7. (medscape.com)
  • Also, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome has been associated with mutations in the SBDS gene, located on chromosome 7. (medscape.com)
  • The manner in which the molecule binds prevents amino-acyl tRNAs from binding to the A site of the ribosome and subsequently prevents peptide formation and bacterial growth. (kenyon.edu)
  • The PEP enzyme recognizes the -10 and -35 cis -elements, similar to those found in bacterial promoters whereas the NEP enzyme recognizes the YRTA-motif, which can also be found upstream of several genes with PEP promoters indicating that these genes can be transcribed by both polymerases ( Pfannschmidt and Liere, 2005 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The tigecycline antibiotic is structurally very similar to minocycline and similarly binds to the bacterial 30S ribosome unit. (kenyon.edu)
  • The Ribosomal Protein Rpl22 Controls Ribosome. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • We propose that ribosome specificity may exist in mammals, providing evidence that one ribosomal protein can influence composition of the ribosome by regulating its own paralog. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • In addition to their role in the ribosome, many RPs, including murine Rpl22, have been shown to have extra-ribosomal functions [16] - [18] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Antibiotic resistance typically induces a fitness cost that shapes the fate of antibiotic-resistant bacterial populations. (elifesciences.org)
  • Such strategies implicitly presume that resistance leads to reduced bacterial fitness in an antibiotic-free environment, and therefore these resistant populations should be rapidly outcompeted by antibiotic-sensitive variants. (elifesciences.org)
  • Moreover, it is well recognized that the excessive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can affect the relative proportions of gut microbial populations and foster bacterial resistance [24]. (deepdyve.com)
  • Herein, we show that mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 have distinct roles in the generation of CD8 + T cell effector and memory populations. (jci.org)
  • We found that the distributions and frequencies of types of OspC genes differed between populations of B. burgdorferi in the Northeast, the Midwest, and California. (cdc.gov)
  • However, in the vast majority of prokaryotes, including M. tuberculosis , CoaB and CoaC are encoded by a single gene to produce a fused bifunctional enzyme (CoaBC). (nature.com)
  • Using a newly developed enzyme-coupled continuous activity assay, we compare differing NAS proteins identified through multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Irreversible inhibitors are generally specific for one class of enzyme and do not inactivate all proteins. (bcl2signaling.com)
  • Methylation of Adenine e.g. for the bacterial restriction system Why is DNA methylation (in eukaryotes) risky? (usadellab.org)
  • Bacterial lipoproteins often play important roles in pathogenesis and can stimulate protective immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • functional characterization of nat/ncs2 proteins of aspergillus brasiliensis reveals a genuine xanthine-uric acid transporter and an intrinsically misfolded polypeptide. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Tai F, Pan W: Incorporating prior knowledge of gene functional groups into regularized discriminant analysis of microarray data. (bcl2signaling.com)
  • A better understanding of how these species cause disease and spread antibiotic resistance requires a knowledge of how its genes are controlled, on both the DNA and the RNA level. (frontiersin.org)
  • Tetracycline HCl is routinely used as a selective agent to select for bacterial cells that have been transformed with a plasmid that contains the tetracycline resistance gene, tet . (toku-e.com)
  • Patients who had never been treated with an anti-TB drug showed resistance. (ajgreenchem.com)
  • We show that nuclear targeting is regulated by environmental signals and that KGDH is enriched at thousands of loci in Arabidopsis thaliana. (bvsalud.org)
  • The SBDS gene may not be required for neutrophil maturation but may act to maintain survival of granulocyte precursor cells. (medscape.com)
  • Growth and survival are key determinants of bacterial fitness. (bvsalud.org)
  • Rapid growth and survival are two key traits that enable bacterial cells to thrive in their natural habitat. (bvsalud.org)
  • Under extreme conditions such as nutrient starvation, (p)ppGpp-mediated stringent response is crucial for the survival of bacterial cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Subsequent analyses of the small RNA suggest it regulates S. enterica genes involved in cell invasion and survival. (genomeweb.com)
  • Our findings demonstrate that DOPAL synthase plays a critical role in mosquito larval development and adult survival and suggest that DOPAL synthase could be a good candidate gene in RNAi intervention strategies in mosquito control. (biomedcentral.com)
  • XcnG, a bifunctional protein with a periplasmic peptidase domain and three additional transmembrane helices cleaves the acylated D-asparagine residue from all prexenocoumacin derivatives to form the bioactive XCN 1 as sole compound. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • However, the molecular mechanism that ensures the timely adaption of bacterial growth to nutrient downshift remains poorly understood. (bvsalud.org)
  • Using culture medium supplemented with CFS (pH 3.6) or lactic acid (pH 3.6) at a 1:1 ratio, 677 differentially transcribed genes and 374 metabolites were detected in G. anatis . (springeropen.com)
  • This study compares the results of aerobic culturing and molecular testing (culture-free 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing), and it examines the relative abundance score that is generated by the molecular test and the usefulness of the relative abundance score in predicting the likelihood that the same organism would be detected by culture. (lookformedical.com)
  • A model is proposed where the relative levels of active antagonist (RsbV1) and switch-protein anti-sigma factor (RsbW) control the availability of σ 66 and subsequently act as a molecular 'throttle' for Chlamydia growth and development. (plos.org)
  • Biochemical experiments have shown that the tigecycline molecule binds to the same site on 16S rRNA as tetracycline but in a different orientation and with greater affinity. (kenyon.edu)
  • Informative transcriptional profiling using massively parallel sequencing technologies requires either enrichment of mature poly-adenylated transcripts or targeted depletion of the rRNA fraction. (memberclicks.net)
  • One of the few antigens against which mammals develop protective immunity is the highly polymorphic OspC protein, encoded by the ospC gene on the cp26 plasmid. (cdc.gov)
  • We find that all of the kits are capable of performing significant ribosomal depletion, though there are differences in their ease of use. (memberclicks.net)
  • Bacterial persistence in vivo is analogous to the stationary phase culture in vitro [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of both bacterial sexually transmitted infection and infection-derived blindness world-wide. (plos.org)
  • Gonorrhea, caused by infection with the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae , is the second most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • One of these, PinT, showed the highest levels of activation after infection, the team reported. (genomeweb.com)
  • Furthermore, XCN 1 is secreted by an ABC transporter TolC-like protein complex and is thought to be involved in killing microbes living inside the insect gut or other bacterial food competitors during the infection cycle and the nematode development. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Unlike bacterial and plant cells, yeast cells do not elevate proline levels in response to various stresses [10] . (microbialcell.com)
  • Unlike microbial studies, where analysis of the 16S ribosomal DNA sequence is standard, the best gene for metazoan metagenetics is less clear. (lookformedical.com)
  • Mtb has a complex cell wall made up of mycolic acids (long-chain fatty acids with 60 to 90 carbon atoms), glycolipids, peptidoglycan, and proteins. (ajgreenchem.com)
  • Preexisting antivector immunity can severely compromise the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium live vaccines to induce protective CD8 T-cell frequencies after type III secretion system-mediated heterologous protein translocation in orally immunized mice. (cipsm.de)
  • to facilitate higher yields of proteins of interest, we constructed the pasop vector to express heterologous proteins in a. oryzae. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Studies have shown that the accumulation of unusual guanosine nucleotides, collectively called (p)ppGpp, is the hallmark of the stringent response of E. coli [ 15 - 18 ] (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interestingly, thiol reductive stress-induced Mtb biofilms are held together by cellulose and yet unidentified structural proteins. (microbialcell.com)
  • The guanosine tetraphosphate and pentaphosphate [(p)ppGpp], also known as "magic spot", is a key second messenger inside bacterial cells as well as chloroplasts of plants and green algae. (bvsalud.org)
  • The co-occurrence analysis of core concepts in this stringent response, i.e. the (p)ppGpp nucleotides with gene products was also inspected and suggest that besides the enzymes RelA and SpoT that control the basal levels of (p)ppGpp nucleotides, many other proteins have a key role in this response. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, multivariate analysis of amino acids in yeast mutants deficient in proline metabolism showed characteristic metabolic profiles coincident with longevity: acidic and basic amino acids and branched-chain amino acids positively contributed to the replicative lifespan. (microbialcell.com)
  • Members of this family show sequence homology with estrogen receptors but are incapable of being bound by estrogen. (nature.com)
  • They also found that the amplicons were similar in size distribution to the parent cDNA and showed sequence heterogeneity. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Vol 63: Ribosomal DNA Sequence Heterogeneity Reflects Intraspecies Phylogenies and Predicts Genome Structure in Two Contrasting. (lookformedical.com)
  • Even still, it shows particular success against some anaerobic organisms including Bacteriodes fragilis , Peptostreptococcus species, and Propionibacterium acnes which for the most part are able to evade tetracycline. (kenyon.edu)
  • Of these, 3,114 were single genes confined to a single species. (blogspot.com)
  • Analyses of individual fungal species did not show significant associations with asthma outcomes when adjusted for false discovery rates. (cdc.gov)
  • Moreover, PRIN2 and CSP41b form a distinct protein complex in vitro that binds DNA. (frontiersin.org)
  • pasop carries a selectable marker, pyrg, derived from aspergillus nidulans, and a strong promoter and a terminator of the amyb gene derived from a. oryzae. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • The obvious next step is to integrate this information and learn how genes, proteins, and/or epigenetic factors influence the phenotype of a disease in context of the system. (rsc.org)
  • For example, even if comprehensive insertion libraries are produced, it is inevitable that some genes, especially the shortest ones, could elude insertion and be spuriously annotated as essential, while transposon insertions that occur at gene ends and do not fully inactivate the function could lead to genes being incorrectly classified as non-essential. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The degree of organization has been shown to increase with genome size, overall GC composition and the presence of nucleoid-binding proteins [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • most of its (hemi-)cellulolytic enzymes are obligatorily dependent on the transcriptional activator xyr1. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • This MHC phenotype is dominantly enhanced by removal of rok or of other members of the PCP effector gene family. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • In serotype 4b, gtcA appears to be the first member of a bicistronic operon which includes a gene with homology to Bacillus subtilis rpmE , encoding ribosomal protein L31. (asm.org)
  • In silico analysis of available array data showed that a large number of genes traditionally classified as PEP dependent genes are transcribed during early embryo development from the pre-globular stage to the mature-green-stage. (frontiersin.org)
  • natural variation in bcvel1 encoding the ortholog of aspergillus nidulans vea, a member of the velvet complex, was previously shown to affect light-dependent differentiation, the formation of oxalic acid (oa), and virulence. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • The gradual conversion from endosymbiont to organelle during the course of evolution has clearly been accompanied by a dramatic reduction in genome size as the chloroplasts lost most of their genes to the nucleus. (frontiersin.org)