Transcriptional chromosomes human pair 21. Medical search. Frequent questions

Using a combination of miRNA hairpin predictions and co-mapping with miRBase entries, we identified a highly conserved cluster of miRNA genes on the X chromosome in the tammar and a total of 94 other predicted miRNA producing genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Mapping all miRNAs to the tammar genome and comparing target genes among tammar, mouse and human, we identified 163 conserved target genes. (biomedcentral.com)
An additional nine genes were identified in tammar that do not have an orthologous miRNA target in human and likely represent novel miRNA-regulated genes in the tammar. (biomedcentral.com)
The characterization of new miRNA target genes and a unique profile for crasiRNAs has allowed for insight into multiple RNA mediated processes in the tammar, including gene regulation, species incompatibilities, centromere and chromosome function. (biomedcentral.com)
Since strong consensus regarding commonly altered MRs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is lacking, we generated a compendium of HCC datasets from 21 studies and identified a comprehensive signature consisting of 483 genes commonly deregulated in HCC. (aging-us.com)
Since the expression of genes defining discrete phenotypes is highly coordinated, application of reverse engineering algorithms to transcriptome datasets allows interpreting transcriptional networks by defining MRs and their associated regulons and gene circuits. (aging-us.com)
A mutant of M. smegmatis that essentially fails to produce mycothiol is viable, but grows poorly, and is sensitive to H2O2 [20] However, in M. tuberculosis the mshA and mshC genes, required for mycothiol biosynthesis, are essential genes [21, 22]. (mirnainhibitor.com)
The current coverage is, however, sufficient for the Human Genome Project to enter a new phase, in which the entire sequence can be analyzed to identify genes, regulatory regions and other genomic elements and structures. (biomedcentral.com)
Public attention surrounding completion of the draft human sequence has fostered the impression that we are entering a 'post-genomic' era, and that description of genes and their functions is straightforward. (biomedcentral.com)
These results suggest that transcriptional elongation control is especially important for rapidly expressed genes to support digestion and metabolism, many of which have sex-biased function. (sdbonline.org)
In humans, mutations affecting the genes of this family are associated with specific diseases. (sdbonline.org)
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a master transcriptional regulator of genes regulating oxygen homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
Up to 30% of human protein-coding genes may be regulated by miRNAs ( 8 , 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Moreover, analysis showed that while expression of many genes on the monosomic Ch5 is altered in accordance with the chromosome ploidy, expression of a large fraction of genes is increased to the normal diploid level, presumably compensating for gene dose. (biomedcentral.com)
In light of data pointing to the importance of Ch5 in C. albicans drug resistance, there is a growing need to better understand the control of Ch5 ploidy and regulation of genes on this chromosome. (biomedcentral.com)
Insertions of TEs influence the transcriptional regulation of some genes as well as the termination of transcription. (ecancer.org)
The best known of the human env-derived genes is syncytin-1, or ERVWE1, which originated from a human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) of the HERV-W family inserted on chromosome 7q21 in human-pre-hominoids 40-45 million years ago [ 11 , 10 ]. (ecancer.org)
We use these engineered Cas9 activation complexes to investigate sgRNA targeting rules for effective transcriptional activation, demonstrate multiplexed activation of 10 genes simultaneously, and upregulate long intergenic non-coding RNA (lincRNA) transcripts. (cdc.gov)
We also synthesize a library consisting of 70,290 guides targeting all human RefSeq coding isoforms to screen for genes which, upon activation, confer resistance to a BRAF inhibitor. (cdc.gov)

Small RNAs play important roles in many aspects of pre- and post-transcriptional gene regulation, epigenetic modifications, chromosome segregation and genome structure. (biomedcentral.com)
M7G modification, known as one of the common post-transcriptional modifications of RNA, is present in many different types of RNAs. (beds.ac.uk)
IRS-1 and GOLPH3 are downstream targets of miR-126 at the post-transcriptional level in ESCC. (spandidos-publications.com)

The first class of small RNAs identified were the micro RNAs (miRNAs), which are small (~22 nt) non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by base pairing to mRNAs where they direct either mRNA cleavage or repress translation [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The mature miRNA is then loaded onto an Argonaute protein (Ago2 in humans) where it then interacts with and regulates the mRNA target. (biomedcentral.com)
MicroRNA (miRNA) molecules, a series of single-stranded non-coding RNA chains measuring 20-25 nucleotides in length, regulate gene expression at the transcriptional level by complementary pairing with target gene mRNA ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The gene product is a 6,657 base pair mRNA with 41 predicted exons in the human gene. (wn.com)
Coronavirus mRNA transcription: UV light transcriptional mapping studies suggest an early requirement for a genomic-length template. (uci.edu)
To our knowledge, this is the first study in the literature to examine the mRNA expression of CDK2AP1 in human breast cancer over a long-term follow-up period. (cancerindex.org)
However, recent studies in many organisms and in humans have revealed significant protein sequence variation due to the presence of somatically acquired genetic variants, alternative transcription, and mRNA splicing, which are not necessarily annotated in reference databases. (biorxiv.org)

They serve as bridges between transcriptional regulation and phenotypic variation in mammals. (nature.com)
Accordingly, three-dimensional genome architecture models at various resolutions, based on chromatin interactomes, have provided a conceptual framework for transcriptional regulation in animals ranging from flies to humans 12 . (nature.com)
However, due to the limited resolution of Hi-C maps, comprehensive high-resolution chromatin maps involving regulatory elements, which allow for elucidation of their impact on transcriptional regulation are still lacking in plants. (nature.com)
He suggested to introduce the term chromosomics being equal to cytogenomics to bring the three-dimensional morphologically of chromosomes into the focus of research, as this is essential for gene regulation. (frontiersin.org)
The Yokomori laboratory investigates the mechanisms of chromosome structural organization and how they affect DNA repair and gene regulation in human health and disease. (uci.edu)
Although the current generation of dCas9-based transcription activators is able to achieve up-regulation of some endogenous loci, the magnitude of transcriptional up-regulation achieved by individual single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) 12 typically ranges from low to ineffective 8 - 11 . (cdc.gov)

We describe structure-guided engineering of a CRISPR-Cas9 complex to mediate efficient transcriptional activation at endogenous genomic loci. (cdc.gov)

HIF-1α isoforms containing a three base pairs TAG insertion between exon 1 and exon 2 (designated HIF-1α TAG ) and HIF-1α 736 mRNAs were found expressed at higher levels in oestrogen receptor (OR)-negative carcinomas compared to normal/benign tissues ( P = 0.009 and P = 0.004 respectively). (biomedcentral.com)

Drosophila TFIIA directs cooperative DNA binding with TBP and mediates transcriptional activation. (uci.edu)

Over the last two decades, studies based on genome-wide gene expression and functional profiling have revealed the great diversity of transcriptional alterations occurring in liver carcinogenesis. (aging-us.com)
Competition for PRPF8 availability alters the transcription-coupled splicing of RNAs in which weak 5′ splice sites predominate, enabling diversification of human gene expression during biological processes like mitosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results are consistent with a model wherein chromosome-wide elevation of H4 acetylation mediated by the NuA4 complex plays a role in increasing gene expression in compensation for gene dose and adaption to growth in a toxic environment. (biomedcentral.com)

26(7): 107108, 2023 Jul 21. (bvsalud.org)

It is here suggested that the word "cytogenomics" should rather be used with the goal to paraphrase a new field of research in genomics and diagnostics in human genetics, with an integrative and comprehensive view. (frontiersin.org)
Human genomics, 16(1), 70. (fondazionetempia.org)

Here, we characterize epigenetic features of active promoter proximal regions and candidate distal regulatory elements to construct high-resolution chromatin interaction maps for maize via long-read chromatin interaction analysis by paired-end tag sequencing (ChIA-PET). (nature.com)
The maps indicate that chromatin loops are formed between regulatory elements, and that gene pairs between promoter proximal regions tend to be co-expressed. (nature.com)

In addition, the encoded protein can bind MBP1 and block its transcriptional repression capability. (wikipedia.org)

The signaling mechanisms of IL-21 in different cell types have been identified. (intechopen.com)
However, we know less about the biological effects of IL-21 and its signaling mechanisms in leukemia cells and monocytes. (intechopen.com)

Chromosome segregation errors during meiosis are the leading cause of birth defects and developmental delays in humans ( H assold and H unt 2001 ). (biorxiv.org)

In particular, the human genome contains full-length copies of four env open-reading frames (ORFs) that are highly expressed in the placenta [ 8 - 10 ]. (ecancer.org)

Furthermore, IL-21 promotes differential expression of many cytokines including interleukins and chemokines. (intechopen.com)

reported that miR-21 knockdown significantly suppressed left atrial fibrotic remodeling, tissue fibrosis, and AF persistence in rats with heart failure after experimental myocardial infarction 8 . (nature.com)

The TRAPPC2 gene is located on the X-chromosome at position 22 between base-pairs 13,712,241 to 13,734,634. (wikipedia.org)
The predicted promoter region spans 1002 base pairs from 98,611,892 through 98,612,893 on the minus strand of chromosome 2. (wn.com)

Despite containing the same sequence, all the information is contained therein to form the different tissues and structures of the human body. (activemotif.com.cn)
The expression of miR-126 was detected in cancerous and paired paracancer tissues from 102 patients with ESCC. (spandidos-publications.com)
For example, most human tissues in healthy individuals acquire somatic nucleotide substitutions, insertions, deletions and DNA rearrangements, leading to the production of variant protein isoforms. (biorxiv.org)
Given its particular distribution in normal human tissues and its potential roll as an immune modulator and in amino acid transport, tissue tolerance and protection against retroviral infection, syncytin could be a potential target for immune therapy using specific inhibitors. (ecancer.org)

Oncogenic transcription factors such as the leukemic fusion protein RUNX1/ETO, which drives t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia (AML), constitute cancer-specific but highly challenging therapeutic targets. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
Cancer has been in existence longer than human beings, and man has been facing the illness ever since he made his appearance on Earth. (jcancer.org)
Amazingly, the first human cancer gene was cloned only thirty years ago. (jcancer.org)
The first description of human cancer can be found in the Edwin Smith Papyrus dated 3000 BC that illustrated a case of breast cancer. (jcancer.org)
11 And human diseases, including cancer in particular, tend to be defined by the presence of proteins with altered and pathogenic sequences. (biorxiv.org)

Thus, transcriptional profiles suggest that Lilliputian and Suppressor of Triplolethal are obligatory cofactors in the adult and that they can also function with Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 at a subset of loci. (sdbonline.org)

Its phenotypic effects may be modulated by transcriptional cofactors which have yet to be identified. (molvis.org)

C) on chromosome 4q25 with atrial fibrillation (AF), but phenotype alterations conferred by this SNP have not been described. (nature.com)
Here, we show that alterations in RNA splicing patterns across the human transcriptome that occur in conditions of restricted cellular PRPF8 abundance are defined by the altered splicing of introns with weak 5′ splice sites. (biomedcentral.com)

A processed pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 19, and other pseuodogenes of it are found on chromosome 8 and the Y chromosome. (wikipedia.org)

To accomplish this, the transcriptional unit is preceded by regulatory elements, such as promoters and enhancers, that modulate production of its protein encoding transcript ( Figure 1.2 ). (ernolaszlo.com)
Our findings exemplify the regulatory potential of changes in the core spliceosome machinery, which may be relevant to slow-onset human genetic diseases linked to PRPF8 deficiency. (biomedcentral.com)

These pathways mediate some of the effects of IL-21. (intechopen.com)

In this chapter, we will focus on IL-21's biological effects and signaling pathways as well as discuss the potential implications and applications of IL-21 in leukemia cells. (intechopen.com)
Chromosome number is not an effective feature in the definition of biological species either although differences in chromosome number can produce different biological species. (carnivorousplants.org)

Trafficking protein particle complex subunit 2 (TRAPPC2) also known as MBP-1-interacting protein 2A (MIP-2A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAPPC2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Transmembrane protein 53 , or TMEM53 , is a protein that is encoded on chromosome 1 in humans. (wn.com)
Transmembrane protein 131 (TMEM131) is a protein that is encoded by the TMEM131 gene in humans. (wn.com)
This whole package of DNA (genome) and protein (epigenome) in a chromosome is what controls the development and maintenance of eukaryotic organisms (protists, fungi, animals, and plants). (carnivorousplants.org)
Hypoxia stabilises HIF-1α protein by relaxing its ubiquitin-proteasome degradation [ 12 ] and affects subcellular localisation, DNA binding capacity and transcriptional activation function of the HIF-1 complex. (biomedcentral.com)

Different variants of FISH can be used to retrieve information on genomes from (almost) base pair to whole genomic level, as besides only second and third generation sequencing approaches can do. (frontiersin.org)
FOXD3 variants increase the risk of anterior segment dysgenesis phenotypes in humans. (molvis.org)

The PITX gene encode the paired-like homeodomain transcription factor family. (nature.com)
The forkhead box D3 ( FOXD3 ) gene encodes a forkhead transcription factor that plays an important role in neural crest specification in vertebrates and therefore may be involved in human eye disease. (molvis.org)

In these cells, IL-21 does not promote proliferation but enhances apoptosis and chemotaxis. (intechopen.com)

American Journal of Human Genetics. (wikipedia.org)

Here especially highlighted variations of FISH are molecular combing, chromosome orientation-FISH (CO-FISH), telomere-FISH, parental origin determination FISH (POD-FISH), FISH to resolve the nuclear architecture, multicolor-FISH (mFISH) approaches, among other applied in chromoanagenesis studies, Comet-FISH, and CRISPR-mediated FISH-applications. (frontiersin.org)
It is also reported that human PITX2 insufficiency results in cellular and molecular changes leading to atrial electrical and structural remodeling linked to arrhythmogenesis 6 . (nature.com)
Recently, a molecular evolution study of the HERV-W provirus in several ape species and 24 humans demonstrated the conservation of syncytin-1, as well as its retention of receptor-mediated fusogenic activity [ 14 ]. (ecancer.org)

We found that deletion of NUP2 delayed pairing and synapsis during meiosis, and led to decreased spore viability, similar to the ndj1Δ mutant phenotype. (biorxiv.org)
Embryos lacking maternal lilli expression show specific defects in the establishment of a functional cytoskeleton during cellularization, and exhibit a pair-rule segmentation phenotype. (sdbonline.org)
In addition to monosomy of Ch5, this mutant acquired duplication of a chimeric Ch4/7b, resulting in trisomy of this chromosome (Fig. 1 a), and facilitating the Sou + phenotype [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Interleukin-21 (IL-21) was first identified in 2000 through screening of a cDNA library from CD3+ human T cells [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
As of late 2000, the public human sequence was primarily based on approximately 24,000 accessioned bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones covering 97% of the euchromatic portion of the genome [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Sequential assembly of the human spliceosome on RNA transcripts regulates splicing across the human transcriptome. (biomedcentral.com)

Without doubt, the first human transforming gene, and more broadly, oncogenes and anti-oncogenes, had been previously theorized by Theodor Boveri. (jcancer.org)

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), synthesized and secreted by human hepatocytes, is the primary regulator of insulin and serves an important function in regulating the growth and development of the body ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
It has been reported that miR-126 is located on chromosome 9q34.3 within the host gene encoding for epidermal growth factor like-7 (EGFL-7), an endothelial cell-derived, secreted inhibitor of smooth muscle cell migration and a regulator of blood vessel formation ( 12 , 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

A . Schematic of the bouquet configuration of chromosomes during meiotic prophase I. The spatial arrangement of chromosomes with telomeres clustered and attached at the inner nuclear membrane is shown. (biorxiv.org)

IL-21 activates both the Raf-ERK-MAPK and the Jak/STAT signaling pathways. (intechopen.com)

We benchmarked PG2 using synthetic data and genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analysis of human leukemia cells. (biorxiv.org)

Lastly, IL-21 also promotes activation of the STAT3 promoter and other transcriptional factors. (intechopen.com)

B isolate GS: is human giardiasis caused by two different species? (mirnainhibitor.com)
Chromosome number could be but is not considered a defining attribute of a taxonomic species. (carnivorousplants.org)
In spite of our lack of attention to chromosomes and chromosome numbers in formally defining species, it is the chromosomes and the genetic material they contain that define true species and control the evolution of new species. (carnivorousplants.org)
Drosera can have anywhere from 8 to 80 chromosomes depending on the species. (carnivorousplants.org)
There are two factors related to chromosomes and species that work separately and together to make life interesting. (carnivorousplants.org)
The more similar the chromosomes (the genome and epigenome as well as chromosome number) the more likely hybrids will form and reproduce but also the more likely the net result will only be the introgression of genetic material from one species to the other. (carnivorousplants.org)

These data show a significant chromosome-wide elevation in histone H4 acetylation on the mCh5, but not on any other chromosome. (biomedcentral.com)

Genetic analyses suggest recent divergence of M. ulcerans from M. marinum , a well-known fish pathogen that can cause limited granulomatous skin infections in humans ( 14 ). (cdc.gov)
Recent advances in nucleic acid sequencing now permit rapid and genome-scale analysis of genetic variation and transcription, enabling population-scale studies of human biology, disease, and diverse organisms. (biorxiv.org)
Achievement of final adult height consistent with a child's genetic potential remains the primary therapeutic endpoint for recombinanat human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy in the pediatric population. (medscape.com)

We then used reverse engineering of transcriptional networks to identify the MRs that underpin the development and progression of HCC. (aging-us.com)
This study advances our knowledge of transcriptional MRs potentially involved in HCC development and progression that may be targeted by specific interventions. (aging-us.com)

LAM also induces transcriptional activation of HIV-1 [12, 13] and may play a role in the synergy seen between HIV and TB. (mirnainhibitor.com)
Tiling a given promoter region with several sgRNAs can produce more robust transcriptional activation 9 - 11 , but this requirement presents enormous challenges for scalability, and in particular for establishing pooled, genome-wide GOF screens. (cdc.gov)

Assembly of recombinant TFIID reveals differential coactivator requirements for distinct transcriptional activators. (uci.edu)
The commercial introduction of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in 1985 dramatically changed the field of therapy for growth hormone (GH). (medscape.com)

This process is carried out by the human spliceosome machinery, in which over 300 proteins sequentially assemble with uridine-rich small nuclear RNA molecules (U snRNAs) to form distinct small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes (snRNPs). (biomedcentral.com)

Under this generic term, all chromosome-related studies should be summarized to introduce novel ideas and concepts in biology and medicine, thus having an integrative effect on the field. (frontiersin.org)

The present study aimed to identify the probable anti‑Condyloma acuminata (CA) mechanism of microRNA‑375 (miRNA‑375) in human papillomavirus (HPV). (spandidos-publications.com)

We report here a functionally annotated human gene index placed directly on the genome. (biomedcentral.com)

However, impaired splicing affects only a subset of human transcripts, enriched for mitotic cell cycle factors, leading to mitotic arrest. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy66

Organisms8

Diseases26

Chemicals and Drugs29

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes174

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care1

Genes19

Post-transcriptional3

MRNA7

Regulation6

Endogenous1

Exon1

Drosophila1

Gene expression3

20231

Genomics2

Chromatin2

Repression1

Mechanisms2

Segregation1

Genome contains1

Differential expression1

Significantly suppressed1

Base-pairs2

Tissues4

Cancer5

Loci1

Phenotypic1

Alterations2

Pseudogene1

Regulatory2

Mediate1

Biological2

Protein5

Variants2

Transcription factor2

Apoptosis1

Genetics1

Molecular3

Phenotype3

20002

Transcriptome1

Boveri1

Regulator2

Spatial1

Pathways1

Leukemia cells1

Promotes1

Species6

Histone1

Genetic3

Progression2

Activation2

Recombinant2

Distinct1

Biology1

MiRNA1

Functionally1

Subset1