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PlastidsGenome, PlastidTranscription FactorsTranscription, GeneticMolecular Sequence DataBase SequencePromoter Regions, GeneticGene Expression RegulationChloroplastsSp1 Transcription FactorRNA, MessengerAmino Acid SequenceTranscriptional ActivationBinding SitesRhodophytaTrans-ActivatorsDNA-Binding ProteinsMutationCell NucleusProtein BindingTranscription Initiation SiteNuclear ProteinsCell LineRepressor ProteinsArabidopsisDNAPlant ProteinsDNA-Directed RNA PolymerasesPhylogenySignal TransductionRNA Polymerase IIDNA, ChloroplastTranscription Factor AP-1Arabidopsis ProteinsCloning, MolecularGene Expression Regulation, PlantGenes, PlantSTAT3 Transcription FactorDNA, PlantHeLa CellsPlasmidsTransfectionGenes, ReporterBasic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription FactorsTranscription Factors, TFIITranscription Factor TFIIDChloroplast ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalBasic-Leucine Zipper Transcription FactorsReverse TranscriptionReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionHomeodomain ProteinsCryptophytaRecombinant Fusion ProteinsCells, CulturedRegulatory Sequences, Nucleic AcidSequence Homology, Amino AcidGene Expression Regulation, BacterialGenome, ChloroplastChromatin ImmunoprecipitationPhotosynthesisForkhead Transcription FactorsSequence AlignmentDinoflagellidaTranscription Factor TFIIBEnhancer Elements, GeneticGene ExpressionPlantsEscherichia coliChromatinOenotheraGene Expression ProfilingModels, GeneticCell DifferentiationSequence Analysis, DNATranscription Factor AP-2Saccharomyces cerevisiaeGene Expression Regulation, FungalBacterial ProteinsTobaccoPlant LeavesSTAT1 Transcription FactorYY1 Transcription FactorChlorophytaSp3 Transcription FactorTATA BoxKruppel-Like Transcription FactorsOperonCuscutaProtein Structure, TertiaryEvolution, MolecularElectrophoretic Mobility Shift AssayAlgal ProteinsSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsModels, BiologicalLuciferasesDNA, ComplementaryHistonesPhenotypeNFATC Transcription Factors
ProteinsGenesBiogenesis and plant developmentGenomeGenomesPhotosynthesisPolymerasesGene expressionPolymeraseEncodesPhotosyntheticTranscriptomesLineagesMachineryFunctionallyMitochondrial transcriptionAbnormallyRetrogradeCorrelatesHighly conservedMediatesChloroplastsSequencesOrganellesNucleusDependentMaturationUnclearMechanismsDifferentiationAccumulationTranscriptsAminoPlantReplicationSignificantlyFactorsComplexShowRelative
Proteins17
  • The Maliga lab characterised plastid promoters in vivo and in vitro, and identified proteins that are parts of the plastid PEP transcription complex. (wikipedia.org)
  • We show here that PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2) and CHLOROPLAST STEM-LOOP BINDING PROTEIN 41 kDa (CSP41b), two proteins identified in plastid nucleoid preparations, are essential for proper plant embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • Environmental sequences of ten novel plastid lineages and structural innovations in plastid proteins confirm that plastids in apicomplexans and their relatives are widespread and share a common, photosynthetic origin. (elifesciences.org)
  • Some significant SNPs are associated with membrane and plastid proteins, as well as DNA transcription and binding regulators. (peerj.com)
  • In the v 2 mutant, plastid-encoded proteins involved in photosynthesis and plastid transcriptional regulation were not detectable at any time during chloroplast differentiation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • However, the plastid transcripts for these two classes of proteins behaved differently in the mutant, with those for the plastid transcription/ translation apparatus accumulating to wild-type levels and those for photosynthetic apparatus being suppressed. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These results suggest that activation of the plastid translation machinery at an early stage of chloroplast differentiation is important for triggering the transmission of information about plastid developmental state to the nucleus, which in turn is required for the induction of nuclear-encoded chloroplast proteins at later stages of chloroplast differentiation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The Helicosporidium plastid genome is among the smallest known (37.5 kb), and like other plastids from non-photosynthetic organisms it lacks all genes for proteins that function in photosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More importantly, most maize genes encoding lipid-related transcription factors, triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthetic enzymes, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and Calvin Cycle proteins were not regulated during seed oil synthesis, despite the presence of many homologs in the maize genome. (researchsquare.com)
  • As sigma factors function in transcription, the plant proteins have been presumed or demonstrated to associate with the eubacteria-like RNA polymerase of chloroplasts. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Import of nuclear-encoded proteins into plastids serves as anterograde signals and vice versa, plastids themselves send retrograde signals to the nucleus, thereby controlling de novo synthesis of nuclear-encoded plastid proteins. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Recently, it has become increasingly evident that the ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates both the import of anterograde plastid proteins and retrograde signaling from plastids to the nucleus. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Targets of ubiquitin-proteasome regulation include unimported chloroplast precursor proteins in the cytosol, protein translocation machinery at the chloroplast surface, and transcription factors in the nucleus. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Although demonstrated only low photosynthetic activity, the plastids found in young leaves accumulated both photosynthetic pigments and proteins required for photophosphorylation and carbon fixation. (huji.ac.il)
  • Also, high levels of ribosomal L11 subunit, transcription factor elF-5A, Histones H2B and H4 were observed in the apical leaves, and in particular a plastidic-like aldolase, which accounted for approximately 30% of the total proteins. (huji.ac.il)
  • Plastid genome phylogeny and a model of amino acid substitution for proteins encoded by chloroplast DNA. (bio.net)
  • Light effects on the expression of nuclear genes for plastid proteins and for the 18S, 5.8S and 25S ribosomal RNAs are discussed, together with some recent information concerning the expression of chloroplast genes in developing plastids. (ncsu.edu)
Genes14
  • Accumulation of transcripts of nuclear-encoded photosynthetic genes, such as cab and rbcS, was strongly suppressed in the mutant at later stages of chloroplast differentiation, whereas transcripts of genes for the plastid transcription apparatus, such as OsRpoTp and OsSIG2A, accumulated to abnormally high levels at these stages. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The Helicosporidium plastid genome is also highly structured, with each half of the circular genome containing nearly all genes on one strand. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This process is not complete, however, as all known plastids have retained a residual genome that encodes a handful of RNA and protein-coding genes, which typically include many of the key components of photosystems I and II [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In most plastid genomes, the vast majority of genes encode products involved in either gene expression or photosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When photosynthesis is lost, so are most or all of the related genes, leading to dramatic changes in the plastid genome in size, coding capacity, and often also structure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The E. virginiana plastid is about half the size of typical angiosperm plastids, having lost all its photosynthetic genes, but is otherwise similar to its relatives in many ways including non-coding DNA content, synteny of remaining genes and overall structure [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Likewise, E. longa has lost most of the photosynthetic genes found in the plastid of its close relative Euglena gracilis , but they share many features that are unique to euglenids, such as three tandem repeats of the RNA operon and a multitude of distinctive introns [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We demonstrate that the expression of plastid coding genes is strongly functionally dependent among conifer species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most plastid genes are presumably transcribed as polycistronic mRNAs which then undergo various post-transcriptional modifications [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Given that Symbiodinium seems to have a paucity of transcription factors and differentially expressed genes, identification and characterization of its smRNA repertoire establishes the possibility of a range of gene regulatory mechanisms in dinoflagellates acting post-transcriptionally. (biomedcentral.com)
  • SA binds the NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES (NPR) family of receptors to regulate both positive (NPR1) and negative (NPR3/4) plant immune responses by interacting with the clade II TGACG (TGA) motif-binding transcription factors (TGA2, TGA5, and TGA6). (metabolomics.se)
  • One CCGG site 164 base-pairs upstream from the start of transcription is preferentially unmethylated in some genes. (ncsu.edu)
  • This study indicates that chloroplast genes are often grouped into multigene transcriptional units which can be cotranscribed, and that light-stimulated plastid development involves changes in the relative abundance of the overlapping RNAs of different length that result from transcription of these genes or gene clusters. (ncsu.edu)
  • String-based protein-protein interaction analysis suggested that bZIP53, a transcription factor might be involved in the activation of transcription of ELO / KCS genes. (nature.com)
Biogenesis and plant development2
  • This review will focus on the mechanism through which the ubiquitin-proteasome system optimizes plastid biogenesis and plant development through the regulation of nuclear-plastid interactions. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The RNA recognition motif protein CP33A is a global ligand of chloroplast mRNAs and is essential for plastid biogenesis and plant development. (uni-halle.de)
Genome9
  • The complete plastid genome sequence of the parasitic green alga Helicosporidium sp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To investigate such changes, we sequenced the complete plastid genome of the parasitic, non-photosynthetic green alga, Helicosporidium . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Helicosporidium is known to be related to trebouxiophyte green algae, but the genome is structured and compacted in a manner more reminiscent of the non-photosynthetic plastids of apicomplexan parasites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The convergence of plastid genome structure in Helicosporidium and the Apicomplexa raises the interesting possibility that there are common forces that shape plastid genomes, subsequent to the loss of photosynthesis in an organism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sequences derived from plastid and nuclear genomes make up 6.3% and 13.4% of the mitochondrial genome, respectively. (bioseek.eu)
  • The degree of conservation of plastid sequences in the mitochondrial genome ranged from 61% to 100%, suggesting that sequence migration has occurred very frequently. (bioseek.eu)
  • Three plastid DNA fragments that were incorporated into the mitochondrial genome were subsequently transferred to the nuclear genome. (bioseek.eu)
  • A transcription map of the pea chloroplast genome. (ncsu.edu)
  • A set of 53 cloned pea chloroplast DNA fragments representing approximately 90% of the chloroplast genome was used to probe Northern blots of total pea RNA, resulting in a nearly complete chloroplast transcription map. (ncsu.edu)
Genomes5
  • Although previously unrecognized, plastids in deep-branching apicomplexans are common, and they contain some of the most divergent and AT-rich genomes ever found. (elifesciences.org)
  • Loss of photosynthesis has occurred independently in several plant and algal lineages, and represents a major metabolic shift with potential consequences for the content and structure of plastid genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Unfortunately, the number of fully-sequenced non-photosynthetic plastid genomes is small, limited to Epifagus virginiana (a holoparasitic angiosperm), Euglena longa (a heterotrophic euglenid), and several apicomplexan parasites bearing secondary plastids of red algal origin called apicoplasts ( Plasmodium falciparum , Theileria parva , Eimeria tenella and Toxoplasma gondii ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our understanding of plastid transcriptomes is limited to a few model plants whose plastid genomes (plastomes) have a highly conserved gene order. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plastid genomes (plastomes) of land plants are highly conserved in their gene content and order. (biomedcentral.com)
Photosynthesis2
Polymerases1
  • Chloroplast reverse genetics revealed the distinct role of two plastid RNA polymerases. (wikipedia.org)
Gene expression3
Polymerase2
  • a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. (frontiersin.org)
  • ZmSig2B also exhibits the expected properties of a chloroplast sigma factor: recombinant ZmSig2B binds to a chloroplast promoter and initiates transcription in vitro when combined with Escherichia coli core RNA polymerase. (oregonstate.edu)
Encodes2
  • SOLDAT10 encodes a plastid-localized protein related to the human mitochondrial transcription termination factor mTERF. (genscript.com)
  • Transcription of the wheat chloroplast gene that encodes the 32 kd polypeptide. (ncsu.edu)
Photosynthetic2
  • The phylum Apicomplexa comprises human pathogens such as Plasmodium but is also an under-explored hotspot of evolutionary diversity central to understanding the origins of parasitism and non-photosynthetic plastids. (elifesciences.org)
  • Here, the photosynthetic activity and plastids development throughout leaf maturation is characterized by biochemical and ultrastructural analyses. (huji.ac.il)
Transcriptomes2
  • We sequenced and reported the plastomes and plastid transcriptomes of six conifer species, representing all six extant families. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our data provide the first line of evidence that plastomic rearrangements not only complicate the plastomic architecture but also drive the dynamics of plastid transcriptomes in conifers. (biomedcentral.com)
Lineages1
  • Postel Z, Poux C, Gallina S, Varre JS, Gode C, Schmitt E, Meyer E, Van Rossum F, Touzet P (2022) Reproductive isolation among lineages of Silene nutans (Caryophyllaceae): A potential involvement of plastid-nuclear incompatibilities. (uni-halle.de)
Machinery2
  • We show that the first phase of plastid development begins with organelle proliferation, which extends well beyond cell proliferation, and continues with the establishment and then the build-up of the plastid genetic machinery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although, plastids originate from cyanobacteria and their translation machinery being similar to most bacteria, their translation initiation mechanism is not only regulated by the availability of a Shine Dalgarno sequence directly upstream of the start codon. (igem.org)
Functionally1
  • It reveals functionally distinct plastid and chloroplast development stages, identifies processes occurring in each of them, and highlights our very limited knowledge of the earliest drivers of plastid biogenesis, while providing a basis for their future identification. (biomedcentral.com)
Mitochondrial transcription3
  • Arabidopsis thaliana Mitochondrial transcription termination factor family protein (EMB93), mRNA. (genscript.com)
  • A putative role for ZmSig2B in mitochondrial transcription is supported by its presence in a maize mitochondrial transcription extract. (oregonstate.edu)
  • A Member of the Arabidopsis Mitochondrial Transcription Termination Factor Family Is Required for Maturation of Chloroplast Transfer RNAIle(GAU). (uni-halle.de)
Abnormally1
  • In eugregarines, however, plastids are either abnormally reduced or absent, thus increasing known plastid losses in eukaryotes from two to four. (elifesciences.org)
Retrograde1
  • Title: A mutation in the Arabidopsis mTERF-related plastid protein SOLDAT10 activates retrograde signaling and suppresses (1)O(2)-induced cell death. (genscript.com)
Correlates1
  • It is concluded that cytosine methylation in rDNA is regulated and that the methylation pattern correlates with the transcription potential of an rRNA gene. (ncsu.edu)
Highly conserved1
  • Plastid parts offer the benefit of highly conserved regulatory sequences that can be used across species. (igem.org)
Mediates1
  • Homeodomain transcription factor that mediates jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated COI1-dependent and abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated PMR4-dependent resistance to infection by necrotrophic fungal pathogens (e.g. (gao-lab.org)
Chloroplasts1
Sequences1
  • In maize, five sig cDNA sequences have been reported, and four of the products are present in plastids as predicted. (oregonstate.edu)
Organelles2
  • Plastids are organelles found in plants and algae. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plastids are DNA-containing organelles and can have unique differentiation states depending on age, tissue, and environment. (elsevierpure.com)
Nucleus1
Dependent1
  • Synthesis of AR1 RNA was dependent on T-DNA transfer and TGMV DNA replication, demonstrating that it is a plant transcription product. (ncsu.edu)
Maturation1
  • Determining mitochondrial transcript termini for the study of transcription start sites and transcript 5′ end maturation. (uni-halle.de)
Unclear1
  • We have long been puzzled by these findings because it is then unclear whether plastomic rearrangements affect plastid gene transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanisms1
  • Chloroplast biogenesis and function is essential for proper plant embryo and seed development but the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of plastids during embryogenesis are poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)
Differentiation1
  • Polysome analysis showed that translation of the plastid transcripts encoding the plastid transcription/translation apparatus was blocked at an early stage of chloroplast differentiation. (elsevierpure.com)
Accumulation2
Transcripts2
  • Strand-specific RNAseq data show a nearly full transcription of both plastomic strands and detect C-to-U RNA-editing sites at both sense and antisense transcripts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We took advantage of this to (1) investigate the full transcription capability of both plastomic strands, (2) estimate the relative number of plastid coding and antisense transcripts, and (3) identify plastid C-to-U RNA-editing sites separately at sense and antisense transcripts in conifers. (biomedcentral.com)
Amino1
  • Plastids are also the location of a number of vital metabolic pathways, including primary carbon metabolism and the biosynthesis of fatty acids, amino acids, and tetrapyrroles. (frontiersin.org)
Plant2
Replication1
  • The effects of transcription and RNA processing on the initiation of chloroplast DNA replication in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (bio.net)
Significantly1
  • Helicosporidium contributes significantly to our understanding of the evolution of plastid DNA because it illustrates the highly ordered reduction that occurred following the loss of a major metabolic function. (biomedcentral.com)
Factors2
Complex1
  • Plastids originated in the endosymbiotic uptake of a cyanobacterium, which was subsequently transformed from a complex free-living bacterium to the highly specialized organelle now integrated with its host. (biomedcentral.com)
Show1
  • To determine the subcellular location of ZmSig2B, we have now used immunoblot assays to show that it co-purifies with both mitochondria and plastids. (oregonstate.edu)
Relative1
  • Relative transcription rates were assayed in isolated nuclei. (ncsu.edu)