Transcription plasmids chromosomes take extrachromosomal inheritance. Medical search. Frequent questions

Amongst the favourable traits carried on plasmids, genes conferring antibiotic resistance are of particular concern in the spread of drug-resistant infections (6) . (resistancecontrol.info)

Typically plasmids contain the minimum essential DNA sequences for this purpose, which includes a DNA replication origin, an antibiotic-resistance gene, and a region in which exogenous DNA fragments can be inserted. (addgene.org)
Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level (regulating the expression of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes, role of chromatin in gene expression and gene silencing). (aadharinstitute.com)
Plasmids can replicate themselves and transfer themselves horizontally via horizontal gene transfer between bacteria. (keydifference.info)
when bacteria acquire these plasmids through horizontal gene transfer, their acquisition could spread the resistance posing a significant threat to public health. (keydifference.info)
Plasmid DNA plays an integral part in genetic engineering and biotechnology, serving as vectors to introduce specific genes into cells for therapeutic production, gene function research studies, or to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs). (keydifference.info)
Genomic DNA is essential to human development, inheritance, and gene regulation while plasmid DNA - while not found naturally within humans - may play an essential role in antibiotic resistance as well as genetic engineering and bacterial adaptation. (keydifference.info)
Some plasmids were also void of par genes and intriguingly, repA gene was also not discovered in these plasmids. (frontiersin.org)
Autosomal" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. (genome.gov)
Methylation , for example, is the attachment of simple methyl group tags to DNA molecules, which can repress transcription of a gene when it occurs in the region of a gene promoter. (entheohealing.com)
A family of transcription factors that share an N-terminal HELIX-TURN-HELIX MOTIF and bind INTERFERON-inducible promoters to control GENE expression . (lookformedical.com)
Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level: Regulation of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, role of chromatin in regulating gene expression and gene silencing. (pathfinderacademy.in)
Joshua Lederberg first coined the term "plasmid" in 1952 (3) , and since their discovery as "extra-chromosomal hereditary determinants", studies have highlighted their role in horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and usefulness as tools in molecular biology. (resistancecontrol.info)
However, in the early 1970s, Stanley Falkow, Stanley Cohen, Herbert Boyer, Donald Helinski, Charles Brinton and several others developed the concept of using plasmids as tools for gene cloning. (resistancecontrol.info)
I've seen many textbook images of alleles on homologous chromosomes with the gene loci identified but how could this be visualised on linear DNA sequences with the bases written out? (stackexchange.com)
The intracellular or extracellular environment of a living cell or organism may increase or decrease gene transcription. (alquds.edu)
Name an eukaryotic organism that has plasmids, and can be used as a host in gene cloning experiments. (mcqexams.com)

Contrasting genomic DNA, plasmid DNA functions independently from it to act as its own genetic component - usually providing antibiotic resistance or enzyme production capabilities to its host. (keydifference.info)
Additionally, genes conferring virulence and antibiotic resistance were identified amongst the plasmids. (frontiersin.org)
Hence, the spread of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance properties caused by plasmids is possible, leading to a threat in public health. (frontiersin.org)
The role of plasmids, particularly those able to transfer autonomously (conjugative), in the spread of antibiotic resistance was quickly established. (resistancecontrol.info)

In 1952, Joshua Lederberg coined the term plasmid, in reference to any extrachromosomal heritable determinant. (addgene.org)

It further rationalizes plasmid incompatibilities in E. coli, where certain plasmids destabilize each other's inheritance due to competition for the same molecular initiation machinery. (wikipedia.org)
For instance, most plasmids are replicated in E. coli and are relatively small (∼3000 - 6000 basepairs) to enable easy manipulation. (addgene.org)

NcRNAs such as those involved in RNA interference can be independently inherited, and can also direct chromatin modification and DNA methylation see [7, 8] RNA Inheritance of Acquired Characters , and Nucleic Acid Invaders from Food Confirmed , SiS 63). (i-sis.org.uk)
Cytosine modifications directly affect the positioning of nucleosomes (the first level of chromatin organization into chromosome involving the DNA chain wound around a core of 8 histone proteins), and recruit chromatin-modifying complexes that modify histones. (i-sis.org.uk)
Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
A retinoblastoma-binding protein that is involved in CHROMATIN REMODELING, histone deacetylation, and repression of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. (lookformedical.com)
This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. (lookformedical.com)
These chemical modifications of chromatin influence its three-dimensional structure, which in turn governs its accessibility for DNA transcription and dictates whether genes are expressed or not. (entheohealing.com)

The functioning of this system seems to involve integration of fragments of foreign genes into archaeal and bacterial chromosomes yielding heritable immunity to the respective agents. (biomedcentral.com)

There are a few prokaryotes, bacteria for instance, and a few eukaryotes that have extrachromosomal DNA called plasmids. (mometrix.com)
Plasmids are extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and other organisms, that differ significantly from genomic DNA in both form and function. (keydifference.info)
Plasmids are circular DNA molecules most frequently found in bacteria but sometimes in other organisms as well. (keydifference.info)
Extrachromosomal DNA provides great impact in the evolution of bacteria in adapting to their surroundings. (frontiersin.org)
Plasmids are one of the primary sources for extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria and are capable of self-transmission. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, many plasmids can transfer from one bacterium to another, the most sophisticated mechanism being by conjugation in which the plasmid carries genes that can create a bridge between bacteria through which a copy of the plasmid can move (Fig 1a). (resistancecontrol.info)
Plasmids can also pick up a variable cargo of other genes that can help their host bacterium grow or survive in different environments - the plasmid spreads them between bacteria and if a survival advantage is gained due to the carried genes on the plasmid there will be positive selection for its carriage. (resistancecontrol.info)
Genetically identical plasmids were identified globally in different, completely unrelated strains of bacteria. (resistancecontrol.info)

It is proposed that unique inserts of CRISPR, some of which are homologous to fragments of bacteriophage and plasmid genes, function as prokaryotic siRNAs (psiRNA), by base-pairing with the target mRNAs and promoting their degradation or translation shutdown. (biomedcentral.com)
The association of the cas genes with CRISPR and, especially, the presence, in CRISPR units, of unique inserts homologous to phage and plasmid genes make us abandon this hypothesis. (biomedcentral.com)

Comparative-genomic analysis of CRISPR and cas genes leads to the hypothesis that the CRISPR-Cas system (CASS) is a mechanism of defense against invading phages and plasmids that functions analogously to the eukaryotic RNA interference (RNAi) systems. (biomedcentral.com)

A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)

Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). (wikipedia.org)
During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)
For the transfer of whole chromosomes, metaphase cells are selected. (mcqexams.com)

Plasmids are fragments of double-stranded DNA that typically carry genes and can replicate independently from chromosomal DNA. (addgene.org)
By the 1970s the combined discoveries of restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, and gel electrophoresis allowed for the ability to move specific fragments of DNA from one context to another, such as from a chromosome to a plasmid. (addgene.org)
The combination of a DNA fragment with a plasmid or vector DNA backbone generates a recombinant DNA molecule, which can be used to study DNA fragments of interest, such as genes. (addgene.org)
These cells are subjected to hypotonic lysis and individual chromosomes or fragments are isolated. (mcqexams.com)
The fragments of the chromosomes are incubated with whole cells/ eggs for transfection. (mcqexams.com)

[5] In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation . (wikipedia.org)
Plasmid stabilization/stability protein-encoding genes were observed in some plasmids but were not established for participating in plasmid segregation. (frontiersin.org)
The identification of genes involved in replication, segregation, toxin-antitoxin systems and conjugation, would aid the design of drugs to prevent the survival or transmission of plasmids carrying pathogenic properties. (frontiersin.org)

In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
[14] These observations represent an important prelude to Mendel's theory of particulate inheritance insofar as it features a transition of heredity from its status as myth to that of a scientific discipline, by providing a fundamental theoretical basis for genetics in the twentieth century. (alquds.edu)

Like the bacterial chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA is replicated upon cell division, and each daughter cell receives at least one copy of the plasmid. (addgene.org)

The set of genes for multiplication, stable inheritance and transfer are called the plasmid backbone or core. (resistancecontrol.info)

This is often referred to as semiconservative replication, and it is key to the stable inheritance of genetic traits. (mometrix.com)
Plasmids are typically circular (but also less commonly linear) double-stranded DNA molecules that are able to independently control their multiplication and stable inheritance from generation to generation in their bacterial h osts (2) . (resistancecontrol.info)
Although all plasmids basically function in similar ways, what makes targeting plasmids difficult is that the genes and proteins they need for multiplication and stable inheritance are highly diverse making it unlikely to find a single compound that will block them all. (resistancecontrol.info)

For example, it accounts for the failure of extrachromosomal DNAs without origins to replicate when introduced into host cells. (wikipedia.org)

Because of this highly stable configuration of the DNA molecule, it allows the DNA molecule to act as a template for the replication of a new DNA molecule, but also for the transcription of the related RNA molecule. (mometrix.com)
Plasmid DNA serves as a second small DNA molecule with additional genetic data. (keydifference.info)

Over the next 100 years, many significant discoveries lead to the conclusions that genes encode proteins and reside on chromosomes, which are composed of DNA. (addgene.org)

Conjugation genes were identified portraying the conjugation ability amongst Pandoraea plasmids. (frontiersin.org)
Additionally, we found a shared region amongst some of the plasmids that consists of conjugation genes. (frontiersin.org)

To address the gap of knowledge on this, the complete sequences of eight plasmids from Pandoraea spp. (frontiersin.org)
The information on plasmid sequences in Pandoraea spp. (frontiersin.org)
is useful as the sequences did not match any known plasmid sequence deposited in public databases. (frontiersin.org)

Propagation of the genetic material between generations requires timely and accurate duplication of DNA by semiconservative replication prior to cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives the full complement of chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
To ensure complete and accurate duplication of the entire genome and the correct flow of genetic information to progeny cells, all DNA replication events are not only tightly regulated with cell cycle cues but are also coordinated with other cellular events such as transcription and DNA repair. (wikipedia.org)
The replicator thereby specifies the location of replication initiation events, and the chromosome region that is replicated from a single origin or initiation event is defined as the replicon. (wikipedia.org)
DNA replication, transcription and translation. (entrance-exam.net)
Replication genes were not identified in some plasmids, a situation that has led to the possibility of host interaction involvement. (frontiersin.org)

The discovery that plasmids could be efficiently used as cloning vectors led to an increased interest in understanding plasmid biology, as well as stimulating new types of biotechnology. (resistancecontrol.info)

Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic configuration , and Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. (wikipedia.org)
This further leads to the hypothesis of host-plasmid interaction. (frontiersin.org)

Autosomal dominant is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders. (genome.gov)
A child of a person affected by an autosomal dominant condition has a 50% chance of being affected by that condition via inheritance of a dominant allele. (genome.gov)
Corollaries of this finding are that, even among closely related prokaryotes, the most commonly encountered phages and plasmids are different and/or that the dominant phages and plasmids turn over rapidly. (biomedcentral.com)
However, it appears that this inheritance is extremely unstable on the evolutionary scale such that the repertoires of unique psiRNAs are completely replaced even in closely related prokaryotes, presumably, in response to rapidly changing repertoires of dominant phages and plasmids. (biomedcentral.com)
Genes such as NDM-1 conferring resistance to β -lactam antibiotics, and other essential antibiotics, have been observed on dominant plasmid types that are known to have been in circulation for over 50 years. (resistancecontrol.info)

While plasmid DNA cannot be passed between organisms directly, both types play important roles in biological processes with potential implications in fields like biotechnology, genetics, and medicine. (keydifference.info)
Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded to study the function and behavior of genes. (alquds.edu)

It appears most likely that CASS is a prokaryotic system of defense against phages and plasmids that functions via the RNAi mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)

Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)

Plasmids that are used most commonly in the field of recombinant DNA technology have been optimized for their use of studying and manipulating genes. (addgene.org)

Within a cell, DNA ordered into dense protein-DNA complexes are called chromosomes. (mometrix.com)

Plasmids contain genes that provide survival benefits to host cells under specific environmental conditions, including nutrient metabolic genes or stress response genes that aid the survival of host cells in certain environments. (keydifference.info)

Plasmids are self-replicating genetic material. (mometrix.com)

Inside of eukaryotes, you can locate the chromosomes inside the nucleus. (mometrix.com)
PHOSPHORYLATION of IRF-3 causes the protein to be translocated from the CYTOPLASM to CELL NUCLEUS where it binds DNA , and activates transcription. (lookformedical.com)

In prokaryotes, all the DNA is a single round-shaped chromosome in the cytoplasm. (mometrix.com)

Autosomal recessive is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders. (genome.gov)
Blending inheritance leads to the averaging out of every characteristic, which as the engineer Fleeming Jenkin pointed out, makes evolution by natural selection impossible. (alquds.edu)

Recent Experiments on the Inheritance of Coat Colors in Mice The American Naturalist 43: 494-510. (esp.org)

A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERFERONS . (lookformedical.com)

Certain genes or the part of the chromosomes can be introduced in the cells to show the respective feature. (mcqexams.com)
This allows the egg cells to take up the chromosomes from the medium. (mcqexams.com)

Much of the early work on plasmids focused on the observation that resistance to antibiotics seemed to transfer from one strain to another, leading to the description of R-factors (4, 5) . (resistancecontrol.info)

But it was not until techniques like DNA sequencing became commonplace that the extent of the role plasmids play in the dissemination and evolution of resistance traits became clear (7) . (resistancecontrol.info)
Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring over time. (alquds.edu)

This benefit can be context-dependent, and thus the plasmid exists in a symbiotic relationship with the host cell. (addgene.org)

[1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)
Plasmid DNA may not form part of the human genome, yet still play an essential role within our bodies. (keydifference.info)

In humans, aneuploidy would be any number of chromosomes other than the usual 46. (genome.gov)

e.g. they bind selectively to DNA, stimulate transcription resulting in tissue-specific RNA synthesis and undergo specific changes in response to various hormones or phytomitogens. (lookformedical.com)

Genomic and Plasmid DNA are two distinct varieties of DNA found in living species. (keydifference.info)

Some plasmids are not able to do this on their own, but can use the bridge made by other plasmids to transfer themselves. (resistancecontrol.info)
How will you transfer a whole chromosome into a fertilized egg? (mcqexams.com)

By contrast, a model of negative regulation (analogous to the replicon-operator model for transcription) fails to explain the above findings. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy54

Organisms10

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs58

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Phenomena and Processes154

Information Science4

Genes conferring antibiotic1

Gene16

Antibiotic resistance4

Joshua Lederberg1

Coli2

Chromatin6

Heritable1

Bacteria8

Homologous2

Eukaryotic1

Organism1

Metaphase3

Fragments5

Segregation3

Heredity2

Chromosomal1

Backbone1

Stable inheritance3

Replicate1

Molecule2

Proteins1

Conjugation2

Sequences3

Replication5

Vectors1

Hypothesis2

Dominant5

Genetics2

RNAi1

Independently1

Commonly1

Complexes1

Survival1

Genetic material1

Nucleus2

Prokaryotes1

Characteristic2

Experiments1

Activator1

Cells2

Antibiotics1

Traits2

Host1

Role2

Humans1

Synthesis1

Found1

Transfer2

Findings1