• Western blotting was performed to detect the protein levels of cyclin‑dependent kinase inhibitor P21 (P21), B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and E26 oncogene homolog 1 (ETS1). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • One of the activated genes is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. (lsbio.com)
  • At the molecular level, pitavastatin induced expression of the cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 in a cholesterol independent manner, blocked repressive phosphorylation of the Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein at CDK targeted sites, and reduced expression of E2F target genes required for progression through the G1/S boundary. (oncotarget.com)
  • The gene expression values presented were obtained by normalising expression levels to those selleck kinase inhibitor observed in the control cells. (raf-signal.com)
  • Here DARPP-32 phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA), DARPP-32 into a powerful protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibitor. (pp1a.com)
  • By the treatment of CDK4 inhibitor, the induction or the maintenance of Long-term potentiation (LTP) in response to a strong tetanus and NMDA receptor-dependent long-term depression (LTD) were normal in hippocampus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • TGF stimulation leads to phosphorylation and activation of SMAD3, which form a complex with SMAD4 that accumulate in the nucleus and regulate transcription of target genes such as CDK inhibitor (1). (signalchem.com)
  • Agonist (100 nM 8-OH-DPAT) (D) treatment of freely dividing HN2-5 cells caused stimulation of PKC (Physique 1a) [25,26,27,28,29], which was blocked by the 5-HT1A-R antagonist WAY100635 (WAY) (10 M) but not by an inhibitor of the ERK1/2 kinase MEK (U0126) (U) (10 M) (Physique 1a). (thetechnoant.info)
  • p27 is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of Cyclin E-CDK2, which phosphorylates pRb, thereby ushering the cell from G1 into S phase through the Restriction point (Figure 2). (shu.edu)
  • P15 INK4 is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of Cyclind-CDK4,6, inhibiting it from hypophosphorylating Rb, thereby, rendering the cell cycle unresponsive to external proliferation signals. (shu.edu)
  • The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase 2, also known as cell division protein kinase 2, or Cdk2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • This protein associates with and is regulated by the regulatory subunits of the complex including cyclin E or A. Cyclin E binds G1 phase Cdk2, which is required for the transition from G1 to S phase while binding with Cyclin A is required to progress through the S phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cdk2 is capable of binding to many different cyclins, including cyclins A, B, E, and possibly C. Recent studies suggest Cdk2 binds preferentially to cyclins A and E, while Cdk1 prefers cyclins A and B. Cdk2 becomes active when a cyclin protein (either A or E) binds at the active site located between the N and C lobes of the kinase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to the location of the active site, partner cyclins interact with both lobes of Cdk2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cdk2 contains an important alpha helix located in the C lobe of the kinase, called the C-helix or the PSTAIRE-helix. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is important to note that throughout this activation process, cyclins binding to Cdk2 do not undergo any conformational change. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prior to G1 phase, levels of Cdk4 and Cdk6 increase along with cyclin D. This allows for the partial phosphorylation of Rb, and partial activation of E2F at the beginning of G1 phase, which promotes cyclin E synthesis and increased Cdk2 activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) is a key mediator for EGF-induced cell transformation mediated through the ELK4/c-Fos signaling pathway. (nih.gov)
  • A series of signal transduction events starting from the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) to binding of E2F -target transcription to phosphorylation of Rb helps maintain cell-cycle progression. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Cyclin dependent-kinase 2 (CDK2) plays important functions during the mitotic cell cycle and also facilitates several key events during germ cell development. (lu.se)
  • Here, CDK2 is involved in the regulation of meiotic transcription, the pairing of homologous chromosomes, and the maturation of meiotic crossover sites. (lu.se)
  • A better understanding of the CDK2 substrates will help us to gain deeper insight into the functions of this universal kinase. (lu.se)
  • We further revealed that the phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) on threonine-160 mediates the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 through receptor for activated C kinase 1, leading to JUN-dependent transcription of ACOD1 in human and mouse macrophages or monocytes. (usuhs.edu)
  • restored RB1 function and downstream focuses on transcription element E2F1 and cycling-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), therefore reversing the malignant phenotype. (insulin-receptor.info)
  • Alternatively, E7 inhibits tumor suppressor retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) release a E2F transcription elements, stimulates cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2)/cyclin A (7) aswell as CDK2/cyclin E organic (8), therefore abrogating cell routine arrest and stimulating proliferation (9). (insulin-receptor.info)
  • Cyclin D1, a member of the G1 cyclins, plays an important role in the G1 phase progression of the cell cycle in proliferating cells via activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), CDK4, or CDK6. (biomedcentral.com)
  • SMAD3 is a major physiologic substrate of the G1 cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK2 (2). (signalchem.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) -associated protein which is thought to negatively regulate CDK2 activity by sequestering monomeric CDK2, and targeting CDK2 for proteolysis. (cancerindex.org)
  • Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CDK2) and CDK3 subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. (umbc.edu)
  • The CDK2/3 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. (umbc.edu)
  • CDK2 is regulated by cyclin E or cyclin A. Upon activation by cyclin E, it phosphorylates the retinoblastoma (pRb) protein which activates E2F mediated transcription and allows cells to move into S phase. (umbc.edu)
  • The CDK2/cyclin A complex plays a role in regulating DNA replication. (umbc.edu)
  • Subsequently, T cells receiving PD-1 signals displayed impaired Cdk2 activation and failed to phosphorylate two critical Cdk2 substrates, the retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) and the TGFβ-specific transcription factor Smad3 , leading to suppression of E2F target genes but enhanced Smad3 transactivation (Figure 3). (shu.edu)
  • It also blocks Cyclin A-CDK2 from further phosphorylating pRb to maintain S phase. (shu.edu)
  • The cyclin D1-Cdk4 complex phosphorylates the pRB protein leading to sequential phosphorylation by cyclin E-Cdk2 and release of free E2F. (shu.edu)
  • They further link to the activation of protein kinase C- (PKC-) induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 6 , 7 ], which further mediates the activation of downstream transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κ B). Thus, the main treatments of DN refer to modulate glycemic and blood pressure through insulin and RAS inhibitors. (hindawi.com)
  • Although the senescent cells remain viable, they show typical changes with enlarged and flattened cell bodies, apoptosis resistance, increased activity of senescence-associated β -galactosidase (SA- β -gal), and upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors including p16 INK4A , ARF proteins, and p21 [ 13 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Primary mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking Cip1 and Kip1 genes encoding inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase-2 were used to further explore the effects of oncogenic Ras on arrest of the cell division cycle. (ku.dk)
  • Since 2004, he has been focusing his research on the roles of histone deacetylases, histone demethylases, histone methyltransferases and long noncoding RNAs in modulating gene transcription and tumourigenesis, and the roles of histone deacetylase inhibitors and histone methyltransferase inhibitors as anticancer agents. (sciforschenonline.org)
  • 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 was as strong or stronger than Ca 2+ in its induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, P21 and p27. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Studies using siRNA-mediated knockdown and/or selective CDK inhibitors show that P-TEFb plays a functional role in activation of a subset of NFκB-dependent targets and all STAT3-dependent genes studied to date. (utmb.edu)
  • Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] Options for second-line therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory disease include chemotherapy-free regimens with biologic targeted agents such as covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, lenalidomide,venetoclax, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. (medscape.com)
  • 2. E2F is released when RB is phosphorylated by the cyclinD/cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) complex, 3. (ctsqena.com)
  • Our results indicated that the activation of cyclinD1-CDK4 is required for short-term synaptic plasticity and mGluR-dependent LTD, and suggested that this cyclin-dependent kinase may have different roles during the postnatal development in mice hippocampus area CA1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Full holoenzyme activity of the cyclin D1-Cdk4 complex is induced by mitogen recruitment of CAK. (shu.edu)
  • The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)
  • Myb-Related Protein B (MYBL2), a member of the MYB family of transcription factor genes, is a nuclear protein involved in cell cycle progression. (avivasysbio.com)
  • It has been shown to activate the cell division cycle 2, cyclin D1, and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 genes. (avivasysbio.com)
  • The Bur1/2 cyclin-dependent kinase regulates transcription of many genes. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • By using semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), both GHR106 Mabs and the GnRH decapeptide antagonist, Antide, were shown to be bioequivalent in terms of their respective effects on genes involved in the proliferation and apoptosis of cancer cells. (annexpublishers.co)
  • Forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) is a key transcription factor (TF) that regulates a common set of genes related to the cell cycle in various cell types. (mdpi.com)
  • Studies of human genome demonstrate that protein-coding genes only occupy less than 2% of the entire genome [ 1 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • Equipped with a mouse model of stress (5-HT1A-R-/- mice) and a 5-HT1A-R-expressing hippocampal neuron-derived cell line, HN2-5, our earlier studies have reported that a 5-HT1A-R-mediated signaling pathway functions via extracellular receptor-activated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)-catalyzed activation of protein kinase C alpha (PKC) to promote synaptogenesis at P15 in the hippocampal CA1 region [12,16]. (thetechnoant.info)
  • The Pol II activator cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) was similarly enriched across IGSs (Extended Data Fig. 1g ). (nature.com)
  • The Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb), a heterodimer of CDK9 and Cyclin T1, is widely implicated in control of basal gene expression. (utmb.edu)
  • By acting as a ligand-dependent transcription factor of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediates the action of glucocorticoids and regulates many physiological processes. (pp1a.com)
  • Thus, PD-1 targets Ras and PI3K/Akt signaling to inhibit transcription of Skp2 and to activate Smad3 as an integral component of a pathway that regulates blockade of cell cycle progression in T lymphocytes. (shu.edu)
  • To identify new pathways that might regulate telomere length, we carried out a genetic screen in yeast and identified the cyclin-dependent kinase complex Bur1/2 as a regulator of telomere length. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • 2. Matsuura, I. et al: Cyclin-dependent kinases regulate the antiproliferative function of Smads. (signalchem.com)
  • Activated complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they cooperate with DNA-binding cofactors to regulate target gene transcription. (shu.edu)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family of Ser/Thr protein kinases. (wikipedia.org)
  • This protein kinase is highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28, and S. pombe cdc2, also known as Cdk1 in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Multiple alternatively spliced variants and multiple transcription initiation sites of this gene have been reported. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene is a member of the Ets family of transcription factors and of the ternary complex factor (TCF) subfamily. (nih.gov)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is phosphorylated by the kinases, MAPK1 and MAPK8. (nih.gov)
  • Using semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blots experiments, we compared changes in ETS-1 and ETS-2 expression, their protein levels, and the regulation of some of their target gene expressions at different stages of the ocular tumoral progression in the transgenic mouse model, Tyrp-1-TAg, with those in normal eyes from control mice of the same age. (molvis.org)
  • All of them are present in the hippocampus, where they participate in the regulation of synaptic functionality and gene transcription [ 12 - 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Brasier, AR 2008, ' Expanding role of cyclin dependent kinases in cytokine inducible gene expression ', Cell Cycle , vol. 7, no. 17, pp. 2661-2666. (utmb.edu)
  • Transcription factors (TFs) are critical for B-cell differentiation, affecting gene expression both by repres- sion and transcriptional activation. (lu.se)
  • The identified transcription factors influence both the global and specific gene expression of the BCLs and have possible implications for diagnosis and treat- ment. (lu.se)
  • The molecular consequence of translocation is overexpression of the protein cyclin D1 (coded by the PRAD1 gene located close to the breakpoint). (medscape.com)
  • In a genome-wide screen in vitro, we identified Combover (Cmb)/CG10732 as a novel Rho kinase substrate. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • PD-1 suppressed the transcription of SKP2 , the substrate recognition component of the SCF Skp2 ubiquitin ligase that leads p27 kip1 to degradation and resulted in accumulation of p27 kip1 (Figure 2). (shu.edu)
  • Whereas p16(INK4a) antagonizes the activities of cyclin D-dependent kinases, p19(ARF) activates the p53 transcription factor. (ku.dk)
  • Although early passage primary fibroblast strains that lack both p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) fail to assemble cyclin D-dependent kinases, oncogenic Ras retained its ability to induce p19(ARF), but not p16(INK4a), protecting Cip/Kip-null cells from proliferating and undergoing transformation. (ku.dk)
  • Direct evidence linking the INK4A locus to tumorigenesis was provided by the targeted disruption of exon 2 of INK4A in mice. (medscape.com)
  • Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinases, Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinase 2 and 3. (umbc.edu)
  • Within nucleoli, which were outlined by nucleophosmin (NPM), we observed foci corresponding to active Pol II phosphorylated on serine 2 (pS2) (Fig. 1a and Extended Data Fig. 1b, c ). (nature.com)
  • Orthologous to human CDK2AP1 (cyclin dependent kinase 2 associated protein 1). (nih.gov)
  • E6 also activates human being telomerase change transcriptase (5) and SRC-family kinases (6), which offer additional growth benefits to the contaminated cells through the malignant change process. (insulin-receptor.info)
  • CDK3 is regulated by cyclin C and it phosphorylates pRB specifically during the G0/G1 transition. (umbc.edu)
  • Identification of ETS-like transcription factor 4 as a novel androgen receptor target in prostate cancer cells. (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR was used to examine the expression levels of circular RNA‑PVT1 (circ‑PVT1), micoRNA‑195‑5p (miR‑195‑5p) and ETS1 in GC tissues and cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • It was identified that propofol inhibited the viability and invasion, but promoted apoptosis of HGC‑27 and AGS cells in a dose‑dependent manner. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Propofol could inhibit Bcl‑2 and MMP9 expression, and increase P21 expression in GC cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Previous studies have investigated the inhibitory effect of propofol on cancer cells in a variety of tumors, such as breast ( 2 ), lung ( 3 ) pancreatic ( 4 ), ovarian ( 5 ), hepatic ( 6 ) and gastric cancer (GC) ( 7 , 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Peng and Zhang ( 8 ) indicated that propofol inhibited proliferation, but induced apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells by regulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Studies with pitavastatin in primary patient derived tumor cells and established PDA lines, revealed dose dependent growth inhibition. (oncotarget.com)
  • However, both Mabs were also found to induce complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) reaction for lysis of cancer cells, an immune property which is not shared by peptide analogs of GnRH. (annexpublishers.co)
  • ERK1/2) in the hippocampal HN2-5 cells. (thetechnoant.info)
  • Additionally, M alone did not alter the activation level of ERK1/2 in AGN 205327 the HN2-5 cells (Physique S1). (thetechnoant.info)
  • Open in a separate window Physique 1 Serotonin 1A receptor-mediated activation of PKC and ERK1/2 in proliferating hippocampal neuron-derived HN2-5 cells. (thetechnoant.info)
  • We found that Ca 2+ and/or 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 stimulated CaSR promoter activity and CaSR protein expression in the human colon carcinoma CBS cells, which possessed a functional CaSR. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The endomysial infiltrates in patients with s-IBM are composed primarily of CD8+ T cells and macrophages in a 2:1 ratio. (medscape.com)
  • HNK controls various intracellular signaling pathways involved in cancer, including those related to nuclear factor kappa B (NF- B), signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 1. Inman, G. J. et al: Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Smads 2, 3, and 4 permits sensing of TGF-beta receptor activity. (signalchem.com)
  • There is increasing evidence to suggest that the function of the CaSR is diverse, extends beyond the systemic control of Ca 2+ homeostasis, and is contingent on the tissue type in which the receptor is expressed (2-5) . (aacrjournals.org)
  • Receptor-regulated SMADs (R-SMADs), SMAD1, 2, 3, 5, and 8, are the only SMADs directly phosphorylated and activated by the kinase domain of type I receptors. (shu.edu)
  • The success of the cell division process is dependent on the precise regulation of processes at both cellular and tissue levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dissecting the role of the Bur1/2 kinase pathway at telomeres will help complete our understanding of the complex network of telomere length regulation. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • LincRNA-p21 participates in TP53-dependent transcriptional repression leading to apoptosis and seem to have to effect on cell-cycle regulation. (lsbio.com)
  • 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 was weaker in its effect on E-cadherin and was not able to inhibit TCF4 expression. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The role of two members of the ETS (E26 avian leukemia oncogene) family of transcription factors, ETS-1 and ETS-2, has been investigated in many cancers but has not yet been studied in ocular tumors. (molvis.org)
  • Oncogenic Ras induces p19ARF and growth arrest in mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 without activating cyclin D-dependent kinases. (ku.dk)
  • Induces the transcription of long intergenic non-coding RNA p21 (lincRNA-p21) and lincRNA-Mkln1. (lsbio.com)
  • 2. If DNA repair is not possible, p53 induces apoptosis. (ctsqena.com)
  • Isoform 2 enhances the transactivation activity of isoform 1 from some but not all TP53-inducible promoters. (lsbio.com)
  • Here, we demonstrate that the TP53/p53-FBXO22-TFEB (transcription factor EB) axis plays an essential role in this process through upregulating basal macroautophagy/autophagy. (elsevierpure.com)
  • [ 2 ] Targeted disruption of TP53 in the mouse leads to the development of various tumors (see image below). (medscape.com)
  • DNA damage increases TP53 levels through an ATM-dependent pathway. (medscape.com)
  • We also demonstrated upregulation of ETS-1 and ETS-2 target expressions in Tyrp-1-TAg mice when comparing with the same target expressions in control mice. (molvis.org)
  • Ca 2+ strongly induced E-cadherin expression and inhibited the expression of the nuclear transcription factor, TCF4. (aacrjournals.org)
  • In these signaling cascades, P-TEFb forms protein complexes with the activated nuclear RelA and STAT3 transcription factor in the cellular nucleoplasm, an association important for P-TEFb's promoter targeting. (utmb.edu)
  • HMGB1 can activate a series of signaling components, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and AKT, which play an important role in tumor growth and inflammation, through binding to different surface receptors, such as RAGE and TLR2/4. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The significance of this movement is that it brings the side chain of Glu 51, which belongs to a triad of catalytic site residues conserved in all eukaryotic kinases, into the catalytic site. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, P-TEFb is involved in transitioning paused RNA polymerase II to enter productive transcriptional elongation mode by phosphorylating negative elongation factors and Ser 2 of the heptad repeat in the RNA Pol II COOH terminal domain (CTD). (utmb.edu)
  • This may be due to compensation provided by CDK1 (also called Cdc2), which can also bind cyclin E and drive the G1 to S phase transition. (umbc.edu)
  • These data suggest that the Bur1/2 kinase plays a role in telomere elongation separate from its role in transcription of telomerase components. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies have preliminarily indicated that this recruitment is dependent on CDK enzymatic activity. (utmb.edu)
  • Prevents CDK7 kinase activity when associated to CAK complex in response to DNA damage, thus stopping cell cycle progression. (lsbio.com)
  • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a complex heterogeneous group of metabolic condition characterized by elevated levels of serum glucose, caused mainly by impairment in both insulin action and insulin secretion. (scialert.net)
  • ETS-1 and ETS-2 mRNA and protein levels were much higher in the ocular tissues of Tyrp-1-TAg mice than in control ocular tissues from wild-type mice. (molvis.org)
  • Extracellular Ca 2+ and 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 are potential candidates involved in regulating CaSR expression in the colon and the chemopreventive actions of Ca 2+ and 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in colon cancer may be mediated, in part, through the CaSR. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The suppressive effect of PD-1 on Skp2 expression was mediated by inhibition of both PI3K/Akt and Ras/MEK/Erk pathways and was only partially reversed by IL-2, which restored activation of MEK/Erk but not Akt. (shu.edu)
  • Mutations in either BUR1 cyclin-dependent kinase or the associated BUR2 cyclin resulted in short telomeres. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • p53 is a DNA-binding protein containing DNA-binding, oligomerization and transcription activation domains. (affbiotech.cn)
  • Together, they are involved in the control of cell-cycle progression, transcription, and neuronal function. (umbc.edu)
  • 2. Clinical epidemiology - using data from the Swedish Lymphoma Registry to provide clinically useful real world data on treatment and prognosis, in many cases in collaboration with Nordic colleagues. (lu.se)
  • Isoform 2 is expressed in most normal tissues but is not detected in brain, lung, prostate, muscle, fetal brain, spinal cord and fetal liver. (affbiotech.cn)
  • The encoded protein is phosphorylated by cyclin A/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 during the S-phase of the cell cycle and possesses both activator and repressor activities. (avivasysbio.com)
  • In normal control adult mouse eyes, ETS-1 was mostly present in the nuclei of all neuroretinal layers whereas ETS-2 was mostly localized in the cytosol of the cell bodies of these layers with a smaller amount present in the nuclei. (molvis.org)
  • Theoretically, the possibilities include (1) a primary T-cell mediated autoimmune response causing muscle damage, (2) a primary degenerative process involving abnormal protein processing leading to a secondary inflammatory response, and (3) separate and independent immune and degenerative processes caused by an external trigger. (medscape.com)