Toxin loci genes bacterial. Medical search. Frequent questions

Shiga toxins (Stx) are cytotoxins involved in severe human intestinal disease. (cdc.gov)
We identified 26 Shigella flexneri serotype 2 strains isolated by public health laboratories in the United States during 2001-2013, which encode the Shiga toxin 1a gene ( stx 1a ). (cdc.gov)
Shiga toxins (Stx) are potent AB 5 cytotoxins that inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis, eventually leading to host cell death ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Although 4 species of Shigella cause bacillary dysentery, historically only Shigella dysenteriae type 1 has been recognized as carrying the genes for Shiga toxin ( stx ). (cdc.gov)
Stx has been extensively studied in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), notably E. coli O157:H7. (cdc.gov)
In addition, the Shigella enterotoxin genes set1A, set1B ( ShET-1 ), sen ( SHET-2 ) and Shiga toxin gene stx were also reported to be responsible for initial watery diarrhea. (researchsquare.com)
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains LAA-positive are important cause of human infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are important pathogens responsible for foodborne diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) has emerged as a significant public health threat. (cdc.gov)
Antimicrobial treatment of STEC infections is currently not recommended due to bacterial lysis and subsequent Shiga toxin release. (cdc.gov)

Evidence suggests that bacteriophages can regulate the expression of the pathogenicity locus (PaLoc) genes of C. difficile. (bvsalud.org)
In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the φNCKUH-21-mediated regulation of the pathogenicity and the PaLoc genes expression in the lysogenized C. difficile strain R20291. (bvsalud.org)
Evolutionary history of the Clostridium difficile pathogenicity locus. (ox.ac.uk)
The symptoms of Clostridium difficile infection are caused by toxins expressed from its 19 kb pathogenicity locus (PaLoc). (ox.ac.uk)
The capability to adhere to epithelial cells is a key virulence trait, and genes codified in LAA pathogenicity island could be involved in the adhesion during the pathogenesis of LAA-positive STEC strains. (biomedcentral.com)
The pfh A region, comprising the genes tps B1, tps B2, pfh A1 and pfh A2, is related to the pathogenicity of PmA. (biomedcentral.com)

As a pathogen, E. coli are the most frequent causes of bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections, diarrheal disease, and other clinical infections such as neonatal meningitis, pneumonia and bacteremia. (eurekaselect.com)
In all the samples, 50 E. coli strains were isolated and then assigned to serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility test, detection of antimicrobial resistance genes and the Class 1 integrons, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). (hindawi.com)
Our results showed that farmed minks could be reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli with Class 1 integron cassettes and resistance genes, which were likely to pose a threat to public health. (hindawi.com)
The treatment of pathogenic E. coli infections is becoming complicated because of the rapid emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant strains, which may consequently result in an increasing number of clinical treatment failures in bacterial-mediated diseases and further threaten public health with the possibility of transmission to humans through aerosols, environmental contact or other methods [ 2 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
A previous study also demonstrated that E. coli can carry resistance plasmids and can easily acquire resistance transfer genes [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
We conclude that cephalosporin resistance among E. coli O157:H7 is due to plasmid- encoded bla CMY genes and that plasmid types appear to have shifted from IncA/C to IncI1. (cdc.gov)

The quick change kit provides the tools for changing the wild type gene carried on a bacterial plasmid. (i-sis.org.uk)
The mutant oligonucleotide is annealed to the wild type gene in the plasmid, which is amplified to produce plasmids carrying the gene with the specific mutations. (i-sis.org.uk)
S. dysenteriae possesses diverse virulence genes, located on both the chromosome and/or the plasmid. (researchsquare.com)
11 The common genetic loci are invasion plasmid antigen H ( ipaH ), invasion plasmid antigen genes ( ipaBCD) and invasion associated locus ( ial ). (researchsquare.com)
Two plasmid gene protein (Pgp3)-based serological assays, the Pgp3-ELISA and multiplex bead assay (Pgp3-MBA), were compared and used to estimate seropositivity of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) among females 14 to 39 years old participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2013-2016. (cdc.gov)

Recently, acquisition of stx genes in clinical isolates of other Shigella species has been reported ( 11 , 12 ). (cdc.gov)
All 29 fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates were positive for the aac(6')-Ib-cr gene but negative for qepA , except SD001. (researchsquare.com)
In addition, only 6 (20.69%, 6/29) isolates harbored the qnr gene, including two with qnrB (6.90%, 2/29) and four with qnrS (13.79%, 4/29). (researchsquare.com)
Our analysis includes the antimicrobial resistance profiles, the molecular characterization of the mechanisms of resistance to fluoroquinolones, virulence gene profiles and the molecular characterization of S. dysenteriae isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). (researchsquare.com)
Genotyping at the glycoprotein 60 ( gp60 ) locus revealed substantial variability in isolates of C. hominis and C. meleagridis . (biomedcentral.com)
This system is based on a sequence at the 5' end of a locus ( emm ) that is present in all isolates. (medscape.com)
The researchers conducted multiple-locus sequence typing on the 21 identified isolates, which revealed four sequence types and 14 subtypes. (food-safety.com)
All isolates of S. argenteus showed susceptibility to the antibiotic methicillin, and none of the isolates tested positive for the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene, which is a toxin produced by certain types of S. aureus that can kill white blood cells and cause soft-tissue infections. (food-safety.com)
PCR for the gene pfh A was positive for all five HP isolates. (biomedcentral.com)

We screened three φNCKUH-21 genes encoding DNA-binding proteins to check their effects on PaLoc genes expression. (bvsalud.org)

8 , 9 Furthermore, the accelerating accumulation and transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) among multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens pose major difficulties in treating infections. (researchsquare.com)
Bacterial pathogens must acquire iron in order to grow inside mammalian hosts. (bcm.edu)
Rather than taking aim at the fixed, relatively tractable target of the human genome, we focus instead on genomic information derived from HUNDREDS OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS and THOUSANDS OF COMMENSAL SPECIES: a distributed and dynamic system of MANY MILLIONS OF GENES, at least two orders of magnitude larger than the human gene set. (ukri.org)
These pathogens are classified by the presence or absence of the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement (LEE) [ 3 ] LEE-positive strains can colonize the intestinal mucosa causing the attaching and effacing (A/E) lesion on the intestinal epithelium [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread genetic modules in bacterial genomes. (mdpi.com)
Yeast genetic manipulation is far more precise than can be achieved in crop plants, and the genes in yeast have been precisely altered by mutations. (i-sis.org.uk)
Although genes can be altered precisely to avoid collateral genetic damage, changing a metabolic network will still result in unexpected metabolic effects. (i-sis.org.uk)
Here, through comparative genomics analysis, we demonstrated that the genetic locus encoding the type VIIb secretion system (T7SSb) machinery is uniquely present in SGG in two different arrangements. (pasteur.fr)
gallolyticus (SGG) were sequenced and a genetic locus encoding the type VIIb secretion system (T7SSb) was found conserved and absent from 16 genomes of the closely related S. gallolyticus subsp. (pasteur.fr)
The acquisition of resistance genes through a mechanism involving mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids and transposons, is considered a major contributor to antimicrobial resistance [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
The bacterial accessory genome provides the genetic flexibility needed to facilitate environment and host adaptation. (ox.ac.uk)
The gonococcal accessory gene pool consisted of 247 genes, which were mainly genes located on large mobile genetic elements, phage associated genes, or genes encoding putative secretion systems. (ox.ac.uk)
Although frequent HGT results in high genetic diversity in the gonococcus, we found that this is mediated by a small gene pool. (ox.ac.uk)
Researchers from Osaka Prefecture University utilized polymerase chain reaction and whole genome sequencing (WGS) to identify bacterial genetic material in vegetables, fish, chicken, beef, and pork from retail stores. (food-safety.com)
Genes encoded in LAA contribute to the adhesion phenotype though the expression of STEC adhesins is a coordinated event that depends not only the strain but also on the environment as well as its genetic background. (biomedcentral.com)
A) Schematic of the generation of OPTiKD human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and of the resulting genetic circuit which allows tetracycline (TET)-dependent induction of gene knockdown both in hPSCs and hPSC-derived cells. (berterolab.com)
The virulence of this bacterium results from the 32 Y pestis chromosomal genes and two Y pestis -specific plasmids, constituting the only new genetic material acquired since its evolution from its predecessor. (medscape.com)
Antimicrobial resistance occurs through different mechanisms, which include spontaneous (natural) genetic mutations and horizontal transfer of resistant genes through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (who.int)

Therefore, 7-gene STs are grouped into ST Complexes in Escherichia/Shigella by an eBurst approach and into their equivalent eBurst groups (eBGs) in S. enterica . (readthedocs.io)

This study re-analyzed, using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and whole genome sequence with single nucleotide polymorphism analysis (WGS-SNP), 52 strains which had been identified as Enterobacter sakazakii as according to the convention at the time of isolation. (biomedcentral.com)
However, classical MLST is limited in its discriminant power, as it only focuses on a handful of genes. (readthedocs.io)
7 Gene MLST shows all allele profile in the right hand pane, if you scroll right. (readthedocs.io)
These genes were further analyzed by sequencing, and the strains were compared by MLST of seven housekeeping genes ( adk , aroA , deoD , gdhA , g6pD , mdh , and pgi ). (biomedcentral.com)

however, the toxin genes are not associated with a complete prophage genome ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
The reason is that because genes are connected in a complex functional network, one gene cannot be altered without affecting many others [3] ( Living with the Fluid Genome , I-SIS Publications). (i-sis.org.uk)
Genome-wide expression of low temperature response genes in Rosa hybrida L.. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. (usda.gov)
Here, the gonococcal accessory genome was characterized using gene-by-gene approaches and its association with the core genome and AMR were assessed. (ox.ac.uk)
Significant associations were found between the prevalence of accessory elements and core genome multi-locus sequence types (cgMLST), consistent with a structured gonococcal population despite frequent horizontal gene transfer (HGT). (ox.ac.uk)
Its genome harbors all the virulence determinants required to efficiently kill the host, including the ability to germinate in vivo, adhere to host tissues, produce toxins, evade the immune system, and sequester limiting nutrients for growth and replication. (bcm.edu)

However, only the hly, cnf, pap and iroN genes occurred significantly Selleck PD 332991 more frequently when comparing the strains from pregnant women (48) with those from nonpregnant women (38) (Table 2). (proteasomesignaling.com)
Genes codified in LAA could be involved in the adhesion during the pathogenesis of LAA-positive STEC strains, and little is known about the specific virulence factors that contribute to these pathogeneses. (biomedcentral.com)
The low and nonpathogenic strains did not contain the genes tps B2 and pfh A2. (biomedcentral.com)
A deletion of four bases was observed in the pfh A gene in the low pathogenic strain, and an insertion of 37 kb of phage DNA was observed in the nonpathogenic strains. (biomedcentral.com)
The HP strains can cause necrotic bronchopneumonia, fibrinous pleuritis and pericarditis in pigs and can be identified by PCR amplification of the gene pfh A2. (biomedcentral.com)

In Finland Yersinia is one of the main causes of bacterial diarrhea in addition of Salmonella and Campylobacter. (9pdf.co)

CVD 103-HgR was constructed from the serogroup O1 classical Inaba strain 569B by deleting the catalytic domain sequence of both copies of the ctxA gene, which prevents the synthesis of active cholera toxin ( CT ). (rxlist.com)
There are 4 major subfamilies of emm genes, which are defined by sequence differences within the 3' end, encoding the peptidoglycan-spanning domain. (medscape.com)

In contrast to the toxin genes in S. dysenteriae 1, those in STEC are generally carried by lambdoid prophages, which integrate into the host bacterial chromosome ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)

TPS systems are TpsA for translocated proteins to the bacterial surface and TpsB for the transporter proteins. (biomedcentral.com)

the toxin genes were determined to be carried by a lambdoid prophage homologous to stx -encoding phages found in STEC ( 13 ). (cdc.gov)

Expression profiling of both pathogen effector genes and host genes involved in immunity allows us to suggest distinct mechanisms of effector-mediated susceptibility and reveals interesting Hpa effectors for detailed mechanistic investigation in future experiments. (prelekara.sk)

In molecular biology, entericidins are bacterial antidote/toxin peptides. (wikipedia.org)

however, chromosomal accessory genes could also play a role in AMR. (ox.ac.uk)
The chromosomal arrangement of emm subfamily genes reveals 5 major emm patterns, designated as emm patterns A through E. An example of the usefulness of emm typing is described by McGregor et al. (medscape.com)

The phage remains in a lysogenic state until environmental conditions induce expression of phage lytic cycle genes, leading to new phage production and lysis of the host bacterium. (cdc.gov)
therefore, induction of the lytic cycle increases expression of the toxin genes and host cell lysis allows for toxin release ( 10 ). (cdc.gov)

In the case of the regulatory protein gene targeted to the uracil locus, the transformed yeast colonies would be identified using replica plating on growth medium lacking uracil. (i-sis.org.uk)
An NBS-LRR protein in the Rpp1 locus negates the dominance of Rpp1-mediated resistance against Phakopsora pachyrhizi in soybean. (usda.gov)
[ 4 ] The emm gene encodes the M protein. (medscape.com)
and tbpA and hgbB, transferrin-binding protein and hemoglobin-binding protein genes involved in iron acquisition. (biomedcentral.com)

Insertion sequences flanking the stx region suggest that gene rearrangements occurred and resulted in a defective phage. (cdc.gov)
The overexpression of NCKUH-21_03890, annotated as a transcriptional regulator (phage transcriptional regulator X, PtrX), considerably enhanced toxin production, biofilm formation, and bacterial motility of R20291. (bvsalud.org)
A search of human gut metagenomes for circular contigs encoding phage hallmark genes resulted in the identification of 3738 apparently complete phage genomes that represent 451 putative genera. (biomedcentral.com)
Some "Quimbyviridae" phages possess Diversity-Generating Retroelements (DGRs) that generate hypervariable target genes nested within defense-related genes, whereas the previously known targets of phage-encoded DGRs are structural genes. (biomedcentral.com)

however, the toxin genes have been found in other Shigella species. (cdc.gov)

The entericidin locus encodes tandem paralogous genes (ecnAB) and directs the synthesis of two small cell-envelope lipoproteins (entericidin A and entericidin B) which can maintain plasmids in bacterial population by means of post-segregational killing. (wikipedia.org)

By resequencing Hpa isolate Waco9, we found it evades Arabidopsis resistance gene RPP1 through deletion of cognate recognized effector ATR1. (prelekara.sk)

In addition, the prevalence of the PMQR determinant genes was also investigated. (researchsquare.com)
We have uncovered a cell wall-based heme acquisition system in B. anthracis with similarities to the iron-regulated surface determinant (Isd) locus in S. aureus. (bcm.edu)

Development of asthma is multifactorial and depends on the interactions among multiple susceptibility genes and environmental factors. (msdmanuals.com)

Harnessing medical bioinformatics to the study of microbial genes, genomes and metagenomes thus represents a DISTINCTIVE UNMET CHALLENGE and a UNIQUE FOCUS AMONG RESPONSES TO THIS MRC CALL. (ukri.org)

One hundred three rectal swabs, previously genotyped using Sanger sequencing of the ompA gene as a reference method, were tested in the RT-PCR assays. (cdc.gov)

To identify the effectors secreted by this secretion system, we inactivated the essC gene encoding the motor of this machinery. (pasteur.fr)
Increased prevalence of putative DNA exchange regulators was significantly associated with AMR, which included a putative secretion system, methyltransferases and a toxin-antitoxin system. (ox.ac.uk)

Characterization and comparison of intestinal bacterial microbiomes of Euschistus heros and Piezodorus guildinii collected in Brazil and the United States. (usda.gov)

Phylogenetic affiliations of mesopelagic acantharia and acantharian-like environmental 18S rRNA genes off the southern California coast. (mbl.edu)

The genes encoding the toxin are found in an operon consisting of stxA and stxB . (cdc.gov)

Transcriptome analysis further confirmed that the overexpression of ptrX led to the upregulation of the expression of toxin genes, flagellar genes, and csrA. (bvsalud.org)
In the ptrX-overexpressing R20291 strain, PtrX influenced the expression of flagellar genes and the sigma factor gene sigD, possibly through an increased flagellar phase ON configuration ratio. (bvsalud.org)
A comprehensive understanding of host-pathogen interactions requires knowledge of the dynamics of gene expression changes in both the host and the pathogen during a time course of infection. (prelekara.sk)
We report here gene expression changes in both Arabidopsis and its parasite Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) simultaneously during infection using a high-throughput RNA sequencing method. (prelekara.sk)

Broadly speaking, bacterial pathogenesis refers to the study of the origin and progression of a disease which results from infection by bacteria. (bcm.edu)
B. anthracis is an excellent model pathogen to study bacterial pathogenesis. (bcm.edu)

The Giardia lamblia vsp gene repertoire: characteristics, genomic organization, and evolution. (mbl.edu)

[ 18 ] The strategy of triggering cells to enter into persister cell fate is to overproduce the toxins that inhibit cellular processes and growth, which is mediated by toxin-antitoxin modules. (medscape.com)

These genes are encoded in LAA, and are virulence factors that participate in adhesion and autoaggregation. (biomedcentral.com)

This technology provides a critical tool for the spatiotemporal targeting of potent bacterial therapeutics in a variety of biological and clinical scenarios. (nature.com)

In addition, the HUMAN MICROBIOME - the rich and dynamic community of host-associated microorganisms and their genes - is now known to play a decisive role in the balance between health and disease, even in medical conditions not usually considered as microbial in origin (e.g. obesity). (ukri.org)

In an effort to understand the source of bacterial contamination in food poisoning cases, a recent study measured the prevalence of S. argenteus among Japan's retail fresh food and poultry slaughterhouses. (food-safety.com)

As the yeast is not intended for making very strong beer for consumption but ethanol biofuel, toxin production may seem less of a problem, provided the yeast strain can be completely contained, which is well nigh impossible. (i-sis.org.uk)
VAXCHORA ( Cholera Vaccine, Live, Oral) is a live, attenuated bacterial vaccine suspension for oral administration containing the V. cholerae strain CVD 103-HgR. (rxlist.com)
This attenuated strain remains able to synthesize the immunogenic non-toxic B subunit of CT (encoded by the ctxB gene). (rxlist.com)
In addition, a marker was inserted into the hemolysin gene locus (hlyA) to enable differentiation of the vaccine strain from wild type V. cholerae O1. (rxlist.com)

All samples were tested by amplification of a fragment of the 18S rDNA locus, and sequencing showed the presence of Cryptosporidium hominis ( n = 42), C. meleagridis ( n = 20), C. canis ( n = 12), C. felis ( n = 7), C. suis ( n = 6) and C. parvum ( n = 5). (biomedcentral.com)

Tn6218 elements were Tn916-related but nonconjugative and occasionally contained genes conferring resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics. (ox.ac.uk)

Homologous recombination inserts the DNA and disrupts the target gene, allowing rapid selection of cells with the inserted gene. (i-sis.org.uk)

In a study on the polymorphism of QRDR of gyrA/B and parC/E genes, we identified two mutations in gyrA (Ser83→Leu and Asp87→Asn) and parC (Ser80→Ile and Ser83→Leu), respectively. (researchsquare.com)

10 The virulence gene has become a significant marker of pathogenic bacteria. (researchsquare.com)

Furthermore, we present that MAD7 can be utilized for multiplex gene enhancing and that it's efficient in producing indels when mixed with different CRISPR RNA orthologs. (trancheproject.org)

AmpC -lactamases, commonly encoded by bla CMY-2 genes [11]. (cdc.gov)

Insertional transposon mutagenesis is a frequently used technique with the enormous advantage not only of the generation of new phenotypes, but the identification of the mutated gene directly. (proteasomesignaling.com)

To the best of the researchers' knowledge, the study is the first to demonstrate the presence of S. argenteus in a food processing facility and its possible bacterial contamination of food during processing. (food-safety.com)

This report presents the status of AMR in Africa by analysing the main types of resistance and the underlying genes where possible. (who.int)

Anatomy19

Organisms27

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs65

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes82

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care2

Shiga10

Pathogenicity6

Coli6

Plasmid5

Isolates9

PaLoc1

Pathogens4

Genetic14

Escherichia1

MLST4

Genome6

Strains5

Salmonella1

Sequence2

Chromosome1

Proteins1

STEC1

Effector Genes1

Molecular1

Chromosomal2

Lysis2

Protein4

Phage4

Shigella1

Encodes1

Isolate1

Determinant2

Susceptibility1

Genomes1

Assays1

Secretion system2

Characterization1

RRNA1

Operon1

Expression4

Pathogenesis2

Evolution1

Inhibit1

Adhesion1

Potent1

Microorganisms1

Prevalence1

Strain4

Sequencing showed1

Clinically1

Homologous1

Mutations1

Pathogenic1

Multiplex1

Commonly1

Phenotypes1

Study1

Types1