acute
- 2018. Alternative approaches for acute inhalation toxicity testing to address global regulatory and non-regulatory data requirements: An international workshop report. (nih.gov)
- Acute systemic toxicity tests identify chemicals that could cause illness or death after a single exposure. (nih.gov)
- Webinars in this 2016 series explored and discussed alternative approaches that could replace, reduce, or refine the use of animals for identifying chemicals that may cause acute systemic toxicity when inhaled. (nih.gov)
- More than 40 scientists from international regulatory agencies, academia, nongovernmental organizations, and industry attended a workshop organized to develop recommendations for advancing new approaches for acute inhalation toxicity testing. (nih.gov)
- A variety of available alternative test methods can reliably identify potential cytotoxicants, but none can single-handedly assess the multiple mechanisms of acute systemic toxicity following inhalation exposure. (nih.gov)
- If managing an acute or acute-on-chronic ingestion, repeat the salicylate serum level test every 2 hours until the salicylate level falls. (medscape.com)
- The methods differ primarily in the selections made relative to four characteristics: (1) test species, (2) endpoint (acute or chronic), (3) test-enclosure type, and (4) test substance (toxicant) that functions as the environmental stress. (usgs.gov)
- Moreover, both the acute and sub-acute toxicities of ME and DCMF were determined in mice and albino rats with concentrations ranging from 10 to 5000 mg/kg body weight (bwt) respectively. (academicjournals.org)
- uTH BADDIS The Draize Test is an acute toxicity test devised in 1944 by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) toxicologists John H. Draize and Jacob M. Spines. (wikipedia.org)
- Both solid phase (soils and sediment) and aqueous acute toxicity testing (described below) can be conducted using this technology. (wikipedia.org)
- The Microtox Model 500 is a laboratory-based photometer that measures acute toxicity. (wikipedia.org)
- The DeltaTox II is a portable instrument that can be used to conduct acute toxicity and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) testing. (wikipedia.org)
- Microtox Acute Reagent is a freeze-dried culture of Allivibrio fischeri that is reconstituted prior to testing. (wikipedia.org)
vitro
- In addition to the presentations by the main project partners, external speakers were invited to give lectures on relevant topics, both in the field of neurotoxicity and, more generally, on the applicability of hESCs in the development of advanced in vitro tests. (uni-konstanz.de)
- A new article by scientists at Unilever, a corporate member of the HTPC, describes several areas of safety science in which they are using a pathway-based approach to replace traditional animal tests with a combination of human cell-based in vitro assays and computational models. (humantoxicologyproject.org)
- Two major alternatives to in vivo animal testing are in vitro cell culture techniques and in silico computer simulation. (wikipedia.org)
- In August 2010, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) published the Test Guideline 439 which describes the new procedure for in vitro hazard identification of irritant chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
- This interaction can be quickly and accurately tested in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
- Besides systematic reviews, the core evidence-based tool, such approaches include inter alia the establishment and universal use of a common ontology, justified design and rigorous conduct of studies, consistently structured and detailed reporting of experimental evidence, probabilistic uncertainty and risk assessment, and the development of synthesis methodology to integrate evidence from diverse evidence streams, e.g. from human observational studies, animal studies, in vitro studies and in silico modeling. (wikipedia.org)
- Chemicals already shown to have adverse effects in vitro are not currently used in a Draize test, thereby reducing the number and severity of tests that are carried out. (wikipedia.org)
- Microtox is an in vitro testing system which uses bioluminescent bacteria (Allivibrio fischeri, formerly known as Vibrio fischeri) to detect toxic substances in different substrates such as water, air, soils and sediments. (wikipedia.org)
toxicology
- Historically, aquatic toxicology toxicity tests have focused on water-based approaches where concentration of a toxicant is determined by its concentration in the water. (wikipedia.org)
- Since the 1980s, there has been rapid growth in the tissue residue approach to toxicology. (wikipedia.org)
- While microdosing produces important information about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics it does not reveal information about toxicity or toxicology. (wikipedia.org)
- Dr. Holson is an editor and author of the textbook Regulatory Toxicology and an author of two significant chapters in the textbook Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology: A Practical Approach, Second Edition. (wikipedia.org)
- Dr. Holson joined Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) in La Jolla, California during March 1980 to establish research and development and chemical testing programs in toxicology. (wikipedia.org)
- By analogy to evidence-based medicine (EBM), the umbrella term evidence-based toxicology (EBT) has been coined to group all approaches intended to better implement the above-mentioned evidence-based principles in toxicology in general and in toxicological decision-making in particular. (wikipedia.org)
- A main initial impetus for translating evidence-based approaches to toxicology was the need to improve the performance assessment of toxicological test methods. (wikipedia.org)
- Researchers using the systematic review methodology to address toxicological concerns include a group of scientists from government, industry, and academia in North America and the European Union (EU) who have joined together to promote evidence-based approaches to toxicology through the nonprofit Evidence-based Toxicology Collaboration (EBTC). (wikipedia.org)
- The non-profit Evidence-based Toxicology Collaboration (EBTC) comprises a group of scientists and experts with ties to governmental and non-governmental agencies, chemical and pharmaceutical companies, and academia that have banded together to promote the use of what are known as "evidence-based approaches" in toxicology. (wikipedia.org)
- The evidence-based methods and approaches now being proposed for toxicology are widely used in medicine, which is the basis for their nomenclature. (wikipedia.org)
- The need to improve how the performance of toxicological test methods is assessed was the main impetus for translating these tools to toxicology. (wikipedia.org)
- The EBTC foresees that the evidence-based approach will provide similar benefits to toxicology, especially at a time when remarkable advances in biochemistry and molecular biology are enhancing scientists' ability to understand the nature and mechanisms of the adverse effects that can be caused by chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
- The EBTC is translating the tools used in evidence-based medicine (EBM) to toxicology, as well as developing new approaches to respond to the challenges presented by the discipline of toxicology. (wikipedia.org)
- In aquatic toxicology, the sediment quality triad (SQT) approach has been used as an assessment tool to evaluate the extent of sediment degradation resulting from contaminants released due to human activity present in aquatic environments (Chapman, 1990). (wikipedia.org)
assays
- Altogether, ESNATS offered the first proof of concept that hESCs can be used to create robust, reproducible and ready-to use test assays for predicting human toxicity. (uni-konstanz.de)
neurotoxicity
- Neurotoxicity, or nerve toxicity, is a potential side-effect of new drugs. (wikipedia.org)
extrapolation
- Interpretation complication can be caused by choice of endpoints, species choice, life stage sensitivity, data quality, and toxicity data extrapolation. (wikipedia.org)
- While laboratory based experiments simplify a complex and dynamic environment, toxicity results allow the potential for field extrapolation. (wikipedia.org)
Sediment
- Sediment tests have had limited application, but they are useful because most toxicants tend to accumulate in sediments and many test species either inhabit the sediments or are in frequent contact with them. (usgs.gov)
- sediment toxicity tests using aquatic organisms, and 3. (wikipedia.org)
- Although the SQT approach does not provide a cause-and-effect relationship linking concentrations of individual chemicals to adverse biological effects, it does provide an assessment of sediment quality commonly used to explain sediment characteristics quantitatively. (wikipedia.org)
- During analysis, sediment chemistry data does not depend strictly on comparisons to sediment quality guidelines when utilizing the triad approach. (wikipedia.org)
- Once the chemical composition of the sediment is determined and the most concerning contaminants have been identified, toxicity tests are conducted to link environmental concentrations to potential adverse effects. (wikipedia.org)
- Sediment toxicity is evaluated based on bioassay analysis. (wikipedia.org)
- The toxicity tests are conducted with respect to the chemicals of concern at environmentally relevant concentrations identified by the sediment chemistry portion of the triad approach. (wikipedia.org)
mixtures
- Additivity approaches may be useful for estimating toxicity of mixtures. (nih.gov)
- Ambient testing, whereby the test organism is exposed to naturally occurring substances that contain toxicant mixtures in an organic or inorganic matrix, is more likely to meet these needs than are procedures that call for exposure of the test organisms to known concentrations of a single toxicant. (usgs.gov)
assessment
- Integrated approaches to testing and assessment will be needed to use these systems in ways that address the breadth of mechanisms, ensure good coverage of the relevant chemical landscape, and leverage the collective strengths of these methods and complementary non-testing approaches. (nih.gov)
- Comprehensive assessment of the quality of natural waters requires a multifaceted approach. (usgs.gov)
- However, all toxicity-testing procedures have certain limitations that must be considered in developing the methodology and applications of toxicity testing in any large-scale water-quality-assessment program. (usgs.gov)
- Metabonomic assessment of toxicity of 4-fluoroaniline, 3, 5-difluoroaniline and 2-fluoro-4-methylaniline to the earthworm Eisenia veneta (Rosa): Identification of new endogenous biomarkers. (springer.com)
- The U.S. National Research Council (NRC) concurs that new means of assessment are needed to keep pace with recent advances in the development of toxicological test methods, capitalizing on enhanced scientific understanding through modern biochemistry and molecular biology. (wikipedia.org)
- At the workshop, speakers presented the concept of EBT as it pertains to decision-making about the utility of new toxicity tests and their implementation into the risk assessment process. (wikipedia.org)
toxicological test methods
- EBTC scientists are promoting and conducting systematic reviews of toxicological test methods. (wikipedia.org)
aquatic
- USEPA has also recently published draft aquatic life criteria for selenium using a tissue-based approach. (wikipedia.org)
therapeutic
- The remainder must be tested for their selective toxicities and therapeutic activities, and the best candidates can be examined and possibly modified. (wikipedia.org)
skin irritancy
- Other alternatives include the use of humans for skin irritancy tests and donated human blood for pyrogenicity studies. (wikipedia.org)
- In the Draize test for skin irritancy, the test substances are applied to skin that is shaved and abraded (several layers of skin are removed with sticky tape), then covered with plastic sheeting. (wikipedia.org)
organisms
- Based on experimentation designed to monitor responses of organisms to environmental stresses, toxicity testing may have diverse purposes in water-quality assessments. (usgs.gov)
- To conduct such a screen, isolates of many different microorganisms are cultured and then tested for production of diffusible products that inhibit the growth of test organisms. (wikipedia.org)
- Differences in mechanisms of exposure and organism physiology must be taken into account when selecting your test organisms, and you must be able to adequately justify the use of that organism. (wikipedia.org)
substance
- The ambient test substance may be water or sediments. (usgs.gov)
- Initially used for testing cosmetics, the procedure involves applying 0.5mL or 0.5g of a test substance to the eye or skin of a restrained, conscious animal, and then leaving it for set amount of time before rinsing it out and recording its effects. (wikipedia.org)
- Microtox utilizes a bioluminescent bacteria (Allivibrio fischeri) to determine the toxicity of a particular substance and/or substrate. (wikipedia.org)
Develop
- The ESNATS project was an FP7 European Integrated Project, running from 2008 to 2013, the aim of which was to develop a novel toxicity testing platform based on embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and in particular, human ESC (hESCs), to accelerate drug development, reduce related R&D costs, and propose a powerful alternative to animal tests in the spirit of the Three Rs principles. (uni-konstanz.de)
- In 1954, fallout from a nuclear weapons test on Bikini Island in the South Pacific caused Marshall Islanders to develop burns of the feet from β radiation, a prompt effect that is only skin deep. (aappublications.org)
Furthermore
- Furthermore, because sensitivities among different species and test conditions can be highly variable, conclusions about the toxicant problems of an ecosystem are strongly dependent on the test procedure used. (usgs.gov)
chemicals
- In general, tissue residue approaches are used for chemicals that bioaccumulate or for bioaccumulative chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
- The water-based approach has been re-evaluated due to challenges in assessing the toxicity of bioaccumulating chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
- Tissue residue approaches are not as useful for chemicals with short half-lives because an organism will only be sporadically exposed. (wikipedia.org)
- This sensitive and rapid testing analyser has the ability to detect microbial contamination, as well as more than 2,700 different chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
analyses
- Toxicity-test results are most effective when used as a complement to chemical analyses, hydrologic measurements, and other biological monitoring. (usgs.gov)
- If sufficient data is generated, minimum significant differences (MSDs) are calculated using power analyses and applied to toxicity tests to determine the difference between statistical difference and ecological relevance. (wikipedia.org)
organism
- This approach has many advantages for studying organism-environment interactions and for assessing organism function and health at the molecular level. (springer.com)
- Water-based approaches are not always an accurate estimation of the concentration of a bioaccumulating chemical in an organism, nor does the water-based approach incorporate the multiple routes of exposure of an organism to a toxicant and the additive effects across these routes. (wikipedia.org)
- Standard bioassay toxicity tests are utilized and are not organism restricted (Chapman, 1997). (wikipedia.org)
- Often pilot studies are utilized to assist in the selection of the appropriate test organism and end points. (wikipedia.org)
exposure
- The toxicity of salicylates does not always correlate well with serum levels, and the levels are often less helpful in patients with long term exposure. (medscape.com)
- A Tissue residue approach to toxicity testing is considered a more direct and less variable measure of chemical exposure and is less dependent on external environmental factors than measuring the concentration of a chemical in the exposure media. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition to the aforementioned advantages of tissue residue use, the U.S. EPA also states that this approach explicitly considers exposure through diet, will support identification and investigation of a chemical's mode of action, incorporate the effects of an organism's metabolism on accumulation and allow for experimental verification between lab and field studies. (wikipedia.org)
- The 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) Phototoxicity Test, approved by the OECD, detects the viability of 3T3 cells after exposure to a chemical in the presence or absence of light. (wikipedia.org)
evidence-based approaches
- Evidence-based approaches were first conceived as a means of anchoring policy decisions, not to current practices or the beliefs of experts, but to experimental evidence. (wikipedia.org)
implementation
- Alternatives to animal testing are the development and implementation of test methods that avoid the use of live animals. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1971, before the implementation in 1981 of the modern Draize protocol, toxicologists Carrol Weil and Robert Scala of Carnegie Mellon University distributed three test substances for comparative analysis to 24 different university and state laboratories. (wikipedia.org)
principles
- Currently accepted guidelines for inhalation toxicity tests share core principles. (nih.gov)
- Guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in testing are the Three Rs (3Rs) first described by Russell and Burch in 1959. (wikipedia.org)
- These principles are now followed in many testing establishments worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
concentrations
- Patients with salicylate concentrations approaching or exceeding 100 mg/dL usually have serious or life-threatening toxicity. (medscape.com)
chronic
- Patients with chronic poisoning who have levels of 60 mg/dL or greater often have serious toxicity. (medscape.com)
endpoints
- These bioassay tests evaluate effects based on different toxicological endpoints. (wikipedia.org)
prothrombin
- Obtain liver function tests (LFTs), prothrombin time, and/or activated partial thromboplastin time. (medscape.com)
inhibition
- This involves screening directed towards finding new natural products that inhibit a specific target, such as an enzyme only found in the target pathogen, rather than tests to show general inhibition of a culture. (wikipedia.org)
- This change can be used to calculate a percent inhibition of Allivibrio fischeri that directly correlates to toxicity. (wikipedia.org)
signs
- Send cultures of blood and urine for testing if signs of infection and fever are present. (medscape.com)
- Signs and symptoms of toxicity begin to appear at levels higher than 30 mg/dL. (medscape.com)
- The animals are observed for up to 14 days for signs of erythema and edema in the skin test, and redness, swelling, discharge, ulceration, hemorrhaging, cloudiness, or blindness in the tested eye. (wikipedia.org)
Draize
- This method has been accepted by the EU and is intended to replace the Draize rabbit skin irritation test. (wikipedia.org)
- Because of its controversial nature, the use of the Draize test in the U.S. and Europe has declined in recent years and is sometimes modified so that anaesthetics are administered and lower doses of the test substances used. (wikipedia.org)
- The following year Draize joined the FDA, and was soon promoted to head of the Dermal and Ocular Toxicity Branch where he was charged with developing methods for testing the side effects of cosmetic products. (wikipedia.org)
- A 2004 study by the U.S. Scientific Advisory Committee on Alternative Toxicological Methods analyzed the modern Draize skin test. (wikipedia.org)
- According to the British Research Defence Society, the Draize eye test is now a "very mild test," in which small amounts of substances are used and are washed out of the eye at the first sign of irritation. (wikipedia.org)
environmental
- Finally, we critically evaluate the contribution that metabolomics has made to the environmental sciences, and highlight and discuss recommendations to advance our understanding of the environment, ecology and evolution using a metabolomics approach. (springer.com)
- Microtox was developed by Azur Environmental (formerly Microbics Corporation) in 1979 as a cost effective alternative to toxicity tests available at the time. (wikipedia.org)
Initial
- Initial and serial salicylate levels are important in the evaluation of salicylate toxicity. (medscape.com)
sediments
- Since its inception, Microtox has become a standard method for testing the toxicity of water as well as other substrates such as soils and sediments. (wikipedia.org)
- This analyser is a temperature-controlled, self-calibrating biosensor measuring system that uses the bioluminescence of Allivibrio fischeri to determine the toxicity of contaminated water, or elutriates of contaminated soils and sediments. (wikipedia.org)
methods
- A wide variety of toxicity-test methods have been developed to fulfill the needs of diverse applications. (usgs.gov)
- Biochemical testing methods, which have been developing rapidly in recent years, are likely to be among the most useful procedures for large-scale water-quality assessments. (usgs.gov)
- One of the most informative approaches to toxicity testing is to combine biochemical tests with other test methods in a 'battery of tests' that is diversified enough to characterize different types of toxicants and different trophic levels. (usgs.gov)
- Another approach has been the development of test methods that use cultured human cells. (wikipedia.org)
- to support and fund better methods of scientific and medical research for testing products and curing disease which replace the use of animals. (wikipedia.org)
inform
- These inform both essential testing needs to be addressed by alternative approaches and opportunities for existing information to enable waivers of required testing. (nih.gov)
often
- Toxicity tests often are not sensitive enough to enable detection of most contaminant problems in the natural environment. (usgs.gov)
data
- Overall, tissue residue is meant to compliment data from water-based approaches, not replace them. (wikipedia.org)
include
- In addition to the tests listed above, laboratory studies for altered mental status may include serum osmolality, alcohol, and ketones. (medscape.com)
Results
- The main achievements and results of the ESNATS project (Embryonic Stem Cell-based Novel Alternative Testing Strategies) were presented at the final project conference that was held on 15 September 2013, the day before the traditional EUSAAT (European Society for Alternatives to Animal Testing) Congress in Linz, Austria. (uni-konstanz.de)
- However, meaningful interpretation of ambient test results depends on the existence of accompanying chemical analysis of the ambient media. (usgs.gov)
- Microtox Continuous Toxicity Monitor (CTM) is a site-specific Microtox analyser that continuously measures the toxicity of a water source and provides results instantly. (wikipedia.org)
limitations
- Therefore, each test method has particular uses and limitations, and no single test has universal applicability. (usgs.gov)
- EBT has the potential to address concerns in the toxicological community about the limitations of current approaches to assessing the state of the science. (wikipedia.org)
human
- Human skin equivalent tests can be used to replace animal-based corrosive and irritative studies. (wikipedia.org)
- A skinpatch test has been designed and is used in Canada to measure development of rashes, inflammation, swelling or abnormal tissue growth on human volunteers. (wikipedia.org)
- Dr Coleman's team has identified three human cell lines which might act as a suitable model for the astrocytes - in preliminary tests all behave similarly to astrocytes. (wikipedia.org)
species
- When choosing tissue, a scientist needs to consider: mode and mechanism of action of chemical being tested, site of toxic action for the chemical and species combination being studied and strength of the tissue residue-response relationship. (wikipedia.org)
- This is done through conducting field-based tests, which analyze changes in benthic community structures focusing on changes in number of species, abundance, and percentage of major taxonomic groups (Chapman, 1997). (wikipedia.org)
- The test subject is commonly an albino rabbit, though other species are used too, including dogs. (wikipedia.org)
strongly
- Confirmation by means of gas chromatography and/or mass spectrometry is strongly recommended when test findings are positive for amphetamines. (medscape.com)
Alternatives
- All individuals affiliated with the organization are volunteers, except those serving in the organisation's secretariat, which is sponsored by the Johns Hopkins University's Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT). (wikipedia.org)
available
- Prior to Microtox, the majority of toxicity tests available for water specifically focused on fish and daphnids. (wikipedia.org)
known
- Also known as the portable version of the Microtox Model 500, this device provides simple testing, uses small sample sizes, and is a cost effective approach to analyzing water samples. (wikipedia.org)
Perform
- Perform pregnancy tests in women of childbearing age. (medscape.com)
- These cells may play a crucial role in neurodegenerative disease but there has been no model on which to perform tests - but this may be about to change. (wikipedia.org)
serious
- They found that tests would: Misidentify a serious irritant as safe: 0-0.01% Misidentify a mild irritant as safe: 3.7%-5.5% Misidentify a serious irritant as a mild irritant: 10.3%-38.7% According to the American National Anti-Vivisection Society, solutions of products are applied directly into the animals' eyes, which can cause "intense burning, itching and pain. (wikipedia.org)