- toxicology
- Historically, aquatic toxicology toxicity tests have focused on water-based approaches where concentration of a toxicant is determined by its concentration in the water. (wikipedia.org)
- Since the 1980s, there has been rapid growth in the tissue residue approach to toxicology. (wikipedia.org)
- While microdosing produces important information about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics it does not reveal information about toxicity or toxicology. (wikipedia.org)
- Dr. Holson is an editor and author of the textbook Regulatory Toxicology and an author of two significant chapters in the textbook Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology: A Practical Approach, Second Edition. (wikipedia.org)
- Dr. Holson joined Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) in La Jolla, California during March 1980 to establish research and development and chemical testing programs in toxicology. (wikipedia.org)
- By analogy to evidence-based medicine (EBM), the umbrella term evidence-based toxicology (EBT) has been coined to group all approaches intended to better implement the above-mentioned evidence-based principles in toxicology in general and in toxicological decision-making in particular. (wikipedia.org)
- A main initial impetus for translating evidence-based approaches to toxicology was the need to improve the performance assessment of toxicological test methods. (wikipedia.org)
- Researchers using the systematic review methodology to address toxicological concerns include a group of scientists from government, industry, and academia in North America and the European Union (EU) who have joined together to promote evidence-based approaches to toxicology through the nonprofit Evidence-based Toxicology Collaboration (EBTC). (wikipedia.org)
- In aquatic toxicology, the sediment quality triad (SQT) approach has been used as an assessment tool to evaluate the extent of sediment degradation resulting from contaminants released due to human activity present in aquatic environments (Chapman, 1990). (wikipedia.org)
- Examples of applied research include testing disease treatments, breeding, defense research and toxicology, including cosmetics testing. (wikipedia.org)
- The non-profit Evidence-based Toxicology Collaboration (EBTC) comprises a group of scientists and experts with ties to governmental and non-governmental agencies, chemical and pharmaceutical companies, and academia that have banded together to promote the use of what are known as "evidence-based approaches" in toxicology. (wikipedia.org)
- The evidence-based methods and approaches now being proposed for toxicology are widely used in medicine, which is the basis for their nomenclature. (wikipedia.org)
- The need to improve how the performance of toxicological test methods is assessed was the main impetus for translating these tools to toxicology. (wikipedia.org)
- The EBTC foresees that the evidence-based approach will provide similar benefits to toxicology, especially at a time when remarkable advances in biochemistry and molecular biology are enhancing scientists' ability to understand the nature and mechanisms of the adverse effects that can be caused by chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
- The EBTC is translating the tools used in evidence-based medicine (EBM) to toxicology, as well as developing new approaches to respond to the challenges presented by the discipline of toxicology. (wikipedia.org)
- acute
- The methods differ primarily in the selections made relative to four characteristics: (1) test species, (2) endpoint (acute or chronic), (3) test-enclosure type, and (4) test substance (toxicant) that functions as the environmental stress. (usgs.gov)
- Moreover, both the acute and sub-acute toxicities of ME and DCMF were determined in mice and albino rats with concentrations ranging from 10 to 5000 mg/kg body weight (bwt) respectively. (academicjournals.org)
- uTH BADDIS The Draize Test is an acute toxicity test devised in 1944 by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) toxicologists John H. Draize and Jacob M. Spines. (wikipedia.org)
- extrapolation
- Interpretation complication can be caused by choice of endpoints, species choice, life stage sensitivity, data quality, and toxicity data extrapolation. (wikipedia.org)
- While laboratory based experiments simplify a complex and dynamic environment, toxicity results allow the potential for field extrapolation. (wikipedia.org)
- toxicological test methods
- The U.S. National Research Council (NRC) concurs that new means of assessment are needed to keep pace with recent advances in the development of toxicological test methods, capitalizing on enhanced scientific understanding through modern biochemistry and molecular biology. (wikipedia.org)
- EBTC scientists are promoting and conducting systematic reviews of toxicological test methods. (wikipedia.org)
- aquatic
- USEPA has also recently published draft aquatic life criteria for selenium using a tissue-based approach. (wikipedia.org)
- sediment toxicity tests using aquatic organisms, and 3. (wikipedia.org)
- skin irritancy
- Other alternatives include the use of humans for skin irritancy tests and donated human blood for pyrogenicity studies. (wikipedia.org)
- In the Draize test for skin irritancy, the test substances are applied to skin that is shaved and abraded (several layers of skin are removed with sticky tape), then covered with plastic sheeting. (wikipedia.org)
- vitro
- A new article by scientists at Unilever, a corporate member of the HTPC, describes several areas of safety science in which they are using a pathway-based approach to replace traditional animal tests with a combination of human cell-based in vitro assays and computational models. (humantoxicologyproject.org)
- Two major alternatives to in vivo animal testing are in vitro cell culture techniques and in silico computer simulation. (wikipedia.org)
- In August 2010, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) published the Test Guideline 439 which describes the new procedure for in vitro hazard identification of irritant chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
- This interaction can be quickly and accurately tested in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
- Besides systematic reviews, the core evidence-based tool, such approaches include inter alia the establishment and universal use of a common ontology, justified design and rigorous conduct of studies, consistently structured and detailed reporting of experimental evidence, probabilistic uncertainty and risk assessment, and the development of synthesis methodology to integrate evidence from diverse evidence streams, e.g. from human observational studies, animal studies, in vitro studies and in silico modeling. (wikipedia.org)
- Chemicals already shown to have adverse effects in vitro are not currently used in a Draize test, thereby reducing the number and severity of tests that are carried out. (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore
- Furthermore, because sensitivities among different species and test conditions can be highly variable, conclusions about the toxicant problems of an ecosystem are strongly dependent on the test procedure used. (usgs.gov)
- analyses
- Toxicity-test results are most effective when used as a complement to chemical analyses, hydrologic measurements, and other biological monitoring. (usgs.gov)
- If sufficient data is generated, minimum significant differences (MSDs) are calculated using power analyses and applied to toxicity tests to determine the difference between statistical difference and ecological relevance. (wikipedia.org)
- organism
- Ambient testing, whereby the test organism is exposed to naturally occurring substances that contain toxicant mixtures in an organic or inorganic matrix, is more likely to meet these needs than are procedures that call for exposure of the test organisms to known concentrations of a single toxicant. (usgs.gov)
- Water-based approaches are not always an accurate estimation of the concentration of a bioaccumulating chemical in an organism, nor does the water-based approach incorporate the multiple routes of exposure of an organism to a toxicant and the additive effects across these routes. (wikipedia.org)
- Tissue residue approaches are not as useful for chemicals with short half-lives because an organism will only be sporadically exposed. (wikipedia.org)
- Standard bioassay toxicity tests are utilized and are not organism restricted (Chapman, 1997). (wikipedia.org)
- Differences in mechanisms of exposure and organism physiology must be taken into account when selecting your test organisms, and you must be able to adequately justify the use of that organism. (wikipedia.org)
- Often pilot studies are utilized to assist in the selection of the appropriate test organism and end points. (wikipedia.org)
- The focus of animal testing varies on a continuum from pure research, focusing on developing fundamental knowledge of an organism, to applied research, which may focus on answering some question of great practical importance, such as finding a cure for a disease. (wikipedia.org)
- evidence-based approaches
- Evidence-based approaches were first conceived as a means of anchoring policy decisions, not to current practices or the beliefs of experts, but to experimental evidence. (wikipedia.org)
- implementation
- Alternatives to animal testing are the development and implementation of test methods that avoid the use of live animals. (wikipedia.org)
- At the workshop, speakers presented the concept of EBT as it pertains to decision-making about the utility of new toxicity tests and their implementation into the risk assessment process. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1971, before the implementation in 1981 of the modern Draize protocol, toxicologists Carrol Weil and Robert Scala of Carnegie Mellon University distributed three test substances for comparative analysis to 24 different university and state laboratories. (wikipedia.org)
- liver
- Obtain liver function tests (LFTs), prothrombin time, and/or activated partial thromboplastin time. (medscape.com)
- mice
- At the whole-animal level, we find that ALKBH7 deficiency confers increased resistance to MMS-induced toxicity in male but not female mice. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- endpoints
- These bioassay tests evaluate effects based on different toxicological endpoints. (wikipedia.org)
- Draize
- This method has been accepted by the EU and is intended to replace the Draize rabbit skin irritation test. (wikipedia.org)
- Because of its controversial nature, the use of the Draize test in the U.S. and Europe has declined in recent years and is sometimes modified so that anaesthetics are administered and lower doses of the test substances used. (wikipedia.org)
- The following year Draize joined the FDA, and was soon promoted to head of the Dermal and Ocular Toxicity Branch where he was charged with developing methods for testing the side effects of cosmetic products. (wikipedia.org)
- A 2004 study by the U.S. Scientific Advisory Committee on Alternative Toxicological Methods analyzed the modern Draize skin test. (wikipedia.org)
- According to the British Research Defence Society, the Draize eye test is now a "very mild test," in which small amounts of substances are used and are washed out of the eye at the first sign of irritation. (wikipedia.org)
- procedure
- Initially used for testing cosmetics, the procedure involves applying 0.5mL or 0.5g of a test substance to the eye or skin of a restrained, conscious animal, and then leaving it for set amount of time before rinsing it out and recording its effects. (wikipedia.org)
- experimental
- In addition to the aforementioned advantages of tissue residue use, the U.S. EPA also states that this approach explicitly considers exposure through diet, will support identification and investigation of a chemical's mode of action, incorporate the effects of an organism's metabolism on accumulation and allow for experimental verification between lab and field studies. (wikipedia.org)
- Experimental research with animals is usually conducted in universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, defense establishments and commercial facilities that provide animal-testing services to industry. (wikipedia.org)
- he introduced animal testing as an experimental method of testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients. (wikipedia.org)
- Sediment
- Sediment tests have had limited application, but they are useful because most toxicants tend to accumulate in sediments and many test species either inhabit the sediments or are in frequent contact with them. (usgs.gov)
- Although the SQT approach does not provide a cause-and-effect relationship linking concentrations of individual chemicals to adverse biological effects, it does provide an assessment of sediment quality commonly used to explain sediment characteristics quantitatively. (wikipedia.org)
- During analysis, sediment chemistry data does not depend strictly on comparisons to sediment quality guidelines when utilizing the triad approach. (wikipedia.org)
- Once the chemical composition of the sediment is determined and the most concerning contaminants have been identified, toxicity tests are conducted to link environmental concentrations to potential adverse effects. (wikipedia.org)
- Sediment toxicity is evaluated based on bioassay analysis. (wikipedia.org)
- The toxicity tests are conducted with respect to the chemicals of concern at environmentally relevant concentrations identified by the sediment chemistry portion of the triad approach. (wikipedia.org)
- biological
- Toxicity testing is one type of biological monitoring that can be used to identify possible effects of toxic contaminants. (usgs.gov)
- Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. (wikipedia.org)
- chemicals
- In general, tissue residue approaches are used for chemicals that bioaccumulate or for bioaccumulative chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
- The water-based approach has been re-evaluated due to challenges in assessing the toxicity of bioaccumulating chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
- assessment
- Comprehensive assessment of the quality of natural waters requires a multifaceted approach. (usgs.gov)
- However, all toxicity-testing procedures have certain limitations that must be considered in developing the methodology and applications of toxicity testing in any large-scale water-quality-assessment program. (usgs.gov)
- substance
- The ambient test substance may be water or sediments. (usgs.gov)
- vivo
- The terms animal testing, animal experimentation, animal research, in vivo testing, and vivisection have similar denotations but different connotations. (wikipedia.org)
- methods
- A wide variety of toxicity-test methods have been developed to fulfill the needs of diverse applications. (usgs.gov)
- Biochemical testing methods, which have been developing rapidly in recent years, are likely to be among the most useful procedures for large-scale water-quality assessments. (usgs.gov)
- One of the most informative approaches to toxicity testing is to combine biochemical tests with other test methods in a 'battery of tests' that is diversified enough to characterize different types of toxicants and different trophic levels. (usgs.gov)
- Another approach has been the development of test methods that use cultured human cells. (wikipedia.org)
- to support and fund better methods of scientific and medical research for testing products and curing disease which replace the use of animals. (wikipedia.org)
- establishments
- These principles are now followed in many testing establishments worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
- limitations
- Therefore, each test method has particular uses and limitations, and no single test has universal applicability. (usgs.gov)
- EBT has the potential to address concerns in the toxicological community about the limitations of current approaches to assessing the state of the science. (wikipedia.org)
- species
- When choosing tissue, a scientist needs to consider: mode and mechanism of action of chemical being tested, site of toxic action for the chemical and species combination being studied and strength of the tissue residue-response relationship. (wikipedia.org)
- This is done through conducting field-based tests, which analyze changes in benthic community structures focusing on changes in number of species, abundance, and percentage of major taxonomic groups (Chapman, 1997). (wikipedia.org)
- The test subject is commonly an albino rabbit, though other species are used too, including dogs. (wikipedia.org)
- laboratory
- In addition to the tests listed above, laboratory studies for altered mental status may include serum osmolality, alcohol, and ketones. (medscape.com)
- exposure
- A Tissue residue approach to toxicity testing is considered a more direct and less variable measure of chemical exposure and is less dependent on external environmental factors than measuring the concentration of a chemical in the exposure media. (wikipedia.org)
- The 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) Phototoxicity Test, approved by the OECD, detects the viability of 3T3 cells after exposure to a chemical in the presence or absence of light. (wikipedia.org)
- different
- To conduct such a screen, isolates of many different microorganisms are cultured and then tested for production of diffusible products that inhibit the growth of test organisms. (wikipedia.org)
- Results
- However, meaningful interpretation of ambient test results depends on the existence of accompanying chemical analysis of the ambient media. (usgs.gov)
- often
- Toxicity tests often are not sensitive enough to enable detection of most contaminant problems in the natural environment. (usgs.gov)
- strongly
- Confirmation by means of gas chromatography and/or mass spectrometry is strongly recommended when test findings are positive for amphetamines. (medscape.com)
- potential
- Neurotoxicity, or nerve toxicity, is a potential side-effect of new drugs. (wikipedia.org)
- environmental
- Based on experimentation designed to monitor responses of organisms to environmental stresses, toxicity testing may have diverse purposes in water-quality assessments. (usgs.gov)
- Perform
- Perform pregnancy tests in women of childbearing age. (medscape.com)
- These cells may play a crucial role in neurodegenerative disease but there has been no model on which to perform tests - but this may be about to change. (wikipedia.org)
- involves
- This involves screening directed towards finding new natural products that inhibit a specific target, such as an enzyme only found in the target pathogen, rather than tests to show general inhibition of a culture. (wikipedia.org)
- data
- Overall, tissue residue is meant to compliment data from water-based approaches, not replace them. (wikipedia.org)
- effects
- The use of tissue residues in assessing toxicity and bioaccumulation may also be referred to as the tissue residue-effects approach (TRA), critical body residue (CBR) or tissue residue-based toxicity tests. (wikipedia.org)
- The function of the toxicity portion of the triad approach is to allow you to estimate the effects in the field. (wikipedia.org)
- replace
- Human skin equivalent tests can be used to replace animal-based corrosive and irritative studies. (wikipedia.org)
- typically
- Animals are typically reused after a "wash out" period during which all traces of the tested product are allowed to disperse from the test site. (wikipedia.org)
- purposes
- Animals may be re-used for testing purposes if the product tested causes no permanent damage. (wikipedia.org)
- References
- The earliest references to animal testing are found in the writings of the Greeks in the 2nd and 4th centuries BCE. (wikipedia.org)
- animal
- In education, animal testing is sometimes a component of biology or psychology courses. (wikipedia.org)
- All individuals affiliated with the organization are volunteers, except those serving in the organisation's secretariat, which is sponsored by the Johns Hopkins University's Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT). (wikipedia.org)
- program
- A more modern version of this approach is a rational design program. (wikipedia.org)
- products
- They found that tests would: Misidentify a serious irritant as safe: 0-0.01% Misidentify a mild irritant as safe: 3.7%-5.5% Misidentify a serious irritant as a mild irritant: 10.3%-38.7% According to the American National Anti-Vivisection Society, solutions of products are applied directly into the animals' eyes, which can cause "intense burning, itching and pain. (wikipedia.org)
- Patients
- Patients complaining of chest pain should undergo electrocardiographic testing and monitoring. (medscape.com)
- positive test
- It is nonspecific, and positive test findings only indicate presence of an amphetamine drug class. (medscape.com)
- human
- A skinpatch test has been designed and is used in Canada to measure development of rashes, inflammation, swelling or abnormal tissue growth on human volunteers. (wikipedia.org)
- Dr Coleman's team has identified three human cell lines which might act as a suitable model for the astrocytes - in preliminary tests all behave similarly to astrocytes. (wikipedia.org)
- field
- This approach can be contrasted with field studies in which animals are observed in their natural environments. (wikipedia.org)
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