• Coyotes rely heavily on their strong teeth and jaws to obtain food and survive in the wild. (floofmania.com)
  • The great barracuda has jaws full of razor-sharp teeth that can cut its food in half. (irvinelake.net)
  • It had 64 teeth, similar to the jaws of a crocodile. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Although brown bears ( Ursus arctos ) primarily eat salmon and berries, they have some pretty huge jaws - and a bite to match. (yahoo.com)
  • In addition - also relative to weight - its jaws are slightly shorter, which increases the leverage for biting. (yahoo.com)
  • in fact, even fossil hominins with the largest teeth and jaws probably shared this genetic change with us. (johnhawks.net)
  • In the last sentence of their discussion, Stedman and colleagues advanced a provocative hypothesis: Not only did Homo have smaller jaws and teeth, but reducing the jaw muscles may have enabled the evolution of larger brain size. (johnhawks.net)
  • If an alligator bites you, don't try to pry its jaws open. (yahoo.com)
  • A simple anterior cross bite refers to a condition where the upper front teeth sit behind the lower front teeth when the jaws are closed. (proprofs.com)
  • If thumb sucking continues more than this age it can cater to the normal growth of the jaws and can also create a misalignment of the front teeth. (invisibraces.com)
  • These massive molars can bite with a force of 60 to 70 newtons. (irvinelake.net)
  • Such foods presumably would be fractured on the molars and premolars using high bite forces (if they were instead fractured using stone tools, then microwear would not detect evidence of hard-object feeding). (nature.com)
  • This hypothesis predicts that the cranium of A. sediba is structurally strong in response to feeding loads, and that it is able to efficiently generate high bite forces on its molars and premolars. (nature.com)
  • To see just where this tooth strength came from, researchers tested the canines and molars from preserved sea otter skulls, using a machine that measured the force needed to chip the enamel. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Your molars are particularly vulnerable to cracks because they absorb most of the force during chewing. (colgate.com)
  • University of Sydney researchers have found chewing and biting to be the cause of adult teeth breaking through the gums rather than an innate, unknown force. (edu.au)
  • You'll find those gums can still generate quite a bit of force. (huggies.com)
  • Some examples of dental health products include Dentitox, Steel Bite Pro, and G-Force Teeth & Gums. (affiliatesummit.com)
  • Similarly, teeth sometimes lack space to erupt and stay hidden in the gums. (smilefocus.com.sg)
  • Most patients with frictional keratosis have no symptoms, with the exception of those with aggressive cheek and lip biting habits. (medscape.com)
  • Cheek and lip biting had a point prevalence of 3.05% and ranked third in oral lesion prevalence, while frictional keratosis had a point prevalence of 2.67% and ranked fourth. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] In the same national survey, when 10,030 children aged 2-17 years were evaluated, the point prevalence for cheek and lip biting was 1.89% and 0.26% for frictional keratosis. (medscape.com)
  • In a Danish study of 20,333 people aged 15 years and older, the prevalences of cheek and lip biting and frictional keratosis were slightly higher than those reported in the US studies. (medscape.com)
  • These animals can use their teeth for everything from picking apart smaller prey to cleaning their coats and removing pests like ticks to even gently picking up their young! (floofmania.com)
  • Shark teeth both pierce and cut their prey, which is viscoelastic and structurally and materially heterogeneous. (improbable.com)
  • We propose a device for testing the function of shark teeth in a biologically relevant context with respect to their movement relative to the prey. (improbable.com)
  • We used this device to test whether tooth shape has an effect on cutting efficiency on a large actinopterygian prey item (salmon) and how quickly teeth dull. (improbable.com)
  • There was not a significant effect of tooth shape on the area of prey cut per linear distance traveled. (improbable.com)
  • The inner row of barracuda teeth is meant to hold prey fish rather than chew them for digestion. (irvinelake.net)
  • Smilodon is thought to have killed its prey by holding it still with its forelimbs and biting it, but it is unclear in what manner the bite itself was delivered. (wikipedia.org)
  • Though hyenas are relatively small compared to other animals on this list, their hefty bite allows them to easily chow down on prey such as the giraffe in the background. (yahoo.com)
  • With 80 to 100 teeth, bottlenose dolphins have ample force to bite and tear their prey. (listverse.com)
  • With such a heavy bite force, they successfully prey on large animals such as deer , alligators , and even tortoises . (a-z-animals.com)
  • They ambush their prey and usually kill them with a single bite to the skull, but may also use other tactics. (a-z-animals.com)
  • If you ever come across an article about coyotes four " carnassial teeth ," these are really just the upper premolar 4 for the top two and lower molar 1 for the bottom two. (floofmania.com)
  • Here we show that MH1, the type specimen of A. sediba , was not optimized to produce high molar bite force and appears to have been limited in its ability to consume foods that were mechanically challenging to eat. (nature.com)
  • Both models were subjected to loads simulating maximal bites on the left upper third premolar (P 3 ) and left upper second molar (M 2 ), under the assumption that the chewing muscles were acting at peak activity levels on both sides of the cranium. (nature.com)
  • The wear on the occlusal surfaces of the molar teeth suggests that the patient had a habit of bruxism. (medscape.com)
  • There were a number of hypotheses surrounding how adult teeth erupted. (edu.au)
  • So we developed the theory that perhaps soft tissue dental follicle around unerupted adult teeth acts as a mechanosensor in response to biting forces and remodels surrounding bone in a way that carries the tooth to the mouth. (edu.au)
  • However, when the pups turn four or five months old, their milk teeth fall out and are replaced by stronger, permanent "adult teeth. (floofmania.com)
  • Like all big cats, baby jaguars first develop milk or deciduous teeth, which fall out later on and give way to adult teeth. (a-z-animals.com)
  • According to the American Association of Endodontists, these minor cracks are relatively common with adult teeth. (colgate.com)
  • The measurement of this force, known as bite force measurement, gauges the strength exerted by the mandibular muscles during biting. (tlcdental.com.au)
  • The protective shells surrounding seeds are thought to induce complex enamel surface textures characterized by heavy pitting, but these are absent on the teeth of most early hominins. (nature.com)
  • Thus, hard plant tissues do not regularly create pits on enamel surfaces despite high forces clearly being associated with their oral processing. (nature.com)
  • Systemic issues and medications like high fever, malnutrition, infectious diseases, trauma to developing tooth bud, chemotherapy, and anti-epileptics during infancy and early childhood disrupt enamel formation. (cdhp.org)
  • Tetracycline incorporation into forming enamel and dentin when taken during tooth development causes yellowish to greyish translucency with brighter banding under UV light. (cdhp.org)
  • Genetic defects in dentin formation result in teeth that are blue-grey or yellow brown in color with amber translucency concentrated in the incisal third and thinned enamel. (cdhp.org)
  • Damage to the pulp tissue inside the tooth triggers inflammatory destruction and resorption of root canal dentin first and then enamel from inside. (cdhp.org)
  • Ichthyologist John E. Randall once compared the enamel heights of great white shark and megalodon teeth, and calculated that if megalodon had the same general body proportions as living great whites do, the prehistoric fish would be roughly 43 feet long. (mentalfloss.com)
  • The protective enamel on their teeth is more than twice as strong as humans' enamel - but it wasn't always this way. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Tooth enamel in most animals is comprised of tiny prism-like crystals clumped together to form criss-crossing protective sheets. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Currently, there's scant evidence on the role enamel microstructure patterns play in tooth strength among other species. (discovermagazine.com)
  • If the crack is minor and has only affected the hardened outer layer of your tooth, known as the enamel, then your dentist may not recommend any treatment. (colgate.com)
  • Tooth loss disrupts occlusal force or the force exerted between teeth when chewing or grinding. (tlcdental.com.au)
  • The use of titanium-based dental implants at TLC Dental ensures durability and longevity, thereby contributing towards restoring original occlusal forces over time without causing undue damage or strain on surrounding teeth structures. (tlcdental.com.au)
  • The movement of teeth into altered positions in relationship to the basal bone of the ALVEOLAR PROCESS and to adjoining and opposing teeth as a result of loss of approximating or opposing teeth, occlusal interferences, habits, inflammatory and dystrophic disease of the attaching and supporting structures of the teeth. (curehunter.com)
  • Teeth from four sharks, tiger ( Galeocerdo cuvier ), sandbar ( Carcharhinus plumbeus ), silky ( C. falciformis ), and sixgill ( Hexanchus griseus ), were attached to 30.5cm straight saw blades with epoxy. (improbable.com)
  • Our 'bite force' was substantially below that reported for sharks, due to of limitations of our system. (improbable.com)
  • Sharks have very rapid tooth replacement and we propose this is driven by the speed of dulling from use. (improbable.com)
  • WATCH: Sharks biting alligators, the most epic lion battles, and MUCH more. (a-z-animals.com)
  • Like sharks today, megalodon was constantly shedding its pearly whites, and its fossilized teeth have been discovered on every continent except Antarctica. (mentalfloss.com)
  • This choice for tooth replacement are conventional prostheses that replace gaps left by one or more missing teeth by anchoring replacement teeth (pontics) to adjacent natural ones. (tlcdental.com.au)
  • Teeth reconstruction techniques like dental implant-supported prostheses are designed to imitate natural healthy teeth both aesthetically and functionally. (tlcdental.com.au)
  • The most common local factors involved in this process are tissue chewing (mainly on the buccal mucosa or lips), ill-fitting or irregularly surfaced removable dental prostheses (dentures), fractured or malposed teeth, poorly adapted dental restorations, orthodontic appliances, improper toothbrushing, and constant mastication on edentulous alveolar ridges. (medscape.com)
  • We simulated both the back teeth and front teeth chewing and we could assess the stress on the teeth, bone and soft tissue," he says. (edu.au)
  • An eastern coyote chewing a rat with its back teeth. (floofmania.com)
  • Open bite - When the back teeth bite together, the upper and lower front teeth don't happen to meet. (invisibraces.com)
  • Some animals are too rare or dangerous for this type of invasive testing, so scientists have come up with another method: computerized models of an animal's skull and jaw muscles that estimate its bite force. (yahoo.com)
  • Hartstone-Rose explained that "the strength of the jaguar's bite is due to the arrangement of its jaw muscles, which, relative to weight, are slightly stronger than those of other cats. (yahoo.com)
  • Other primates express this gene in their jaw muscles, where it strengthens the bite force. (johnhawks.net)
  • Teeth grinding and clenching are habits that may be diagnosed in people who complain of pain in the temporomandibular joint or have facial pain that includes the muscles involved in chewing (myofascial pain). (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Changes in the normal stimuli or height of the teeth, misalignment of teeth, and repetitive use of chewing muscles may cause temporomandibular joint changes. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • In fact the early hominin Paranthropus boisei had teeth just as strong as the sea otters. (discovermagazine.com)
  • The highest values of bite force belonged to Canis lupus (830.51 Pa), L. pictus (719.03 Pa) and Ca. rufus (530.52 Pa) and the smallest values belong to Urocyon littoralis (98.14 Pa), Vulpes macrotis (92.53 Pa) and V. zerda (72.6 Pa). (researchgate.net)
  • According to a 2005 review of biting mammals , the gray wolf ( Canis lupus ) has the strongest bite of any canine, at 593 Newtons. (yahoo.com)
  • If you've ever bitten the inside of your cheek and then kept accidentally biting that swollen spot, you can see how this happens. (ehow.com)
  • The tongue is frequently bitten accidentally but heals quickly. (msdmanuals.com)
  • What are the different types of coyote teeth, how strong is their bite, and are they inclined to use it toward humans? (floofmania.com)
  • But sometimes, they use those teeth to bite humans. (listverse.com)
  • Long ago, scientists say in a new study, early humans' teeth were just as strong as sea otters' clam-crunching pearly whites. (discovermagazine.com)
  • They found that sea otter teeth were 2.5 times more resilient to chipping than modern humans' teeth. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Barracuda has often been compared to piranha, which makes sense considering their bevy of similarities regarding biting ability. (irvinelake.net)
  • In 1666, Nicholas Steno, a physician at the Florence court, was given the head of a shark to dissect, and he noticed the similarities between the shark's teeth and glossopetrae . (mentalfloss.com)
  • Sports injuries and other forms of trauma can also lead to teeth being lost. (smilefocus.com.sg)
  • Most injuries due to human bites involve the hands. (medscape.com)
  • Human bite wounds occur as 2 separate entities: clenched-fist injuries and occlusive bites. (medscape.com)
  • Such injuries to the hand have a higher infection rate than similar bites to other parts of the body because of the thinness of the skin in this area. (medscape.com)
  • 1) Creating two separate screening questions for poison and injury forces the respondent to equally consider injuries and poisonings. (cdc.gov)
  • The ways in which the taxonomic differences in morphology, behavior or life history relate to each other have been used regularly to test ideas about the selective forces involved in their evolution. (researchgate.net)
  • These various plant parts differ in their mechanical properties and thus promote contrasting selection pressures on tooth morphology. (nature.com)
  • Overall, Smilodon was more robustly built than any extant cat, with particularly well-developed forelimbs and exceptionally long upper canine teeth. (wikipedia.org)
  • After more material was found (including canine teeth and foot bones), Lund concluded the fossils instead belonged to a distinct genus of felids, though transitional to the hyenas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Jaguars are even more exciting because, like most big cats , they have canine teeth, popularly known as fangs . (a-z-animals.com)
  • What Do Jaguars Use Their Canine Tooth For? (a-z-animals.com)
  • Canine teeth are the longest teeth found on big cats. (a-z-animals.com)
  • The manner in which the crystalline sheets are layered can affect toughness, and this pattern is what varies most among mammals' teeth structures. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Bite force values denote the amount of pressure applied during biting and chewing, with maximum bite strength being determined by the condition and alignment of teeth. (tlcdental.com.au)
  • Alignment can also be an issue as the teeth drift into the void. (smilefocus.com.sg)
  • This continual hammering on the temporomandibular joint can change the alignment of the teeth. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Approximately 10%-15% of human bite wounds become infected owing to multiple factors. (medscape.com)
  • The bacterial inoculum of human bite wounds contains as many as 100 million organisms per milliliter and is made up of as many as 190 different species. (medscape.com)
  • These are the most serious human bite wounds, and they require the most aggressive treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Occlusive human bite wounds of the head and neck result in avulsion, laceration, and crushing of the tissues. (medscape.com)
  • Cultures of human bite wounds are commonly polymicrobial in nature, and aerobes and anaerobes are represented almost equally. (medscape.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is isolated in up to 30% of infected human bite wounds and is associated with some of the most severe infections. (medscape.com)
  • This pathogen is isolated in 30% of human bite wounds. (medscape.com)
  • It's believed this research could perhaps lead to further preventative treatments that could correct the angle of a tooth before it erupts rather than rely on orthodontic bands or braces to realign the tooth later in life. (edu.au)
  • This appliance helps to realign the lower teeth and correct the bite by creating a gentle incline on the lower teeth, allowing them to fit properly with the upper teeth. (proprofs.com)
  • FIXEDSecure is a new alternative to dentures that provides you with permanent, implant-secured teeth at a lower price compared to conventional, screw-retained fixed solutions. (affordabledentures.com)
  • Biting, sucking, or chewing habits should be discontinued, and fractured or rough tooth surfaces or irregularly fitting dentures or other appliances should be corrected. (medscape.com)
  • I am very lucky to have such good, straight teeth- I thank my genes for this- no braces, no caps, no veneers! (themarthablog.com)
  • This article seeks to explore whether teeth reconstruction can indeed restore lost bite force and how it directly impacts oral functionality. (tlcdental.com.au)
  • Based on etiology, treatment aims to address active disease, restore lost tooth structure, improve esthetics, prevent complications, and monitor teeth closely over time. (cdhp.org)
  • According to the San Diego Zoo , their teeth appear when they are about one month old. (a-z-animals.com)
  • Among the thousands of fossils found, he recognized a few isolated cheek teeth as belonging to a hyena, which he named Hyaena neogaea in 1839. (wikipedia.org)
  • The spotted hyena (​​​​ Crocuta crocuta ) has a bite force of 773 N - more powerful than a bear, according to this review of mammal bites . (yahoo.com)
  • An implant dentist can install these appliances which simulate natural tooth roots and crowns. (tlcdental.com.au)
  • Notably, dental implants consist of titanium roots and implant crowns that seamlessly blend with existing natural teeth while providing stability akin to natural tooth roots. (tlcdental.com.au)
  • A dental implant is fabricated from medical-grade titanium, a permanent solution to a missing tooth. (smilefocus.com.sg)
  • An implant is considered the most effective replacement as it resembles a natural tooth and has a well-documented success rate. (smilefocus.com.sg)
  • No involvement of adjacent teeth is required to support the implant. (smilefocus.com.sg)
  • By simply polishing your tooth, your dentist can improve its appearance. (colgate.com)
  • Depending on how severe a crack is, your dentist may recommend a crown, a root canal, or removal of the tooth. (colgate.com)
  • See your dentist right away to find out what can be done for your tooth. (colgate.com)
  • However there were a number of studies that showed even if you disconnected the root and the ligaments from the tooth, it would still erupt through the bone. (edu.au)
  • There is the possibility that, if that is the case, we could use a form of intraoral appliance or stress shielding implants that could redistribute stress on certain parts of the jaw, and trigger teeth to erupt at the right angle. (edu.au)
  • If you have a space from a missing tooth, the adjacent teeth can drift into that area. (smilefocus.com.sg)
  • A "bridge" uses the adjacent teeth on either side of the gap to support a fake tooth. (smilefocus.com.sg)
  • The adjacent teeth need to be in good condition and free from gum disease to provide support and a good foundation for the dental bridge. (smilefocus.com.sg)
  • While the comic strip characters we adore may effortlessly crunch through bones or grind down metal with a single bite, in reality, our real teeth are not equipped for such Herculean tasks. (tlcdental.com.au)
  • These are artificial tooth roots made from titanium that provide a strong foundation for permanent or removable replacement teeth. (tlcdental.com.au)
  • With this upgrade, you receive non-removable teeth that feel more like your natural teeth. (affordabledentures.com)
  • Can I still get the FIXEDSecure to have non-removable teeth? (affordabledentures.com)
  • Doing things like biting into ice or hard candy, or having a tooth grinding habit, can lead to a cracked tooth. (colgate.com)
  • Tipped back lower front teeth - Thumb sucking habit can lead to the tipping of the lower incisors towards the tongue due to the pressure of thumb forces. (invisibraces.com)
  • Bruxism: Bruxism, or teeth grinding, is a habit that can result in muscle spasm and an inflammatory reaction that can cause the initial pain. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Generally, someone who has a habit of grinding his or her teeth will do so mostly during sleep . (emedicinehealth.com)
  • and the habit of chronic cheek, tongue, or lip biting (cheek- or lip-bite keratosis). (medscape.com)
  • For context, a 2014 study found the average human bite force is 149-354 N, depending on age and sex. (yahoo.com)
  • Perhaps it was from the root forming and pushing the tooth towards oral cavity, maybe it was the blood pressure in dental pulp or perhaps it was the periodontal ligaments forming and contracting, pushing against the tooth. (edu.au)
  • TRDs typically consist of a suction bulb that holds the tongue and a stabilizing component that rests on the lips or teeth. (e-architect.com)
  • It was found that the chewing and biting actions of the jaw deform the thin layer of soft tissue surrounding the teeth that are yet to appear, forcing them outwards. (edu.au)
  • Every bit of soft tissue has to be covered. (themarthablog.com)
  • Biting can open the crack and irritate the soft tissue inside your tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels. (colgate.com)
  • If the soft tissue inside your tooth has been affected, then your doctor may recommend a root canal to remove damaged tissue. (colgate.com)
  • Next, the mouth is forced open by a "medieval" type piece of equipment, exposing the upper and lower teeth and keeping the lips away from the work area. (themarthablog.com)
  • The lower incline bite plane helps to reposition the lower jaw and bring the lower teeth forward, allowing them to align properly with the upper teeth. (proprofs.com)
  • Their incredible force allows them to crack the skulls of their victims with a single bite. (a-z-animals.com)
  • It's possible the polar bear has a bite force even stronger than the brown bear's, but peer-reviewed data is lacking. (yahoo.com)
  • Although the lion ( Panthera leo ) is slightly smaller than the tiger, it has a stronger bite (1768 N), according to a 2005 review . (yahoo.com)
  • Similar tooth strength tests have previously been performed on fossil remains of early human ancestors, and the data show they also had much stronger teeth than modern people. (discovermagazine.com)
  • These teeth are small and barely noticeable compared to the inner row of large teeth. (irvinelake.net)
  • Defects are generalized affecting all teeth but most noticeable in upper anteriors. (cdhp.org)
  • This process includes restoring the strength, structure, and aesthetics of damaged or lost teeth. (tlcdental.com.au)
  • Coyotes only get one set, so lost teeth don't grow back. (floofmania.com)
  • Barracuda boast strong teeth, and your leader should be light enough to go undetected but need to be strong enough to hold onto the fish's grip without snapping. (irvinelake.net)
  • Abutments are the components responsible for the support of the artificial tooth crown 2 , and can be classified as incorporating an external connection (EC, e.g. hexagon) or an internal connection (IC, e.g. hexagon, octagon, Morse cone and/or frictional, hybrid). (bvsalud.org)
  • Thus, tooth reconstruction processes like these prove impactful in reinstating functional bite forces for individuals dealing with tooth loss. (tlcdental.com.au)
  • Thin shells designed to cover the front surface of teeth improving their look. (tlcdental.com.au)
  • Why are my two front teeth becoming translucent? (cdhp.org)
  • Noticing that your two upper front teeth are becoming progressively more transparent or translucent can be alarming. (cdhp.org)
  • Rub the pencil lead over the teeth of the stuck zipper, front and back and covering the entire stuck area. (ehow.com)
  • Speech can also be affected if a tooth is missing towards the front of the mouth. (smilefocus.com.sg)
  • The rodent's fearsome front teeth and large size may have been used to fight over females for breeding rights, assuming it was a male, he said. (nationalgeographic.com)
  • This means that the lower incline bite plane is designed to provide support and protection to the teeth in the lower front part of the mouth. (proprofs.com)
  • Protrusive upper front teeth - This is just a normal tooth position problem, where the upper front teeth are pointed forward. (invisibraces.com)
  • The opening shape between the lower and upper front teeth matches the child's thumb exactly. (invisibraces.com)
  • In this scenario, mechanical forces on the skull once held back the evolution of brain size in early hominins. (johnhawks.net)
  • Jaguars' teeth are strong enough to pierce through thick animal hide, and their tongues have papillae that allow them to lick flesh and fur right off the animal's bones. (a-z-animals.com)
  • A barracuda's underbite will have an inner layer of teeth on the bottom of its mouth and an outer layer of teeth on the top. (irvinelake.net)
  • A bite from a small non-poisonous snake might leave teeth marks, a minor scrape, or a puncture wound without other symptoms. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Even so, when a tooth strikes the head, even a deep puncture wound may appear innocuous. (medscape.com)
  • It proposes to reinstate the ability to bite and chew properly by mimicking natural teeth in terms of functionality and stability. (tlcdental.com.au)
  • In the context of oral functionality, bite force plays a crucial role, which can be significantly restored through tooth reconstruction procedures such as dental implants provided at TLC Dental in Sydney. (tlcdental.com.au)
  • A barracuda's outer row of teeth consists of small, saw-like teeth along its upper jaw that are packed close together. (irvinelake.net)
  • This can affect the formation of the jaw and lead to the protruding of the upper jaw and teeth from the face. (invisibraces.com)
  • Many of these are anaerobes that flourish in the low redox environment of tartar that lies between human teeth or in areas of gingivitis. (medscape.com)
  • First the teeth must be professionally "buffed" to remove any surface stains and tartar. (themarthablog.com)
  • This means that orthodontic treatment typically involves three different types of bends in the wire used to straighten teeth. (proprofs.com)
  • This typically appears as yellow, brown or black softened areas of broken down tooth structure. (cdhp.org)
  • Dental bridges are typically made from metal and/or a type of ceramic as they blend well with your natural teeth. (smilefocus.com.sg)
  • they are typically fabricated from plastic teeth that are supported on a metallic or acrylic frame. (smilefocus.com.sg)
  • It helps to evenly distribute the forces exerted on these teeth during biting and chewing, preventing excessive wear and damage. (proprofs.com)
  • Barracuda are known predators and can easily bite through someone's arm if provoked and mishandled. (irvinelake.net)
  • But you can't simply ask the world's toughest predators to bite down on the same instrument, so it's hard to control for outside variables. (yahoo.com)