Tissue capillaries. Medical search. Frequent questions

When we turned on pericytes, we observed a direct effect of decreased capillary blood flow," Hartmann said. (reachmd.com)
This is desirable, because elevated levels of these coagulation components can cause decreased capillary blood flow, if they are high enough. (google.com)

The capillaries then join and widen to become venules, which in turn widen and converge to become veins, which then return blood back to the heart through the venae cavae. (wikipedia.org)
Capillaries and sinusoids are short vessels that directly connect the arterioles and venules at opposite ends of the beds. (wikipedia.org)
Lymphatic capillaries are slightly larger in diameter than blood capillaries, and have closed ends (unlike the blood capillaries open at one end to the arterioles and open at the other end to the venules). (wikipedia.org)
Capillary malformations are represented by ectatic capillaries and medium-sized venules with thin walls and flat endothelial cells. (medscape.com)

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that the capillary-like structures were typical microblood vessels. (hindawi.com)
Thus, the long-term survival and function of 3D tissues depend on the rapid development of new blood vessels to provide nutrients and oxygen to cells in the center of the tissue grafts. (hindawi.com)
Capillaries are microvessels and the smallest blood vessels in the body. (wikipedia.org)
Lymph capillaries connect with larger lymph vessels to drain lymphatic fluid collected in microcirculation. (wikipedia.org)
The lymphatic system has 3 components: the capillaries, vessels, and nodes. (medscape.com)
Pooled capillaries drain lymphatic fluid into lymphatic vessels, which have 3 layers. (medscape.com)
As in the capillaries, the vessels have a single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by an inner, longitudinal elastic layer. (medscape.com)
The development of technologies that incorporate capillaries and lymphatic vessels within 3D tissue would extend the range of potential applications for regenerative medicine. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Formation of new vessels in granulation tissue during wound healing has been assumed to occur solely through sprouting angiogenesis. (nature.com)
These mechanical forces pulled vessels from the preexisting vascular bed as vascular loops with functional circulation that expanded as an integral part of the growing granulation tissue through vessel enlargement and elongation. (nature.com)
This model explains the rapid appearance of large functional vessels in granulation tissue during wound healing. (nature.com)
Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACD/MPV) is a disorder affecting the development of the lungs and their blood vessels. (medlineplus.gov)
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels located throughout tissue. (healthline.com)
like veins, lymph vessels transport lymph from body tissues to the chest, where it enters the cardiovascular system. (studystack.com)
Vessels begin as capillaries spread through the body then merge into larger tubes that become ducts in chest. (studystack.com)
Nivestym can cause fluid to leak from blood vessels into your body's tissues. (drugs.com)
The laboratory of Dr. George Davis grows three-dimensional "blood vessel networks in a dish" under defined, serum-free conditions Capillaries are our smallest, yet most abundant, blood vessels. (usf.edu)
While the human brain has over 400 miles of total vasculature, little is known about the tiny capillaries that make up much of this intricate labyrinth of blood vessels critical for delivering oxygenated blood and nutrients to billions of brain cells. (reachmd.com)
Yet, because we can't see the capillaries, which measure about 1/10th the thickness of hair, within vivo, clinical imaging techniques, determining how blood travels through this densely packed bed of vessels has remained elusive. (reachmd.com)
The individual lymphatic cells spontaneously arranged themselves into lymphatic capillaries with all the characteristics of lymphatic vessels. (medizin-aspekte.de)
[ 7 ] Retinal endothelial cells give rise to primitive capillaries that further differentiate into mature vessels. (medscape.com)
This happens because the capillaries, or tiny blood vessels, have burst and leaked blood under the skin. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels that are about eight microns wide. (google.com)
and capillaries, which are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. (medlineplus.gov)
In a process called diffusion, oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood through the capillaries (tiny blood vessels) lining the alveolar walls. (kidshealth.org)
In the latter, IAPP is often found in vessels, where it is highly toxic for pericytes, mural cells that have contractile properties and regulate capillary blood flow. (lu.se)
The lack of sympathetic innervation regulating blood flow in vessels with capillary malformation is believed to produce progressive ectasia. (medscape.com)

A fibrous sheet was formed by the interactions between the fibroblasts and the endothelial cells, and capillary-like structures were observed after 20 days of coculture. (hindawi.com)
Most of these methods involve culturing endothelial cells on or within ECM substrates (e.g., collagen, fibrin, fibronectin, laminin, etc.) or other types of biomaterials to form capillary-like structures [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
Continuous capillaries are continuous in the sense that the endothelial cells provide an uninterrupted lining, and they only allow smaller molecules, such as water and ions, to pass through their intercellular clefts. (wikipedia.org)
Fenestrated capillaries have pores known as fenestrae (Latin for "windows") in the endothelial cells that are 60-80 nanometres (nm) in diameter. (wikipedia.org)
These capillaries lack pinocytotic vesicles, and therefore use gaps present in cell junctions to permit transfer between endothelial cells, and hence across the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Larger than arteriovenous capillaries, lymphatic capillaries are thin-walled, with a single layer of endothelial cells. (medscape.com)
Another method of promoting capillary angiogenesis involves co-culture with vascular endothelial cells that directly contribute to blood vessel formation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Other approaches have cultured vascular endothelial cells in scaffolds containing microfluidic channels or decellularized organs, but seeding cells within these 'vascular' structures is difficult, and this method cannot generate tissues with a high cell density. (heraldopenaccess.us)
We are now able to fabricate cell sheets using cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells differentiated from human induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) cells and are aiming to use our technology to create human 3D tissue with cardiac functionality. (heraldopenaccess.us)
When elevation of coagulation components occur, they could conceivably attach to the inside surface (endothelial surface) of capillaries, thereby narrowing them. (google.com)

Macrocephaly-capillary malformation (M-CM) consists of an enlarged head circumference and reticular capillary malformation (CM) of the face (usually central), trunk, and/or extremities. (logicalimages.com)
Older literature may describe patients with M-CM as having M-CMTC, or may use another term, megalencephaly-capillary malformation-polymicrogyria (MCAP). (logicalimages.com)
Sturge-Weber syndrome - Facial capillary malformation involving at least one upper eyelid and the forehead. (logicalimages.com)
Diffuse capillary malformation with overgrowth - Reticulate capillary malformation extending across multiple contiguous anatomic regions. (logicalimages.com)
Some vascular abnormalities seen in Parkes Weber syndrome are similar to those that occur in a condition called capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome (CM-AVM). (medlineplus.gov)
Capillary malformations are the most common cutaneous vascular malformation appearing as a macular stain. (medscape.com)

In people with Parkes Weber syndrome, capillary malformations occur together with multiple micro-AVFs, which are tiny abnormal connections between arteries and veins that affect blood circulation. (medlineplus.gov)
Next, the peritubular capillaries merge to form veins that merge again to form the large renal vein . (innerbody.com)

Other mechanisms that prevent oedema include precapillary vasoconstric-tion and low permeability of capillaries to plasma proteins. (nature.com)
controls or prevents inflammation by controlling rate of protein synthesis, suppressing migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and fibroblasts, reversing capillary permeability, and stabilizing lysosomes at cellular level. (medscape.com)
The mechanism of corticosteroid action includes a reduction of the inflammatory reaction by limiting the capillary dilatation and permeability of the vascular structures. (medscape.com)

Tissue fluid is excreted from a wound which accumulates in a cavity on the skin's surface and can impede wound healing. (medizin-aspekte.de)
Another important question is that of how giraffes avoid pooling of blood and tissue fluid (oedema) in dependent tissues of their extremities. (nature.com)
As monitored by radiotelemetry, the blood and tissue fluid pressures that govern transcapillary exchange vary greatly with exercise. (nature.com)
4. Draw a diagram of a capillary bed labeling the following parts: arteriole end of the bed, venule end of the bed, capillaries, blood, interstitial fluid, cells in the tissue space, lymphatic channels, lymph, and intracellular fluid. (cuny.edu)
Cells in the tissue spaces bathed in interstitial fluid. (cuny.edu)
In large multicellular organisms, the immediate environment of cells is some form of tissue fluid. (aqa.org.uk)
Most cells are too far away from exchange surfaces, and from each other, for simple diffusion alone to maintain the composition of tissue fluid within a suitable metabolic range. (aqa.org.uk)
It also helps to maintain the relatively stable environment that is tissue fluid. (aqa.org.uk)
ViscoStat hemostatic is formulated with patented binding and coating agents to protect tissue while achieving profound hemostasis and sulcular fluid control in seconds. (ultradent.com)
The resulting infiltration of tissues by the leukocytes, plasma proteins, and fluid causes the redness, swelling, and pain that are characteristic of inflammation. (medscape.com)

Angiogenesis is an important factor for tissue-engineered skin constructs. (hindawi.com)

However, the engineering of more complex tissues consisting of large 3D structures remains a critical challenge because the penetration of oxygen, which is required for cell survival, is limited by diffusion to a distance of approximately 150 to 200 mm from the nearest blood vessel. (hindawi.com)
A major obstacle to generating Three-Dimensional (3D) tissues is that diffusion is inadequate for the supply of oxygen/nutrients and removal of waste products, which limits the thickness of the structure to about 0.1 mm. (heraldopenaccess.us)
It is through these alveolar capillaries that inhaled oxygen enters the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body and carbon dioxide leaves the bloodstream to be exhaled. (medlineplus.gov)
These abnormalities in capillary number and location impede the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. (medlineplus.gov)
The deformed blood cells block capillaries, preventing oxygen from reaching bone tissue. (newscientist.com)
A capillary is an extremely small , thin blood vessel that allows oxygen to pass from the blood into the tissues of the body. (kidshealth.org)
Reduced blood flow in capillaries would in turn reduce oxygen and nutrients, and reduce removal of toxins from tissues. (google.com)
This oxygen-rich blood then flows back to the heart, which pumps it through the arteries to oxygen-hungry tissues throughout the body. (kidshealth.org)
In the tiny capillaries of the body tissues, oxygen is freed from the hemoglobin and moves into the cells. (kidshealth.org)

Background: Alveolar capillary dysplasia (ACD) is a rare cause of severe pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure in neonates. (researchgate.net)
In ACD/MPV, the alveolar capillaries fail to develop normally. (medlineplus.gov)

Back in 1661, Marcello Malpigi discovered the microscopic capillaries, and red blood cells in a specimen of a live tissue. (pravda.ru)

Sinusoidal capillaries or discontinuous capillaries are a special type of open-pore capillary, also known as a sinusoid, that have wider fenestrations that are 30-40 micrometres (μm) in diameter, with wider openings in the endothelium. (wikipedia.org)
Podocytes work with the endothelium of the capillaries to form a thin filter to separate urine from blood passing through the glomerulus. (innerbody.com)

As much as 1/3 of all blood leaving the heart passes into the kidneys to be filtered before flowing to the rest of the body's tissues. (innerbody.com)

The detergent-based membrane protein preparation protocol not only extracts proteins effectively from cell pellets but also is compatible with subsequent proteome analysis using combined capillary isoelctric focusing/nano reversed-phase liquid chromatography separations coupled with nano electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. (arizona.edu)
Dive into the research topics of 'Membrane proteome analysis of microdissected ovarian tumor tissues using capillary isoelectric focusing/reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem MS'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. (arizona.edu)
Twenty-three peptides had masses that matched peaks detected by capillary liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization MS.12. (cdc.gov)

Individual capillaries are part of the capillary bed, an interweaving network of capillaries supplying tissues and organs. (wikipedia.org)
There are two types of capillaries: true capillaries, which branch from arterioles and provide exchange between tissue and the capillary blood, and sinusoids, a type of open-pore capillary found in the liver, bone marrow, anterior pituitary gland, and brain circumventricular organs. (wikipedia.org)
Although cell-based therapies (injection of cell suspensions) and regenerative therapies (transplantation of bioengineered tissues) have already been applied clinically, the treatment of serious diseases will require the fabrication of artificial Three-Dimensional (3D) tissues and organs that can be transplanted instead of donor organs. (heraldopenaccess.us)
The development of a novel method of introducing functional vascular networks into artificial tissues will facilitate the creation of thick 3D tissues/organs that are cell-dense and vascular-rich (e.g., cardiac, hepaticorrenal tissue). (heraldopenaccess.us)
Plugged capillaries are seen in organs of septic patients. (scienceblog.com)

Vascular malformations are subdivided into low-flow (capillary, venous, lymphatic, or a combination thereof) and high-flow (arterial) anomalies. (medscape.com)
These are normally found in venous capillaries surrounding sweat glands and hair follicles and represent areas of accelerated exchange between circulation and surrounding tissue. (medscape.com)

Up to now these complex skin grafts didn't contain any blood or lymphatic capillaries, pigmentation, sebaceous glands, hair follicles or nerves. (medizin-aspekte.de)

5. Our findings support the hypothesis that structural abnormalities, which are characterized by an early reduction in capillary size and later thickening of basement membrane, form an important mechanism for the impaired hyperaemic response in diabetic patients. (portlandpress.com)
Parkes Weber syndrome is characterized by vascular abnormalities known as capillary malformations and arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), which are present from birth. (medlineplus.gov)
The lungs are most likely to display the full spectrum of histopathologic abnormalities, but diagnostic features are not typically identified on the small tissue samples obtained by transbronchial biopsy. (msdmanuals.com)

Unlike hemangiomas, capillary malformations do not undergo spontaneous involution. (medscape.com)

Using neovascularization models based on the chick chorioallantoic membrane and the healing mouse cornea, we found that tissue tension generated by activated fibroblasts or myofibroblasts during wound contraction mediated and directed translocation of the vasculature. (nature.com)
Gabbiani, G., Ryan, G.B. & Majne, G. Presence of modified fibroblasts in granulation tissue and their possible role in wound contraction. (nature.com)

Capillaries are also located around the sweat glands. (healthline.com)

Abnormal growth occurs in bones and soft tissues, making one of the limbs longer and larger around than the corresponding one. (medlineplus.gov)

Lymph capillaries have a greater internal oncotic pressure than blood capillaries, due to the greater concentration of plasma proteins in the lymph. (wikipedia.org)

The number of capillaries is drastically reduced, and existing capillaries are improperly positioned within the walls of the alveoli. (medlineplus.gov)
The muscle tissue in the walls of the pulmonary arteries may be overgrown, resulting in thicker artery walls and a narrower channel. (medlineplus.gov)
Materials are passed between the blood & tissue through the capillary walls. (studystack.com)
The glomerulus is a bundled network of capillaries that increases the surface area of blood in contact the blood vessel walls. (innerbody.com)

1. Microvascular blood flow responses to injury and capillary ultrastructure were assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry and detailed light and electron microscopy respectively in skin biopsied from 28 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and 17 control subjects. (portlandpress.com)
Figure 5: Neovascularization of the wounded mouse cornea by recruitment of functional microvascular loops from the limbal capillary network. (nature.com)

CLOVES syndrome (congenital lipomatous overgrowth, vascular malformations, epidermal nevi, skeletal anomalies) - Can have capillary malformations and body asymmetry but does not usually have neurological findings. (logicalimages.com)

The researchers isolated lymphatic capillary cells from the human dermis. (medizin-aspekte.de)
The general consensus is that capillary malformations are located in the dermis. (medscape.com)

Adipose tissue known as perirenal fat surrounds the kidneys and acts as protective padding. (innerbody.com)

Pericytes cover the capillary surface and are broadly categorized as vascular mural cells. (reachmd.com)
Pericytes live on all of these brain capillaries, contacting more than 90% of this dense network. (reachmd.com)
Scientists have long debated if pericytes are structurally equipped to influence blood flow in the brain capillaries. (reachmd.com)
Whether brain capillary pericytes constrict and dilate capillaries has remained a controversial hypothesis since they were discovered," Shih said. (reachmd.com)
Shih says there are many reasons brain capillary pericytes are challenging to study in vivo. (reachmd.com)
The connectedness of vasculature makes it very difficult to isolate the effects of pericytes from arterioles that strongly, but indirectly, impact capillary blood flow in the brain," he said. (reachmd.com)
When we removed pericytes by ablating them with focused light, we observed an increase in capillary blood flow. (reachmd.com)
The findings confirmed that brain capillary pericytes in adult animal models do in fact regulate blood flow, with one key difference: it happens much more slowly than what is observed with upstream arteries. (reachmd.com)
Blood flow changes in arteries can shift within seconds whereas blood flood changes by capillary pericytes might happen over many minutes or even hours," Shih said. (reachmd.com)

In a study of 415 patients with capillary malformations in the fifth decade of life, Geronemus and Ashinoff found hypertrophy, nodules, or both in 65% of the capillary vasculature. (medscape.com)

Waste products like carbon dioxide pass from the tissues to the blood through the capillaries. (kidshealth.org)
Carbon dioxide, made by the cells as they do their work, moves out of the cells into the capillaries, where most of it dissolves in the plasma of the blood. (kidshealth.org)

This first muscle layer is surrounded by a circular smooth muscle layer, which, in turn, is enveloped by an outer connective tissue layer. (medscape.com)
A muscle is composed of numerous bundles of muscle fibers, termed fascicles , which are separated from each other by a connective tissue layer termed perimysium . (medscape.com)

Sustained hypoxia or lack of nutrients leads to fibroblast dysfunction, decreased keratinocyte migration and proliferation, and tissue loss [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)

The condition is refractory to all available therapies as it irreversibly affects development of the capillary bed in the lungs. (researchgate.net)
The epiglottis (say: eh-pih-GLAH-tus), is a small flap of tissue that covers the air-only passage when we swallow, keeping food and liquid from going into the lungs. (kidshealth.org)
The lungs also contain elastic tissues that let them inflate and deflate without losing shape. (kidshealth.org)

Continuous capillaries can be further divided into two subtypes: Those with numerous transport vesicles, which are found primarily in skeletal muscles, fingers, gonads, and skin. (wikipedia.org)

This explains why the parotid gland contains lymphoid tissue. (medscape.com)
small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue. (studystack.com)

Their findings published in Nature Neuroscience describe the dynamics that govern capillary blood flow in the brain and have broad implications for future avenues of brain research. (reachmd.com)
Capillaries also go undetected by most imaging technology that lacks the resolution or are more focused on blood flow in the larger arteries. (reachmd.com)
Dr C: Hypercoagulation, or thrombophilia, may be defined as reduced capillary blood flow or a greater tendency than normal for blood to coagulate, or clot. (google.com)
It stands to reason that if heparin could improve blood flow, antibiotics and hormones would be more effective because they could pass through capillaries easier. (google.com)
He has also found that a delayed bolus injection of vitamin C can reverse plugging by restoring blood flow in previously plugged capillaries. (scienceblog.com)
The capillary malformations increase blood flow near the surface of the skin. (medlineplus.gov)

However, the vascular network produced with this technique is not continuous, and the thickness of the regenerated tissue is limited by ischemia during the early post-transplantation period. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Therefore, an important goal of our recent research has been to increase the thickness and functionality of bioengineered myocardial tissue through the addition of a functional vascular network. (heraldopenaccess.us)
We were able to isolate all the necessary skin cells from a human skin sample and to engineer a skin graft similar to full-thickness skin that contains for the first time blood and lymphatic capillaries too", says Martin Meuli, Head of the Surgical Clinic at the University Children's Hospital Zurich. (medizin-aspekte.de)

The diagnosis of ACD is based on histopathological evaluation of lung biopsy or autopsy tissue or genetic testing of FOXF1 on chromosome 16q24.1. (researchgate.net)
Genetic studies have mapped capillary malformations to chromosome 5q14-21, showing a defect in the RASA1 gene. (medscape.com)

Scaffold choice, immunogenicity, degradation rate, toxicity of degradation products, host inflammatory responses, fibrous tissue formation due to scaffold degradation, and mechanical mismatches with the surrounding tissue are key issues that may affect the long-term behavior of the engineered tissue constructs and directly interfere with their primary biological functions [ 17 ]. (hindawi.com)

The researchers at the Tissue Biology Research Unit, the research department of the Surgical Clinic and at the Research Centre for Children at the University Children's Hospital Zurich have been engineering dermo-epidermal skin grafts for some time but now they have succeeded in constructing a more complex organ. (medizin-aspekte.de)
Bioengineering Dermo-Epidermal Skin Grafts with Blood and Lymphatic Capillaries. (medizin-aspekte.de)

Blood flows from the heart through arteries, which branch and narrow into arterioles, and then branch further into capillaries where nutrients and wastes are exchanged. (wikipedia.org)
The more metabolically active a tissue is, the more capillaries are required to supply nutrients and carry away products of metabolism. (wikipedia.org)

3. Nearby and surrounding capillaries containing blood with its liquid portion, the plasma. (cuny.edu)

A thin layer of fibrous connective tissue forms the renal capsule surrounding each kidney. (innerbody.com)

Considering from the initial stage of blood clot formation to the last stage of newly-formed bone tissue remodeling, several cells and signaling molecules are involved which regulate (and are also regulated) during the development of this process. (bvsalud.org)

Nonspecific chronic inflammation and tissue necrosis occur in the nose. (msdmanuals.com)

The development of organ-like tissues is the next major challenge facing regenerative medicine. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Up to now, this had been a major unsolved problem in molecular tissue biology and regenerative medicine. (medizin-aspekte.de)

The meaning stems from the tiny, hairlike diameter of a capillary. (wikipedia.org)

A capillary is a small blood vessel, from 5 to 10 micrometres in diameter, and is part of the microcirculation system. (wikipedia.org)
The structure of a cell enables it to change its shape while moving along the narrow capillaries, which are narrower than the diameter of an erythrocyte. (pravda.ru)
Finally, we demonstrate by immunostaining of human brain tissue against laminin that individuals with high amount of brain IAPP levels show significantly lower capillary diameter and altered mural cell morphology compared to individuals with low brain IAPP levels. (lu.se)

In this study, we constructed a scaffold-free bilayered tissue-engineered skin containing a capillary network. (hindawi.com)
Construction of viable 3D tissue is challenging because time is required for a vascular network to form after transplantation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Although the slow release of angiogenic factors from a cell scaffold can promoteangiogenesis after transplantation, this approach cannot generate thick tissues because of the long time required for sufficient vascular network formation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Figure 1: Vascularization of a fibrin and collagen matrix implanted on the CAM through elongation of the preexisting capillary network. (nature.com)

the bones, capillaries, and tissues that make up our body, and give us strength. (highsnobiety.com)

But antibodies hardly visit muscle tissues, and cellular debrises are consumed by sarcocysts, hiding their presence in the organism. (russia-ic.com)
The process of bone repair is an event finely regulated and characterized by different phases with predominance of specific cellular types, aiming at the formation of tissue in the affected area. (bvsalud.org)

4) remodeling stage, characterized by the substitution process of replacement of primary by secondary bone tissue (21 days after tooth extraction, in alveolus of rats) 1 . (bvsalud.org)

But in rare instances, the flight-or-fight response can trigger the rupture of capillaries in the body. (healthline.com)

Immunostaining showed that the epithelium promoted the formation of capillary-like structures. (hindawi.com)

They're called mural cells because they adhere closely to the vessel wall ( muralis is Latin for the wall), but I do imagine it's like they're painted on the capillaries with long brushstrokes," Shih said. (reachmd.com)

The scientists in the team of Ernst Reichmann, Head of the Tissue Biology Research Unit, were surprised by three findings. (medizin-aspekte.de)

abstract = "This work expands our tissue proteome capabilities from the analysis of soluble proteins in previous studies to the examination of membrane proteins within the pellets of enriched and selectively isolated tumor cells procured from microdissected tissue specimens. (arizona.edu)

A layer of dense connective tissue, which is known as epimysium and is continuous with the tendon, surrounds each muscle (see the image below). (medscape.com)

These nodules of tissue are of variable size. (medscape.com)

Anatomy30

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Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Phenomena and Processes21

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Venules4

Vessels27

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Malformation6

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Microscopic1

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Carbon dioxide2

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