• The primary cause of cystoid macular edema (CME) depends on the underlying disease process, but most pathways eventually lead to vascular instability and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. (medscape.com)
  • Diabetes and retinal vein occlusion can both lead to CME by causing vascular instability directly (vascular endothelial cell damage). (medscape.com)
  • Patients with systemic disorders, such as diabetes or renal failure, may develop CME from breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier primarily due to vascular compromise. (medscape.com)
  • CME can also be caused by mechanical forces (ie, epiretinal membrane, vitreomacular traction) pulling on the retinal surface, leading to vascular compromise and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Grant is an ophthalmologist studying the use of stem cells for vascular repair in retinal diseases at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. (nih.gov)
  • We found that one of them exhibited colobomatous chorioretinal atrophic lesions with macular and vascular dragging as well as retinal thinning caused by loss of retinal ganglion neuron and photoreceptor layers. (bvsalud.org)
  • Improving retinal vascular endothelial cell tropism through rational rAAV capsid design. (ufl.edu)
  • Secretion: The RPE is an epithelium which closely interacts with photoreceptors on one side but must also be able to interact with cells on the blood side of the epithelium, such as endothelial cells or cells of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • The BRB disruption by glycoprotein gp120 has been widely recognized, which is toxic to human retinal epithelial cells (RPE) and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). (bvsalud.org)
  • On the one hand, similar to endothelial cells, parenchymal epithelia must guide leukocytes to traverse them in order to reach a localized inflammatory focus, for example, in the lung or intestinal mucosa. (hindawi.com)
  • Recently published literature has provided evidence that the unfolded protein response (UPR) is involved in the development of retinal degeneration. (molvis.org)
  • Subsequent studies investigating the role of individual UPR markers in retinal pathogenesis and examining the therapeutic potential of reprogramming the UPR as a method for modulating the rate of retinal degeneration have been initiated. (molvis.org)
  • Retinal degeneration is progressive deterioration of the retinal cells, eventually culminating in their death. (molvis.org)
  • Certain conditions can lead to an imbalance in the retinal microenviroment, which in turn could cause retinal degeneration. (molvis.org)
  • CME is a relatively common condition and is frequently associated with various ocular conditions, such as age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), uveitis, epiretinal membrane, vitreomacular traction, diabetes , retinal vein occlusion , medicine-related, or following ocular surgery. (medscape.com)
  • This implies a disruption between the photoreceptors outer segments and RPE with a loss of function and secondary retinal degeneration in the affected area. (openveterinaryjournal.com)
  • Although their photoreceptors contain a protein, retinochrome, that recycles retinal and replicates one of the functions of the vertebrate RPE, cephalopod photoreceptors are likely not maintained as well as in vertebrates, and that as a result, the useful lifetime of photoreceptors in invertebrates is much shorter than in vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • One common denominator of these conditions is progressive loss of the neural cells of the eye - photoreceptors, interneurons, and retinal ganglion cells, or RGCs - and essential supporting cells such as the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In June 2023, he joined Prof. Hartnett's lab to conduct postdoctoral research in neovascularization-related retinal diseases. (stanford.edu)
  • Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a key nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) intermediate, has been shown to exert neuroprotection for retinal diseases. (mdpi.com)
  • Newcells' retinal organoids have shown their potential to be used as an informative in vitro model for the evaluation of new retinal gene therapy vectors for retinal diseases. (newcellsbiotech.co.uk)
  • In conclusion, these findings suggest that caffeine is a good candidate to counteract inflammation in retinal diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • This paper reviews recent advances and potential sources of stem cells for cell therapy in retinal diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is a hallmark of PVR. (stanford.edu)
  • In this pathological process, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) loses epithelial characteristics through an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), transforms into mesenchymal phenotype, increasing cells migration ability, invasiveness, resistance to apoptosis, and production of extracellular matrix, turning RPE into fibroblast-like cells [ 7 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • Neural signals from the rods and cones undergo processing by other neurons, whose output takes the form of action potentials in retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since the importance of retinal tears and detachment in the pathogenesis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) was clarified in 1930 [ 1 ], therapeutic interventions of RRD are rapidly developing. (ijbs.com)
  • Vitrectomy has been implemented and developed continuously and has become the standard for successful treatment of RRD, especially in cases of complex retinal detachment [ 2 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • The most common cause of retinal detachment after vitreous surgery is proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). (ijbs.com)
  • The retinal distortion and continuous distraction caused by its contraction transforms RRD into traction retinal detachment [ 6 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • Ophthalmic examination, ocular ultrasound and MRI revealed a complete retinal detachment (RD) in the left eye and vitreous synaeresis in both eyes of both horses. (openveterinaryjournal.com)
  • Our retinal models have been validated for their use in screening and selection of optimal adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors with increased photoreceptor tropism for retinal gene therapy. (newcellsbiotech.co.uk)
  • This study confirmed robust and efficient transduction of human photoreceptor-like cells by AAV vectors highlighting improved transduction capability of AAV2 7m8 in retinal organoids when using the ubiquitous CAG promoter. (newcellsbiotech.co.uk)
  • With several cell types present within the organoids, the experiments were able to specifically show the targeted cell types, demonstrating that a CAG-driven transgene transduced a broad range of cell types, while GRK1-driven transgenes show a more restricted photoreceptor-specific expression (A). The work also demonstrated the viability of the retinal organoids were not affected by AAV transduction (B). (newcellsbiotech.co.uk)
  • Additionally, adeno-associated virus-mediated gene delivery is a safe and effective method for modulating gene expression, and thus is a useful research tool for manipulating individual UPR markers in affected retinas and a promising delivery vector for gene therapy in retinal degenerative disorders. (molvis.org)
  • Sanford's research focuses on 1) the design, construction and utilization of recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for gene transfer and 2) the evaluation of clinically relevant AAV vectors in animal models of human disease, with emphasis on retinal degenerative disorders. (ufl.edu)
  • For example, patients with mutations in CRB1 , LRAT , CEP290, or RPE65 may have VA better than 20/50 and may actually be diagnosed later in early childhood, and sometimes designated as having early-onset childhood retinal dystrophy or early-onset severe childhood retinal dystrophy, rather than LCA. (aao.org)
  • Retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can cause severe vision impairment. (mdpi.com)
  • Severe retinal dysplasia and multiple congenital defects such as coloboma, microphakia, microphthalmos, and lens luxation can be associated with congenital RD but these abnormalities are uncommon in horses ( Wilkie, 2005 ). (openveterinaryjournal.com)
  • Severe retinal vasculitis as a manifestation of poststreptococcal syndrome in a child. (auckland.ac.nz)
  • This comes not directly from the visual cycle but from several retinal pools of retinal binding proteins which are connected to each other by the transportation and reaction steps of the visual cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, these proteins can also associate with claudin, occludin and F-actin, at tight junction stands, where they provide a linkage between the actin cytoskeleton and the tight junction. (thermofisher.com)
  • Na/K-ATPase beta1 subunit expression is required for blastocyst formation and normal assembly of trophectoderm tight junction-associated proteins. (nih.gov)
  • Newcells retinal organoids and RPE models are valuable tools for in vitro preclinical selection of new retinal gene therapy vectors. (newcellsbiotech.co.uk)
  • These studies can be carried out in both our retinal organoids and RPE in vitro models to allow rapid evaluation of new retinal gene therapy vectors. (newcellsbiotech.co.uk)
  • We tested caffeine by using in vitro and in vivo paradigms of retinal inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
  • we investigated caffeine by using in vitro and in vivo paradigms of retinal inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
  • By constructing an EMT model of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in vitro, we found that autophagy was activated in the EMT process of RPE cells. (ijbs.com)
  • Despite these congenital ocular malformations, axial elongation and retinal development in these infants progressed at normal rates compared with healthy animals. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our findings suggest that ZIKV infection during early pregnancy can impact fetal retinal development and cause congenital ocular anomalies but does not appear to affect postnatal ocular growth. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hence, we discuss how flaviviruses modulate retinal innate response and breach the protective BRB to cause ocular or retinal pathology. (bvsalud.org)
  • Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a blind-causing disease initiated by the activation of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) primarily induced by TGF-β families. (stanford.edu)
  • Finally, the ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury model was used in C57BL/6J mice to induce retinal inflammation and investigate the effects of caffeine treatment. (frontiersin.org)
  • ZO-1 may be involved in signal transduction at cell-cell junctions. (thermofisher.com)
  • B) Retinal organoid viability following transduction by AAV. (newcellsbiotech.co.uk)
  • Intravitreal injection of a rationally designed AAV capsid library in non-human primate identifies variants with enhanced retinal transduction and neutralizing antibody evasion. (ufl.edu)
  • ZO-2 and ZO-3 are ubiquitously expressed within epithelial tight junctions, and unlike ZO-1, which is also expressed at cell junctions of cardiac myocytes, ZO-2 is not expressed in nonepithelial tissue. (thermofisher.com)
  • In this study, we investigated the potential protective effects of this methylxanthine in the retinal tissue. (frontiersin.org)
  • The RPE is composed of a single layer of hexagonal cells that are densely packed with pigment granules. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nanosheets direct morphogenesis of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and allow for the injection of an engineered RPE monolayer through syringe needles without the loss of cell viability. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Localization and distribution of Müller glia cells (CRALBP, red) in retinal organoids. (newcellsbiotech.co.uk)
  • Human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without caffeine. (frontiersin.org)
  • Retinal I/R injury is associated with pathological increases in reactive oxygen species and inflammation, resulting in retinal neuronal cell death. (mdpi.com)
  • Recent years have seen enormous progress in the treatment options that stop the progression of AMD from a neovascular state to fibrosis, that slow down the progression of glaucoma by reducing intraocular pressure, and that prevent progression of diabetic retinopathy by optimizing glycemic control and treat retinal neovascularization early [ 11 - 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In particular, no ion channel has been characterized in melanosomes, organelles that produce and store the major mammalian pigment melanin. (elifesciences.org)
  • Melanin is a pigment found in our skin, eyes and hair. (elifesciences.org)
  • Melanosomes are lysosome-related organelles that produce and store melanin, a natural pigment present in most organisms. (elifesciences.org)
  • Here we review evidence showing that apicobasal polarity regulates the inflammatory response: various polarized epithelia asymmetrically secrete chemotactic mediators and polarize adhesion receptors that dictate the route of leukocyte migration within the parenchyma. (hindawi.com)
  • The formation of a dense fibrotic contractile membrane on the posterior surface of the vitreous membrane or the detached retinal is the pathological feature of PVR. (ijbs.com)
  • When seen in section, each cell consists of an outer non-pigmented part containing a large oval nucleus and an inner pigmented portion which extends as a series of straight thread-like processes between the rods, this being especially the case when the eye is exposed to light. (wikipedia.org)
  • How to use our retinal gene therapy service? (newcellsbiotech.co.uk)
  • Currently he splits his time between working with Dr. Shannon Boye on both basic science research and translational programs- gaining FDA approval for AAV based treatments for retinal disease and directing Vector Core within the Powell Gene Therapy Center. (ufl.edu)
  • Patients with a history of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) , epiretinal membrane (ERM) , and even prostaglandin analogs were found to have increased rates of pseudophakic CME. (medscape.com)
  • In the Caco-2 BBE model of polarized villus-like epithelium, apical stimulation with TLR2 and TLR5 ligands resulted in the apical secretion of IL-8. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Second, being an immune privilege organ, the eye is protected from systemic infections by the presence of blood-retinal barriers (BRB). (bvsalud.org)
  • Data analysed using a one-way analysis of variance indicated no significant influence of AAV treatment on ATP levels and viability (F=1.107, P =0.3908) relative to control retinal organoids. (newcellsbiotech.co.uk)
  • LAB: Plant Pigment Chromatography BACKGROUND: Photosynthesis Begins When Light Is Absorbed By Pigments In The Plant Cell. (unpad.ac.id)
  • Defects in melanosome function cause albinism, characterized by vision and pigmentation deficits, impaired retinal development, and increased susceptibility to skin and eye cancers. (elifesciences.org)
  • This was accompanied by retinal swelling and the appearance of cystoid spaces in both inner and ONLs of R91W;Nrl −/− mice indicating edema in affected areas. (nature.com)
  • For this, functional aspects come into play: the storage of retinal and the adaption of the reaction speed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Electroretinograms showed a normal response in both right eyes but a total loss of the retinal response in their left eyes. (openveterinaryjournal.com)
  • In addition, basal expression levels of tight junction protein-1 encoding ZO1 were lower in R91W;Nrl −/− than in wt retinas. (nature.com)