Thyroid receptors thyrotropin. Medical search. Frequent questions

Your thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in your neck. (medlineplus.gov)
A goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland, and it may be diffuse or nodular. (medscape.com)
Because of the anatomic relationship of the thyroid gland to the trachea, larynx, superior and inferior laryngeal nerves, and esophagus, abnormal growth may cause a variety of compressive syndromes. (medscape.com)
In 1656, Thomas Wharton described the distinct nature of what he termed the thyroid gland, distinguishing it from the larynx, as this structure had been considered a laryngeal gland from the time of Andreas Vesalius in the 16th century. (medscape.com)
The normal adult thyroid gland weighs 10-25 g and has 2 lobes connected by an isthmus. (medscape.com)
Computed tomography (CT) scanning is useful in determining the effect of the thyroid gland on nearby structures. (medscape.com)
[ 4 ] Fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid is used to determine the cause of an enlarged gland. (medscape.com)
Metastatic lesions to the thyroid gland require treatment of the primary malignancy. (medscape.com)
As its name suggests, it depends upon the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the thyroid gland. (wikipedia.org)
Thyroid hormone exerts negative feedback control over the hypothalamus as well as anterior pituitary, thus controlling the release of both TRH from hypothalamus and TSH from anterior pituitary gland. (wikipedia.org)
Ensuring that the thyroid gland is healthy and functioning properly is vitally important to the body's overall well-being. (aace.com)
In some cases, however, the thyroid gland does not heal, so the hypothyroidism becomes permanent and requires lifelong thyroid hormone replacement. (aace.com)
It is not accompanied by a painful thyroid gland. (aace.com)
This condition may follow a viral infection and is characterized by painful thyroid gland enlargement and inflammation, which results in the release of large amounts of thyroid hormones into the blood. (aace.com)
To diagnose and treat hyperthyroidism, a primary care physician will likely work with an endocrinologist, a specially trained doctor who is qualified to diagnose and treat hormone-related conditions, including diseases related to the thyroid gland. (aace.com)
In some cases, the history may suggest a triggering factor such as trauma to the thyroid, including surgery of the thyroid gland, percutaneous injection of ethanol, and infarction of a thyroid adenoma. (medscape.com)
The presence of a diffusely enlarged thyroid gland, thyrotoxic signs and symptoms, together with evidence of ophthalmopathy or dermopathy, can establish the diagnosis. (medscape.com)
An autoimmune disorder that occurs when the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and causes it to produce too much thyroid hormone. (standardofcare.com)
The thyroid gland releases the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). (standardofcare.com)
Besides affecting the thyroid gland through immune-mediated processes, vitamin D has been shown to influence rat thyroid follicular cells by directly inhibiting thyrotropin-stimulated iodide uptake in a dose-dependent manner [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
With Graves disease, additional symptoms may include a diffusely enlarged thyroid gland, stare, or exophthalmos on examination. (medscape.com)
Toxic nodules, in which thyroid nodules develop autonomous function, may feature symptoms resulting from local compression of structures in the neck by the thyroid gland, including dysphagia , orthopnea, or voice changes. (medscape.com)
Graves' disease is one of the most frequent causes for hyperthyroidism, causing an antibody-mediated (autoimmune) inflammation of the thyroid gland ( 1 , 2 ). (snmjournals.org)
Multinodular goiter (MNG) is the most common disorder of the thyroid gland. (intechopen.com)
It starts as a diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland and ends in a nodular enlarged thyroid. (intechopen.com)
Goiter is the enlargement of the thyroid gland which can be due to a variety of conditions. (intechopen.com)
Nodular goiter is one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting the thyroid gland. (intechopen.com)
Our report shows that the effect of anti-epileptic drugs on the thyroid gland depends on the patient's hormonal status and on the drug being used. (nel.edu)
It can occur due to prenatal iodine deficiency, anatomical anomaly in the gland or from inborn errors in thyroid metabolism. (symptoma.com)
Deficiency of thyroid hormones at birth is mostly related to a problem with the development of the thyroid gland, also known as dysgenesis , or the inability to synthesize thyroid hormones, also known as dyshormonogenesis. (symptoma.com)
The thyroid gland contains large stores of thyroid hormone in the form of thyroglobulin . (mhmedical.com)
also known as thyrotropin), secreted from the pituitary gland, which in turn is influenced by the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus. (medscape.com)
TSH permits growth, cellular differentiation, and thyroid hormone production and secretion by the thyroid gland. (medscape.com)
Thyrotropin acts on TSH receptors located on the thyroid gland. (medscape.com)
Interference with this TRH-TSH thyroid hormone axis causes changes in the function and structure of the thyroid gland. (medscape.com)
Increased TSH causes increased cellularity and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland in an attempt to normalize thyroid hormone levels. (medscape.com)
TSH receptor stimulators include TSH receptor antibodies, pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone, adenomas of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, and tumors producing human chorionic gonadotropin. (medscape.com)
Hürthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland is an unusual and relatively rare type of differentiated thyroid cancer. (medscape.com)
Hürthle cells are observed in both neoplastic and nonneoplastic conditions of the thyroid gland (eg, Hashimoto thyroiditis , nodular and toxic goiter ). (medscape.com)
The thyrotropic control circuit is a control circuit between the thyroid gland (figure) and the pituitary gland. (healthandmedicineinfo.com)
The thyroid is also called the thyroid gland in medical terminology. (healthandmedicineinfo.com)
The hormone TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce hormones. (healthandmedicineinfo.com)
On the one hand, it stimulates the thyroid gland to grow and, on the other hand, it promotes iodine uptake in the guilt gland. (healthandmedicineinfo.com)
Both mechanisms have a positive effect on hormone production within the thyroid gland. (healthandmedicineinfo.com)
The thyroid hormones bind to receptors on the thyrotropin cells of the pituitary gland. (healthandmedicineinfo.com)
In primary hypothyroidism, the cause lies in the thyroid gland itself. (healthandmedicineinfo.com)
Due to iodine deficiency or autoimmune diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the thyroid gland is no longer able to produce sufficient thyroid hormones. (healthandmedicineinfo.com)
Hyperthyroidism is a pathological overactive thyroid gland. (healthandmedicineinfo.com)
In primary hyperthyroidism, the cause of the disease is found in the thyroid gland itself. (healthandmedicineinfo.com)
Synthetic T4 is identical to that produced in the human thyroid gland. (nih.gov)
TSH, in turn, is the physiologic stimulus for the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones, L-thyroxine (T4) and L-triiodothyronine (T3), by the thyroid gland. (nih.gov)
As the name implies, they are located near the thyroid gland in the neck, although the number and particularly the location are quite variable. (msdmanuals.com)
Individuals in the United States can also be exposed to radioiodine, primarily 123I and 131I, as a result of clinical procedures in which radioiodine compounds are administered to detect abnormalities of the thyroid gland or to destroy the thyroid gland to treat thyrotoxicosis or thyroid gland tumors. (cdc.gov)

Thyroid receptor antibodies can quantify thyroid eye disease activity, predict outcomes and aid timing of interventions. (ekjo.org)
To determine the clinical and biochemical relationships between a second-generation thyrotropin receptor-binding inhibition antibody (TRAb) immunoassay, detecting stimulatory and blocking antibodies, with the thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) bridging immunoassay detecting the stimulatory component only. (ekjo.org)
Although thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs) are thought to be the main immunopathogenic cause of Graves disease [ 23 ], it is unclear whether the immunopathogenic mechanism in TED is due to inhibitory and stimulating or stimulating antibodies alone [ 16 , 24 ]. (ekjo.org)
A thyroid antibody test measures the level of thyroid antibodies in a sample of your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
There are different tests that check for different types of thyroid antibodies. (medlineplus.gov)
Thyroid antibody tests are used to check for different thyroid antibodies that affect your thyroid in different ways. (medlineplus.gov)
Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb). (medlineplus.gov)
Thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb). (medlineplus.gov)
There are no special preparations necessary for a thyroid antibodies blood test. (medlineplus.gov)
Negative: no thyroid antibodies were found. (medlineplus.gov)
Positive: thyroid antibodies, TPOAb and/or TgAb, were found. (medlineplus.gov)
formerly, the antimicrosomal antibodies and antithyroglobulin), thyroglobulin, sedimentation rate, and calcitonin in an individual at high risk for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. (medscape.com)
Convergence of multiple afferent signals in the control of TSH release including but not limited to T3, cytokines and TSH receptor antibodies may be the reason for the observation that the relation between free T4 concentration and TSH levels deviates from a pure loglinear relation that has previously been proposed. (wikipedia.org)
Clinical evaluation and risk stratification include laboratory testing of thyroid hormones (thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, and free triiodothyronine), autoantibodies (measurement of thyrotropin receptor antibodies [TRAK, for Thyreotropin-Rezeptor-Antikörper ]), and ultrasound/Doppler imaging ( 2 ). (snmjournals.org)
Graves' disease (GD), characterized by TSH-receptor stimulating antibodies and increased thyroid hormone serum levels, is an autoimmune disease affecting roughly 3% of the general population ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Davies T.F., Roti E., Braverman L.E., DeGroot L.J. Controversy-Thyroid stimulating antibodies. (rusmedserv.com)
Stimulation of the TSH receptors of the thyroid by TSH,TSH-receptor antibodies, or TSH receptor agonists, such as chorionic gonadotropin, may result in a diffuse goiter. (medscape.com)
Thyroid Antibodies: anti-TPO and TgAb will help discern Hashimotos. (mpkb.org)
You could add TSI (thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins) for the Graves antibodies-some have all three. (mpkb.org)
In Graves' disease, the body produces antibodies (TRAK) that bind to the TSH receptors in the thyroid. (healthandmedicineinfo.com)
Almost all patients with thyroid eye disease have anti-thyrotropin-receptor antibodies that cause immunoreactivity against the thyrotropin receptor 4 . (eyewiki.org)
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder resulting in the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor stimulating antibodies that bind and activate G Protein coupled TSH receptor to cause thyroid hormonogenesis and diffuse glandular growth. (iap-kpj.org)

Multiple nodules in the thyroid can produce excessive thyroid hormone, causing hyperthyroidism. (aace.com)
Various sources of high iodine concentrations, such as kelp tablets, some cough medicines, amiodarone (Cordarone, Pacerone - medications used to treat certain problems with heart rhythms) and x-ray dyes may occasionally cause hyperthyroidism in patients with thyroid nodules. (aace.com)
thyroid nodules may be palpable. (medscape.com)
If thyroid nodules are present or the etiology is unclear, thyroid scintigraphy is recommended. (medscape.com)
Evidence shows that RAI treatment cures hyperthyroidism for more than 90% of patients with Graves disease or autonomous thyroid nodules. (medscape.com)
This study aimed at evaluating hybrid multispectral optoacoustic tomography/ultrasound for imaging of thyroid disorders, including Graves' disease and thyroid nodules. (snmjournals.org)
The functional biomarkers and tissue parameters deoxygenated hemoglobin, oxygenated hemoglobin, total hemoglobin, saturation of hemoglobin, fat content, and water content were analyzed in thyroid lobes affected by Graves' disease ( n = 6), thyroid lobes with healthy tissue ( n = 8), benign thyroid nodules ( n = 13), and malignant thyroid nodules ( n = 3). (snmjournals.org)
Thyroid disorders, including autoimmune diseases and thyroid nodules, are common diseases worldwide. (snmjournals.org)
Thyroid nodules are detected in 19%-68% of individuals by high-resolution ultrasound ( 3 , 4 ). (snmjournals.org)
Clinician feedback using a shared decision-making tool for the evaluation of patients with thyroid nodules-an observational study. (mayoclinic.org)
Kohlenberg J, Gu J, Parvinian A, Webb J, Kawkgi OE, Larson NB, Ryder M , Fatemi M, Alizad A. Added value of mass characteristic frequency to 2-D shear wave elastography for differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. (mayoclinic.org)
Unfortunately we have all tested cats with 'thyroid nodules' only to find they were euthyroid. (dvm360.com)
3] In the Framingham study, ultrasonography revealed that 3% of men older than 60 years had thyroid nodules, while 36% of women aged 49-58 years had thyroid nodules. (medscape.com)
in a previous German study, ultrasonographic screening of more than 90,000 people detected thyroid nodules in 33% of the normal population. (medscape.com)
Levothyroxine is also effective in the suppression of pituitary TSH secretion in the treatment or prevention of various types of euthyroid goiters, including thyroid nodules, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, multinodular goiter and, as adjunctive therapy in the management of thyrotropin-dependent well-differentiated thyroid cancer (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE, PRECAUTIONS, DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). (nih.gov)
It was 1.54 times more likely for thyroid nodules to be malignant when TSH levels were higher (p = 0.038). (actaitalica.it)
Larger nodules decreased the possibility of thyroid cancer by 24% (OR = 0.760, p-value = 0.004). (actaitalica.it)
The incidence of thyroid cancer is rising with the increased detection rates of non-palpable thyroid nodules 2 . (actaitalica.it)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) has been evaluated as a predictor of malignancy in thyroid nodules, showing that a higher serum concentration of TSH is associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer 6-10 . (actaitalica.it)

Graves' disease encompasses hyperthyroidism and a diffuse goiter associated with autoantibodies to the TSH receptor (TRAb). (elsevierpure.com)
Although the cause of the goiter formation has been attributed to TRAb, the limited growth pattern of human adult thyroid cells in vitro has caused such a conclusion to be based on studies of nonhuman thyroid cell growth. (elsevierpure.com)
We have recently characterized a predictable and precise technique for the measurement of human thyroid cell proliferation and function using fetal thyroid cells and have used this system to examine the influence of TRAb on human thyroid cell growth. (elsevierpure.com)
However, hIgG from patients with detectable TRAb (TRAb-hIgG) (n = 13) induced a doserelated increase in extracellular cAMP (maximum effect at 0.1 mg/ml) and a 3-fold increase in human thyroid cell growth over a 4-day period (maximum effect at 1.5 mg/ml). (elsevierpure.com)
Under basal thyroid cell culture conditions there were detectable, but low, levels of mRNA specific for the protooncogene c-fos, and this was markedly, and rapidly, induced by the addition of TRAb-hlgG but not normal hlgG. (elsevierpure.com)
These data demonstrate induction of cellular growth by TRAb-hIgG in an homologous human thyroid cell culture system. (elsevierpure.com)
Manifestations of GD/GO result from a B cell-mediated autoimmune response against the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), resulting in the plasma cell production of autoantibodies targeting the thyrotropin receptor (TRAb). (frontiersin.org)
evidence that TRAb may precede thyroid dysfunction by many years. (cardiff.ac.uk)
to evaluate the association between TSH receptor antibody (TRAb), thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAb), and thyroid stimulation blocking antibody (TBAb) and TSAb/TBAb ratio with clinical activity score (CAS) and degree of severity of GO. (ui.ac.id)
I would also have them check the TRab (Thyrotropin Receptor Ab) sometimes this is called the TBII test. (mpkb.org)

This antibody-mediated signaling via such receptors leads to fibroblast proliferation and differentiation into myofibroblasts and adipocytes [ 13 - 15 ]. (ekjo.org)
What is a thyroid antibody test? (medlineplus.gov)
If your health care provider has diagnosed you with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, thyroid antibody tests can help find out if a thyroid autoimmune disease is causing the problem. (medlineplus.gov)
If tests of your thyroid hormone levels show that your thyroid isn't working properly, your provider may order thyroid antibody tests to see if an autoimmune disease is causing the problem. (medlineplus.gov)
Why do I need a thyroid antibody test? (medlineplus.gov)
You may need a thyroid antibody test if you have symptoms of Hashimoto's disease or Graves' disease. (medlineplus.gov)
Sometimes these test results, along with your health history, your family, an exam, and your symptoms, are enough to make a diagnosis with thyroid antibody testing. (medlineplus.gov)
Autoimmune disease caused by an antibody that acts as an agonist on the thryotropin receptor. (standardofcare.com)
Clinical presentation, thyroid function tests, and thyrotropin-receptor antibody status are key in establishing etiology. (medscape.com)
Pulsed monoclonal antibody treatment and autoimmune thyroid disease in multiple sclerosis. (rusmedserv.com)
Immune deviation away from Th1 in interferon-г knockout mice does not enhance TSH receptor antibody production after naked DNA vaccination. (rusmedserv.com)
Association of TSH receptor antibody, thyroid stimulating antibody, and thyroid blocking antibody with clinical activity score and degree of severity of Graves ophthalmopathy. (ui.ac.id)
Dive into the research topics of 'Association of TSH receptor antibody, thyroid stimulating antibody, and thyroid blocking antibody with clinical activity score and degree of severity of Graves ophthalmopathy. (ui.ac.id)

The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT axis for short, a.k.a. thyroid homeostasis or thyrotropic feedback control) is part of the neuroendocrine system responsible for the regulation of metabolism and also responds to stress. (wikipedia.org)
Thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. (nih.gov)

Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). (medlineplus.gov)
Hyperthyroidism: Inappropriately increased thyroid function primary hyperthyroidism: Inappropriate secretion of thyroid hormones, e.g. in case of Graves' disease. (wikipedia.org)
Graves' disease (named after Irish physician Robert Graves) is an autoimmune disorder that results in thyroid enlargement and hyperthyroidism. (aace.com)
Graves orbitopathy or thyroid eye disease (TED) represents the most common extra thyroidal manifestation of Graves disease. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Objectives: Teprotumumab, an IGF1-receptor antagonist, has been shown in three clinical trials to markedly improve the clinical course of Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) or Graves Orbitopathy (GO) with significant improvements noted in inflammation, proptosis, and diplopia. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
A family history of thyroid dysfunction is found in approximately half the patients with Graves' disease and the pathogenesis is strongly influenced by genetics. (standardofcare.com)
Graves' ophthalmopathy, also known as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy or thyroid eye disease may sometimes occur in patients with euthyroid or hypothyroid chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. (standardofcare.com)
Graves' ophthalmopathy, thyroid dermopathy, and hyperthyroidism arise from a single underlying systemic process with variable expression. (standardofcare.com)
For most patients with symptoms of Graves disease, first-line treatment can begin with antithyroid drugs to reduce the synthesis and secretion of excess thyroid hormone. (medscape.com)
The main clinical manifestations of autoimmune thyroid diseases are Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). (nel.edu)
Graves' disease (GD) and Graves' orbitopathy (GO) result from ongoing stimulation of the TSH receptor due to autoantibodies acting as persistent agonists. (frontiersin.org)
GD is the most common form of hyperthyroidism ( 1 ) and up to 40% [CI 0.32 - 0.48] of GD patients have clinically apparent abnormalities of orbit soft tissue, known as Graves' orbitopathy (GO) or thyroid eye disease (TED) ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
Chazenbalk G.D., McLachlan S.M., Pichurin P., Yan X-M., Rapoport B. A prion-like shift between two conformational forms of a recombinant thyrotropin receptor receptor A-subunit module: Purification and stabilization using chemical chaperones of the form reactive with Graves' autoantibodies. (rusmedserv.com)
McIntosh R.S., Tandon N., Pickerill A.P., Davies R., Barnett D., Weetman A.P. IL-2 receptor-positive intrathyroidal lymphocytes in Graves' disease. (rusmedserv.com)
analyses, as well as others (8-11), support the hypothesis that adipose tissue-secreted factors may indeed be potent modulators of inflammation-related disorders such as obe- sity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, thyroid-associated (Graves') ophthalmopathy, breast cancer, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (123dok.org)
El tratamiento médico, en caso de OT activa, debe ser precoz, agresivo y acorde a la fase en que se presente el paciente con el fin de evitar las graves consecuencias de la OT. (usal.es)
The 2016 European Thyroid Association/European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy Guidelines for the Management of Graves' Orbitopathy. (usal.es)
A new highly thyrotropin receptor-selective small-molecule antagonist with potential for the treatment of graves' orbitopathy. (usal.es)
Graves' hyperthyroidism is caused by autoantibodies that bind to the thyrotropic receptor on endothelial cells of thyroid follicles, which stimulates excess production of thyroid hormone. (eyewiki.org)
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder resulting in the excessive production of thyroid hormones and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in children. (iap-kpj.org)

Hashimoto's disease , also known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is the most common cause of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). (medlineplus.gov)
Hypothyroidism happens when your thyroid doesn't make enough thyroid hormones to meet your body's needs. (medlineplus.gov)
But first, your provider will usually order blood tests to check your thyroid hormone levels to see if you have hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. (medlineplus.gov)
Euthyroidism: Normal thyroid function Hypothyroidism: Reduced thyroid function primary hypothyroidism: Feedback loop interrupted by low thyroid secretory capacity, e.g. after thyroid surgery or in case of autoimmune thyroiditis secondary hypothyroidism: Feedback loop interrupted on the level of pituitary, e.g. in anterior pituitary failure tertiary hypothyroidism: Lacking stimulation by TRH, e.g. in hypothalamic failure, Pickardt-Fahlbusch syndrome or euthyroid sick syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
It is often followed by several months of hypothyroidism, but most women will eventually recover normal thyroid function. (aace.com)
Fortunately, this condition usually resolves naturally, with the thyroid healing itself over several months, but a period of hypothyroidism may occur before recovery. (aace.com)
Background: Autoantibody mimicry of hormone action at the thyrotropin receptor (TSH-R) and aberrant signaling of TSH-R by autoantibodies (TSH-R-Ab) causes autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, both of which affect millions of patients worldwide. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Background: Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) is the most important cause of hypothyroidism in the general population, and its prevalence is higher in women of subfertile couples.1 Women pregnant after an assisted reproductive technology (ART) with TAI carry a higher risk of a first trimester miscarriage rate compared to women without TAI. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a condition characterized by an inadequate production of thyroid hormones among newborns. (symptoma.com)
Passage of maternal thyroid hormone through the placenta to the infant is one of the reasons that leads late diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism. (symptoma.com)
Overt hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism , thyroid hormone excess and deficiency, respectively, are associated with numerous clinical manifestations. (mhmedical.com)
Covers all aspects of the thyroid, including thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion, thyroid function, and disorders such as thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, and cancer. (medicosrepublic.com)
Discusses surgical management of thyroid cancer, thyroid disruptors, thyroid hormone analogs, thyroid dysfunction's effects on other organ systems, the aging thyroid, subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and thyroid disease in pregnancy. (medicosrepublic.com)
Since not enough thyroid hormones find their way into the blood, the TSH levels are increased in primary hypothyroidism. (healthandmedicineinfo.com)
Thyrotropin-stimulating hormone receptor gene analysis in pediatric patients with non-autoimmune subclinical hypothyroidism. (tsh-receptor-mutation-database.org)
Investigations in two IGSF1 knockout mouse models converged to show that IGSF1 deficiency leads to reduced expression of the receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and impaired TRH stimulation of thyrotropin secretion, providing a candidate mechanism for the central hypothyroidism observed in patients. (medscape.com)

Highly purified human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) preparations from normal individuals (n = 5) had no significant influence on human thyroid cell growth. (elsevierpure.com)
Laboratory findings at that time were significant?for an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 23 mm/hr, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.27 mIU/ml, free thyroxine of 1 1.38 ug/dL, and thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin of 3.9 IU/ml. (unscburma.org)
Methimazole was continued despite the patient's euthyroid state due to her persistent elevation in thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin. (unscburma.org)
Demonstration of immunoglobulin G, A, and E autoantibodies to the human thyrotropin receptor using flow cytometry. (rusmedserv.com)

A single nodule or lump in the thyroid can also produce more thyroid hormone than the body requires and lead to hyperthyroidism. (aace.com)
Higher 25(OH)D levels were associated with lower TSH levels after controlling for age, FT4 and FT3 levels, thyroid volume, the presence of thyroid nodule(s), and smoking status in males. (hindawi.com)
Therefore, in the present study, we examined the relationship between vitamin D status and circulating TSH levels in middle-aged and elderly individuals with thyroid autoimmunity, while taking thyroid function into considerationin addition to the relationship between vitamin D insufficiency and thyroid autoimmunity, the presence of thyroid nodule(s) and thyroid volume in a cross-sectional study. (hindawi.com)
Grading following the guidelines of the American Thyroid Association ( 5 ) or the criteria or modified criteria of the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Documentation System ( 6 , 7 ) helps to estimate the risk of malignancy based on ultrasound patterns and nodule sizes guiding fine-needle aspiration (FNA). (snmjournals.org)
When a small group of thyroid cells, inflammatory cells, or malignant cells metastatic to the thyroid is involved, a thyroid nodule may develop. (medscape.com)
High TSH levels and small nodule diameters can be used as additional parameters in predicting thyroid cancer in euthyroid patients. (actaitalica.it)

Serum levels of 25(OH)D, TSH, thyroid hormones, and thyroid autoantibodies were measured. (hindawi.com)
The present study used a subsample collected from September to November 2011 to detect serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels, thyroid function, and thyroid autoantibodies. (hindawi.com)
Treatment for subclinical hyperthyroidism is recommended for patients who are at highest risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease, including those older than 65 years or with persistent serum thyrotropin level less than 0.1 mIU/L. (medscape.com)
Serum concentrations of thyroid hormones are precisely regulated by the pituitary hormone TSH in a negative-feedback system. (mhmedical.com)
1] Serum thyroid hormones levothyroxine and triiodothyronine feed back to the pituitary, regulating TSH production. (medscape.com)
Many drugs and physiologic conditions affect the binding of thyroid hormones to serum proteins (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions and Drug-Laboratory Test Interactions). (nih.gov)

Metcalfe R.A., McIntosh R.S., Marelli-Berg F., Lombardi G., Lechler R., Weetman A.P. Detection of CD40 on human thyroid follicular cells: Analysis of expression and function. (rusmedserv.com)
The following section reviews material on the effects of fluoride on the endocrine system-in particular, the thyroid (both follicular cells and parafollicular cells), parathyroid, and pineal glands. (nationalacademies.org)
TSH binds to G-protein-coupled receptors in the surface membranes of thyroid follicular cells (Goodman 2003), which leads to increases in both the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and diacylglycerol/inositol trisphosphate second messenger pathways (Goodman 2003). (nationalacademies.org)
However, T 4 can induce proliferation of follicular and papillary thyroid carcinoma cell lines and of other human carcinoma cells. (tmu.edu.tw)

Goiters with primary thyroid malignancy require levothyroxine replacement after surgery and radioactive iodine ablation. (medscape.com)
Subjects with a history of thyroid disease, without complete informations or taking medications that affected their thyroid function, such as oral contraceptives, oestrogen, glucocorticoids and iodine, were excluded. (hindawi.com)
Toro-Tobon D, Morris JC 3rd, Hilger CR, Peskey C, Durski JM, Ryder M . Clinical outcomes of radioactive iodine redifferentiation therapy in previously iodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancers. (mayoclinic.org)
Genomic and Transcriptomic Characteristics of Metastatic Thyroid Cancers with Exceptional Responses to Radioactive Iodine Therapy. (mayoclinic.org)
Thyroid hormone contains iodine, which must be supplied by nutritional intake. (mhmedical.com)
These stores maintain adequate systemic concentrations of thyroid hormone despite significant variations in iodine availability and nutritional intake. (mhmedical.com)
2002). Normal thyroid function requires sufficient intake of iodine (at least 100 micrograms/day [µg/d]), and areas of endemic iodine deficiency are associated with disorders such as endemic goiter and cretinism (Larsen et al. (nationalacademies.org)
The iodine is transported from plasma into the thyroid cell via a sodium-iodide symporter. (medscape.com)
Causes of thyroid hormone deficiency include inborn errors of thyroid hormone synthesis, iodine deficiency,[2] and goitrogens. (medscape.com)
An adequate intake of iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones. (cdc.gov)

A recent study has reported that high circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is associated with low circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, but only in younger individuals. (hindawi.com)
Recently, a population-based study has reported that high vitamin D status in younger individuals is associated with low circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)

In TED patients, these cells express a higher level of thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor than ordinary fibroblasts [ 3 ]. (ekjo.org)
The most frequently mutated GPCRs include thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), Smoothened (SMO), glutamate metabotropic receptors (GRMs), members of the adhesion family of GPCRs and receptors for bioactive lipid mediators such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) that accumulate in the tumour microenvironment. (nature.com)
Objective: The performance of two functional bioassays and two immunoassays for the measurement of TSHR-Ab was assessed in this multicenter study.Methods: Two-hundred two subjects (median age 54 years, 162 female, 80%), with well-documented thyroid disorders and controls were prospectively enrolled in a consecutive, unselected manner. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
The aim of the study was to analyze the clinical course of 6 cases of hyperthyroid girls with GD in whom a normalization of previously increased autoantibodies against thyrotropin (TSH) receptor (anti-TSHR) was observed together with a significant increase in autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and thyroglobulin (anti-Tg), with concomitant hypo- or euthyroidism but no recurrence of hyperthyroidism. (nel.edu)
This subsequently causes a loss of tolerance to thyroid stimulating hormone receptors (TSHR). (eyewiki.org)
In a disease-free patient, synergistic activation of TSHR and IGF-1R (receptor for growth factor IGF-1) promotes DNA synthesis and thyroid cell proliferation. (eyewiki.org)

The hypothalamus senses low circulating levels of thyroid hormone (Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)) and responds by releasing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). (wikipedia.org)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) that stimulates the thyroid to secrete thyroxine (T4) and, to a lesser degree, triiodothyronine (T3). (wikipedia.org)
Well-standardized primary treatment and long-term management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) include lowering or suppression of host thyrotropin (TSH) with exogenous L-thyroxine (T 4 ). (tmu.edu.tw)
Distribution - Circulating thyroid hormones are greater than 99% bound to plasma proteins, including thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA), and albumin (TBA), whose capacities and affinities vary for each hormone. (nih.gov)

Thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies stimulate the thyroid to produce thyroid hormone. (standardofcare.com)

Transforming mutations in GNAS have been well documented in human thyroid and pituitary tumours, and recent sequencing efforts have shown these mutations to be present in a wide variety of additional tumour types, including colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and parathyroid, ovarian, endometrial, biliary tract and pancreatic tumours. (nature.com)
Adler GM - "The effect of sialic acid on adenylate cyclase activity and thyrotropin-receptor binding in human thyroid membranes" Acta Biochim Pol. (poisonfluoride.com)

This abnormality unregulates thyroid hormone synthesis. (standardofcare.com)
A deficiency in thyroid hormone synthesis or intake leads to increased TSH production. (medscape.com)
The mechanisms by which thyroid hormones exert their physiologic actions are not completely understood, but it is thought that their principal effects are exerted through control of DNA transcription and protein synthesis. (nih.gov)
This hormone nuclear receptor complex activates gene transcription and synthesis of messenger RNA and cytoplasmic proteins. (nih.gov)

Several reasons could be underlying such as thyroid dysfunction, older age, an immune imbalance, and the presence of thyrotropin recept. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
The ocular changes associated with This was a multi-centre, prospective, thyroid dysfunction have been recognized descriptive study between December 2002 for many years, yet controversy remains and September 2005. (who.int)
The onset of TED can occur before, concurrently, or as an effect of thyroid dysfunction disorders 1 . (eyewiki.org)

Thyroid nuclear scan of a patient with a euthyroid goiter showing different projections. (medscape.com)
When hyperthyroidism develops, a goiter (enlargement of the thyroid) is often present. (aace.com)
Thyroid function may be normal (nontoxic goiter), overactive (toxic goiter), or underactive (hypothyroid goiter). (medscape.com)
A goiter may result from a number of TSH receptor agonists. (medscape.com)

The TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). (wikipedia.org)
Once they reach their destination in the anterior pituitary, these hormones bind to specific receptors located on the surface of pituitary cells. (sciencebeta.com)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) released from the hypothalamus stimulates secretion of thyrotropin-stimulating hormone, TSH, from the anterior pituitary. (nih.gov)
These anterior pituitary hormones regulate peripheral endocrine glands (the thyroid, adrenals, and gonads) as well as growth and lactation. (msdmanuals.com)

Background: Thyrotropin receptor (TSH-R) blocking autoantibodies (TBAb) are present in 10-15% of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Detection of binding and blocking autoantibodies to the human sodium-iodide symporter in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. (rusmedserv.com)

These hormones bind specific receptors on target cells that in turn activate downstream signaling pathways. (nih.gov)
Hormones bind selectively to receptors located inside or on the surface of target cells. (msdmanuals.com)

This study aimed to determine the impact of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels on rates of thyroid cancer in euthyroid patients. (actaitalica.it)
The two groups were compared using the appropriate statistical tests to determine the predictors of thyroid cancer in euthyroid patients. (actaitalica.it)
High TSH levels in euthyroid patients were significantly correlated with the risk of thyroid malignancy. (actaitalica.it)
Although there are multiple studies on the association between TSH level and thyroid malignancy, those investigating this relationship in euthyroid patients are limited. (actaitalica.it)
Therefore, this study aims to determine the influence of TSH levels on the incidence of thyroid cancer in euthyroid patients. (actaitalica.it)

Recent cancer genome deep sequencing efforts have revealed an unanticipated high frequency of mutations in G proteins and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in most tumour types. (nature.com)
Two domains (domain 1 and 2) were identified by scanning mutations that were essential for function of the thyroid hormone inhibitory element: +3 to +13 bp and +28 to +37 bp. (johnshopkins.edu)

American Head and Neck Society Endocrine Surgery Section and International Thyroid Oncology Group consensus statement on mutational testing in thyroid cancer: Defining advanced thyroid cancer and its targeted treatment. (mayoclinic.org)

Thyroid hormone tests include T3, T4, and TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). (medlineplus.gov)
Initial screening for goiters should include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). (medscape.com)
cAMP- Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate, TRH - Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone, TRHR - Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor, TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. (endotext.org)
Shared alpha chain of the active heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones thyrotropin/thyroid stimulating hormone/TSH, lutropin/luteinizing hormone/LH, follitropin/follicle stimulating hormone/FSH and choriogonadotropin/CG. (nih.gov)
The four human glycoprotein hormones chorionic gonadotropin (CG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) are dimers consisting of alpha and beta subunits that are associated noncovalently. (nih.gov)
This hormone is responsible for the regulation and release of thyroid-stimulating hormone, as well as prolactin. (antibodies-online.com)
The principal regulator of thyroid function is the pituitary hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which in turn is controlled by positive input from the hypothalamic hormone thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and by negative input from T4 and T3. (nationalacademies.org)
TSH stands for thyrotropin or thyroid-stimulating hormone. (healthandmedicineinfo.com)

2023). Thyroid and antithyroid drugs. (mhmedical.com)

A homeobox protein and transcription factor that localizes to the cell nucleus where it activates expression of thyroid specific genes such as THYROGLOBULIN and the THYROTROPIN RECEPTOR. (bvsalud.org)

Thyrotropin receptors in orbital tissues such as fibroblasts and adipocytes are the targets of such antobodies and cause the ophthalmopathy. (standardofcare.com)
Aim This study used swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) to investigate subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) who displayed different levels of disease activity and severity. (bmj.com)
The staging of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy depends on the evaluation of clinical symptoms presently. (bmj.com)
We measured the choroidal thickness of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) patients in different stages using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and found that the choroidal thickness of TAO patients in the active phase increased significantly. (bmj.com)
This chapter provides a state-of-the-science review of adipokine-mediated paracrine signaling that may be implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation-related diseases such as atherosclerosis, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, and breast cancer. (123dok.org)
Teprotumumab for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. (usal.es)

Thyrotropin receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor crosstalk, orbital inflammatory infiltration and activation of orbital fibroblasts lead to perpetuation of orbital inflammation a. (endocrine-abstracts.org)

The goal of the present study was to explore the relationship between vitamin D status and circulating TSH levels with thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid hormone levels taken into consideration in a population-based health survey of middle-aged and elderly individuals. (hindawi.com)
In addition, a β-blocker can be used initially to control tachycardia and palpitations for symptomatic patients and can be discontinued once thyroid hormone levels improve. (medscape.com)
When thyroid hormone levels decrease, TRH and TSH secretion increase. (nih.gov)

T3 and T4 diffuse into the cell nucleus and bind to thyroid receptor proteins attached to DNA. (nih.gov)
Receptors on the cell surface bind with hormones that regulate enzyme activity or affect ion channels (eg, growth hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone). (msdmanuals.com)

The first exon of the human thyrotropin-β (hTSHβ) gene has been demonstrated in our laboratory to contain a major thyroid hormone inhibitory element. (johnshopkins.edu)

Orbital pre-adipocytes and fibroblasts also express the TSH receptor, resulting in expanded retro-orbital tissue and causing exophthalmos and limited eye movement. (frontiersin.org)
Fat-removal orbital decompression for thyroid associated orbitopathy: The right procedure for the right patient. (usal.es)

Thyrotoxicosis: Over-supply with thyroid hormones, e.g. by overdosed exogenously levothyroxine supplementation. (wikipedia.org)
1 ] It leads to thyrotoxicosis, that is, a state of excessive circulating thyroid hormones. (iap-kpj.org)

On examination, there was diffuse swelling in the thyroid region that moved with deglutition and did not move with protrusion of the tongue. (iap-kpj.org)

Normal thyroid function is known as euthyroidism.Disorders of the thyroid control circuit can lead to hyperthyroidism or hyperthyroidism. (healthandmedicineinfo.com)
Yet when there is overactivation of IGF-1 levels, lowering TSH can help maintain normal thyroid function. (eyewiki.org)

Background: Teprotumumab showed significant improvements vs placebo for the treatment of thyroid eye disease (TED) in clinical trials1,2 and is approved in the United States (US) but currently not in the EU. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
It includes information on pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment options for various etiologies of hyperthyroidism, as well as discussion of special cases such as subclinical hyperthyroidism, hyperthyroidism in pregnancy and thyroid storm ," she said. (medscape.com)
Milder disease often has a subtler clinical presentation and may be identified based solely on abnormal biochemical tests of thyroid function. (mhmedical.com)
Through ten outstanding editions, Werner & Ingbar's The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text has been the go-to reference for the most comprehensive coverage of the thyroid, including anatomy, development, biochemistry, physiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of all thyroid disorders. (medicosrepublic.com)

The predominant actions of thyroid hormone are mediated via nuclear TRs that modulate the transcription of specific genes. (mhmedical.com)
T3 enters the nucleus of the target cells and binds to specific receptors, which activate specific genes. (nationalacademies.org)

This pilot study showed the applicability and the potential of hybrid multispectral optoacoustic tomography/ultrasound to semiquantitatively provide tissue characterization and functional parameters in thyroid disorders for improved noninvasive diagnostics of thyroid diseases. (snmjournals.org)
In most patients, disorders of thyroid function can be either cured or controlled. (mhmedical.com)

The incidence of malignancy in MNG is 4-14%, and risk factors are family history of thyroid carcinoma, history of neck radiation, prior surgery, and presence of cervical lymphadenopathies. (intechopen.com)
Recurrence of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma During Full TSH Suppression: Is the Tumor Now Thyroid Hormone Dependent? (tmu.edu.tw)

The TSH, in turn, stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormone until levels in the blood return to normal. (wikipedia.org)

It was nearly 200 more years before the function of the thyroid was elucidated. (medscape.com)
The question whether antiepileptic drugs alter thyroid function requires a better understanding. (nel.edu)
fected by deranged thyroid function (Goodman 2003), making it among the most prevalent of endocrine diseases (Larsen et al. (nationalacademies.org)
Receptors inside cells interact with hormones that regulate gene function (eg, corticosteroids, vitamin D , thyroid hormone). (msdmanuals.com)

Few past studies have reported the impact of vitamin D deficiency on autoimmune thyroid disease and demonstrated inconclusive results [ 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
A deficiency of thyroid hormone present at birth. (symptoma.com)

The incidence of thyroid cancer has been rising worldwide. (medscape.com)

Anatomy9

Organisms2

Diseases31

Chemicals and Drugs59

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Phenomena and Processes7

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities1

Information Science2

Health Care1

Geographicals1

Gland53

Antibodies22

Nodules19

TRAb10

Antibody13

Hypothalamic-pitu2

Graves20

Hypothyroidism16

Immunoglobulin4

Nodule6

Serum6

Follicular4

Iodine10

Circulating thyroid-stimula2

TSHR6

Thyroxine4

Autoantibodies stimulate1

Human thyroid2

Synthesis4

Dysfunction3

Goiter4

Anterior pituitary4

Patients with autoimmune thyroid disease2

Hormones bind2

Euthyroid5

Mutations2

Advanced thyroid cancer1

Stimulating Hormone8

20231

Thyroglobulin1

Ophthalmopathy6

Insulin-like gro1

Hormone levels3

Bind2

Inhibitory1

Orbital2

Thyrotoxicosis2

Diffuse1

Normal thyroid2

Clinical4

Specific genes2

Disorders2

Carcinoma2

Stimulates the thyroid1

Function4

Deficiency2

Incidence of thyroid cancer1