Telomeres cells chromosomes. Medical search. Frequent questions

While there is a long way to go before any clinical application, there are data in experimental models where lengthening telomere length has been shown to retard and in some situations reverse age-related changes in several organs. (medindia.net)

a protein termed telomerase can directly add new DNA to the end of telomeres. (sciencedaily.com)
In 1985, along with her student Carol Greider, Prof. Blackburn identified the enzyme responsible for adding telomeric ends to linear chromosomes, which was later named telomerase. (frontiersin.org)
I will also introduce you to an enzyme that we discovered, called telomerase, which is responsible for the addition and maintenance of telomeres. (frontiersin.org)
After diving into the molecular details of telomeres and telomerase, I will reveal to you some very interesting connections between telomeres and human health. (frontiersin.org)
Professor Elizabeth Blackburn won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009, jointly with professor Carol Greider and professor Jack Szostak, for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase. (frontiersin.org)
The New York Times bestselling book coauthored by the Nobel Prize winner who discovered telomerase and telomeres' role in the aging process and the health psychologist who has done original research into how specific lifestyle and psychological habits can protect telomeres, slowing disease and improving life. (goodreads.com)
While many factors contribute to aging and illness, Dr. Elizabeth Blackburn discovered a biological indicator called telomerase, the enzyme that replenishes telomeres, which protect our genetic heritage. (goodreads.com)
In 1984, Blackburn co-discovered telomerase, the enzyme that replenishes the telomere, with Carol W. Greider. (goodreads.com)
Germ cells (eggs and sperm) and stem cells contain an enzyme, telomerase, that restores telomere length. (cdc.gov)
Although it is normally inactive in most other cells in the body, telomerase is activated in cancer cells, making them "immortal. (cdc.gov)
Although activating telomerase to immortalize normal cells is a theoretical possibility, its feasibility isn't known. (cdc.gov)
Conventional replication leads to telomere shortening, but telomere length is maintained by the enzyme telomerase. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Telomerase is required for cells that undergo many rounds of divisions, especially tumor cells and some stem cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The lab has generated telomerase null mice that are viable and show progressive telomere shortening for up to six generations. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Crosses of these telomerase null mice to other tumor prone mice show that tumor formation can be greatly reduced by short telomeres. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The lab also is using the telomerase null mice to explore the essential role of telomerase stem cell viability. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
In 2009, Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak were jointly awarded a Nobel prize for their research into telomeres, which are found at the end of chromosomes, and their discovery of telomerase, the enzyme that maintains them. (animalresearch.info)
Greider and Blackburn identified the enzyme that helps telomeres to protect the chromosomes - telomerase. (animalresearch.info)
In later work, Blackburn, Greider and Szostak found that telomeres and telomerase play a major part in the ageing process - of cells and of entire organisms. (animalresearch.info)
Telomerase is very sensitive to mutations and telomere defects have now been implicated in a number of diseases. (animalresearch.info)
Greider showed that the telomeres would shorten in mice with only one functional copy of the telomerase gene or had the half the normal amount of telomerase. (animalresearch.info)
In contrast, cancer cells have been shown to have high telomerase activity, which is one of the reasons they can go on dividing indefinitely. (animalresearch.info)
Telomerase mutations are the most common identifiable genetic cause of IPF, and at times, the telomere defect manifests in extrapulmonary disease such as bone marrow failure. (ersjournals.com)
Mutations in the telomerase accessory component, DKC1 , the dyskeratosis congenita 1 gene, can also manifest as IPF, underscoring the important role of telomere dysfunction in IPF pathogenesis [ 10 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Mutations in telomerase cause its loss of function and mediate disease through abnormally shortened telomeres [ 11 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Regular exercise, reducing stress levels, and taking certain telomerase-activating supplements can help slow the aging process and rebuild our telomeres. (antiaging-systems.com)
Within our telomeres is an enzyme called telomerase. (antiaging-systems.com)
Telomerase helps to rebuild our telomeres and keep them from getting too short. (antiaging-systems.com)
It's also essential to note telomerase is not found in all cells, so certain cells won't be able to rebuild or extend their telomeres at all. (antiaging-systems.com)
Thankfully, there are ways to boost the production of telomerase in our body to help with telomere shortening. (antiaging-systems.com)
Telomerase Activation' is the process of stimulating telomerase production to help rebuild and extend our telomeres. (antiaging-systems.com)
Studies have shown taking telomerase activation supplements can help lengthen telomeres, which can help slow down the aging process and reduce the risk of age-related diseases [ 3 ]. (antiaging-systems.com)
Fortunately, there are ways to improve telomere health and slow the aging process, such as taking telomerase-activating supplements, eating a healthy diet, and reducing stress levels. (antiaging-systems.com)
Telomerase synthesizes chromosome-capping telomeric repeats using an active site in telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and an integral RNA subunit template. (elifesciences.org)
An enzyme called telomerase adds structures called telomeres to the ends of the chromosomes, which protect the DNA from damage. (elifesciences.org)
Therefore, a future challenge will be to refine the method to allow experiments to use much less protein, which would more closely reflect how telomerase is produced in cells. (elifesciences.org)
This cell line is characterised by a lack of telomere shortening (and hence, constant telomere length) during cell division due to overexpression of telomerase 4 . (ersjournals.com)
In the 1980s, working with graduate student Carol Greider at the University of California, Berkeley, Blackburn discovered an enzyme called telomerase that can protect and rebuild telomeres. (juancole.com)
Collaborators at the University of Utah would measure telomere length, while Blackburn's team would measure levels of telomerase. (juancole.com)
85% of cancer cells use the enzyme telomerase to lengthen telomeres. (sens.org)
Telomerase is an enzyme that adds telomeric repeats to the ends of telomeres using a built-in template. (sens.org)
However, there is evidence that inhibition of telomerase causes cancer cells to switch to the ALT pathway and continue maintaining telomere length. (sens.org)
Telomerase is an enzyme that is responsible for maintaining the length of our telomeres, which are the protective end caps on our chromosomes that deteriorate as we age. (vermontrepublic.org)
Studies have found that Epithalamin can help to regulate cell growth and division, activate telomerase, and improve overall health and well-being. (vermontrepublic.org)
Epitide helps to activate telomerase, which can help to maintain the length of telomeres and promote overall health and well-being. (vermontrepublic.org)
These results indicate that exposure to WF down-regulated lungs POT1 which in turn activated ATR-dependent DNA damage signaling and telomere elongation in the lungs, as well as activation of telomerase-independent pathway, an alternative mechanism leading to telomere elongation in PBMCs. (cdc.gov)
Telomeres don't shrink significantly in healthy humans for decades due to an enzyme called telomerase , which partially repairs and lengthens them after each shortening. (howstuffworks.com)
Telomerase appears most frequently in stem cells, as well as in cells that divide frequently (such as those that take part in immune functions). (howstuffworks.com)
Telomerase production goes mostly dormant in most adult cells, but certain factors can increase production. (howstuffworks.com)
all genes associated with this syndrome (ie, DKC1 , TERT, TERC, NOP10 ) encode proteins in the telomerase complex responsible for maintaining telomeres at the ends of chromosomes regarding shortening length, protection, and replication. (medscape.com)
Telomerase is the enzyme synthesizing the specific DNA sequences found at the telomeres and is thus responsible for maintaining their lengths. (lu.se)
Telomerase activity can be found in most tumor cells, implicating that an active telomerase seems to be a prerequisite for tumor growth. (lu.se)
This will help to elucidate the role of telomerase activity in tumorigenesis as well as the role of telomere shortening in aging. (lu.se)
This group studies the function of telomeres and the basic molecular mechanisms of telomerase, the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of telomeric DNA. (lu.se)
With each round of cell division, the length of telomeres is shortened and the enzyme telomerase compensates by maintaining telomere length in germline and stem cells. (medscape.com)
Because telomeres function to maintain chromosomal stability, telomerase has a critical role in preventing cellular senescence and cancer progression. (medscape.com)

TA65® capsules - plant based compound to help maintain telomere length, or rebuild where necessary. (antiaging-systems.com)
The remainder maintain telomere length with ALT, a pathway based on homologous recombination (a mechanism used for DNA repair). (sens.org)

As in the DNA tightrope experiment, UV-DDB rushed to the scene, and when it wasn't available, cells were more sensitive to oxidative stress. (cmu.edu)
Telomere shortening and chronic diseases could be caused by the same cell-damaging processes, such as oxidative stress and inflammation. (cdc.gov)
Oxidative stress plays an important part in telomere shortening in people with diabetes. (glycemicindex.com)
This increased oxidative stress level speeds up telomere shortening. (glycemicindex.com)
The good news is that healthy eating guidelines for preventing and managing type 2 diabetes that help people to optimise their blood glucose levels, like consuming a moderate amount of low GI carbohydrate at main meals, and eating plenty of non-starchy vegetables and low GI fruit, will also help slow the shortening of telomeres, in-part by reducing oxidative stress. (glycemicindex.com)
Watkins and many other researchers suggest that eating a healthy, antioxidant-rich diet prevents oxidative stress from harming cells and causing functional losses associated with aging. (naturalnews.com)
[ 18 ] Loss of DKC1 has been reported to induce oxidative stress independent of telomere shortening. (medscape.com)

Mega-telomeric DNA also binds to various proteins to form complex structures on the ends of chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Telomeres are cap- like structures at chromosome ends that play an important role in ageing and in the initiation and progression of various diseases. (medindia.net)
He said: "DNA in human cells is arranged into 46 linear structures known as chromosomes. (sciencedaily.com)
The ends of these molecules are particularly prone to damage from the environment inside the cell, and thus have special structures to protect them, termed telomeres. (sciencedaily.com)
Telomeres are structures at the ends of chromosomes that contain repetitive stretches of DNA. (cdc.gov)
In humans and other eukaryotic organisms, DNA is contained within structures called chromosomes. (elifesciences.org)
Telomeres are complex DNA-protein structures located at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes. (ersjournals.com)
Telomeres are complex DNA-protein structures located at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes, which shorten with age in all replicating somatic cells 3 , 4 . (ersjournals.com)
Chromosomes are protein structures found within the nucleus of each cell that contain DNA. (glycemicindex.com)
These genetic structures protect humans' chromosomes, but generally shorten over time as they age . (popsci.com)

In most cells, telomeres become progressively shorter as the cell divides. (medlineplus.gov)
Each time a cell divides, enzymes chew off a tiny portion of its telomeres. (sciencenews.org)
The telomeres shorten each time a cell divides to make new cells, until they reach a critical short length and the cells enter an inactive state and then die. (medindia.net)
The more a cell divides, the shorter the telomeres. (ktvu.com)
Telomeres provide a buffer that grows shorter every time a cell divides. (cdc.gov)
Every time a cell divides, telomeres shorten, protecting the genetic material from being damaged and limiting the proliferation of the cell. (sens.org)
Each time a cell divides, however, the telomeres become shorter. (howstuffworks.com)

The research team measured telomere lengths in over 48,000 individuals and looked at their DNA and identified seven genetic variants that were associated with telomere length. (medindia.net)

Although these studies remain in their early stages it is hoped that the results may provide a better understanding of how the maintenance of telomeres is controlled, perhaps allowing for more targeted therapies for telomere associated disease in the future. (sciencedaily.com)

Nucleus with chromosomes, DNA molecule (double helix), telomere and gene (length of DNA that codes for a specific protein). (istockphoto.com)
However, mega-telomeres are substantially longer than regular telomeres, ranging in size from 50 kilobases to several megabases (for comparison, the normal length of vertebrate telomeres is usually between 10 and 20 kilobases). (wikipedia.org)
However, there is some debate on the topic, since telomeric length does not seem to affect lifespan in mice and birds with both long and short life-spans have been shown to have mega-telomeres. (wikipedia.org)
As DNA cannot be changed by lifestyle or environmental factors, an association of these genetic variants which affect telomere length with a disease also would suggest a causal link between telomere length and that disease. (medindia.net)
Dr Veryan Codd, Senior Research Associate at the University of Leicester who co-ordinated the study and carried out the majority of the telomere length measurements said: "The findings open of the possibility that manipulating telomere length could have health benefits. (medindia.net)
A new study is examining a sequence of DNA -- known as telomeres -- that varies in length between individual. (sciencedaily.com)
Telomeres consist of repeating pieces of DNA that vary in length between individuals. (sciencedaily.com)
The mechanisms controlling telomere length and the pathways reversing shortening largely remain a mystery. (sciencedaily.com)
June 5, 2019 A new study has surprised the medical world, finding that smoking does not shorten the length of telomeres -- a marker at the end of our chromosomes that is widely accepted as an indicator of aging. (sciencedaily.com)
Their first study led to a whole series of studies connecting telomere length to human health in various ways. (frontiersin.org)
Researchers studied the link between a person's walking pace and leucocyte telomere length (LTL) - an indicator of biological age. (ktvu.com)
Dr. Blackburn and Dr. Elissa Epel's research shows that the length and health of one's telomeres are a biological underpinning of the long-hypothesized mind-body connection. (goodreads.com)
This mechanism is thought to restrict the lifespan of cells to a limited number of divisions, making telomere length a measure of aging at the cellular level. (cdc.gov)
Is telomere length a biomarker for aging? (cdc.gov)
Studies of telomere length and mortality have found mixed results. (cdc.gov)
Very few studies have actually followed people over time to see how changes in telomere length correlated with survival. (cdc.gov)
Last week, a company in the UK announced that it would soon be offering a test of "biological age" based on telomere length to the public for approximately $700 (US). (cdc.gov)
As such, the mutant gene and mutation type are not the primary mediators of disease severity but the telomere length defect, as previously reviewed [ 11 ]. (ersjournals.com)
In this article, we will take a closer look at telomeres and how their length can affect our health. (antiaging-systems.com)
Why Does Telomere Length Impact Aging? (antiaging-systems.com)
Telomere length can also impact overall health, as shorter telomeres can increase our risk for age-related diseases like cancer and heart disease [ 2 ] and even shorten our lifespan. (antiaging-systems.com)
TA65® cream - plant based skin cream containing astalagus extract to help support telomere length and rebuild. (antiaging-systems.com)
Telomere length shortens with age in all replicating somatic cells. (ersjournals.com)
Telomere length was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridisation in circulating lymphocytes harvested from 26 never-smokers, 24 smokers with normal lung function and 26 smokers with moderate-to-severe airflow obstruction (forced expiratory flow in one second 48±4% predicted). (ersjournals.com)
In contrast to never-smokers, telomere length significantly decreased with age in smokers. (ersjournals.com)
There was also a dose-effect relationship between the cumulative long-life exposure to tobacco smoking (pack-yrs) and telomere length. (ersjournals.com)
It also demonstrates a dose-effect relationship between exposure to tobacco smoking and telomere length, but failed to show that this effect is amplified in smokers who develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (ersjournals.com)
Telomere length is, therefore, a marker of cell ageing and senescence 5 . (ersjournals.com)
In the present study, the authors hypothesised that the effects of tobacco smoking upon telomere length shortening would be enhanced in smokers who developed COPD, compared with those whose lung function was preserved despite their habit. (ersjournals.com)
Telomere length was determined as relative telomere length (RTL) by comparison with an internal cell line control (1301 cells) 4 . (ersjournals.com)
Genes were seen as by far the most important factor determining telomere length, and the idea that it would be possible to measure environmental influences, let alone psychological ones, was highly controversial. (juancole.com)
Over time, telomere length decreases until the telomere becomes too short for the cell to divide, eventually resulting in the death of the cell. (glycemicindex.com)
Perhaps unsurprisingly, there is an inverse association between the length of telomeres and biological ageing. (glycemicindex.com)
As an aside, one imagines that the shortening of telomeres must have accelerated after the Flood, given the ages of the first generations descended from Adam, people such as Enoch and Noah, compared to our much shorter longevity today and the fact that telomere length is a major limiting factor on our longevity. (crisismagazine.com)
In a study published in the American Journal of Epidemiology , a team of American researchers presented evidence of a healthy diet's anti-aging benefits by examining the effects of four antioxidant and anti-inflammatory diets on telomere length . (naturalnews.com)
Since longer telomere length is also linked to a reduced risk of major chronic disease, eating antioxidant-rich, anti-inflammatory diets may be the key to good health and healthy aging. (naturalnews.com)
A new study now shows that if telomeres change in their length, that change is also reflected in our brain structure. (mpg.de)
Telomere length is therefore regarded as a marker for the biological age of a person - in contrast to their chronological age. (mpg.de)
Based on this knowledge, researchers have examined how much lifestyle can influence telomere length. (mpg.de)
Using the DNA of leukocytes from the blood, the scientists were able to determine telomere length using a polymerase chain reaction. (mpg.de)
If the telomeres changed in length, this was associated with structural changes in the brain. (mpg.de)
The above results suggest that even short-term changes in telomere length over just three months might reflect general fluctuations in the body's health- and aging status. (mpg.de)
They went on to evaluate potential correlations between leucocyte telomere length and dementia risk, including Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, as well as total and regional brain volumes, using data from the UK Biobank. (nepalnews.com)
The length of leucocyte telomeres was determined by analysing blood samples collected at the time of enrollment. (nepalnews.com)
The data analysis found a substantial link between leucocyte telomere length and the risk of dementia. (nepalnews.com)
The researchers also point out several limitations: Because telomere length was only assessed once, it was unable to determine whether changes over time increased dementia risk. (nepalnews.com)
Furthermore, telomere length was only measured in leucocytes. (nepalnews.com)
They believe that measuring telomere length in glial cells (non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system) would have been more revealing, but this information was not available from the UK Biobank. (nepalnews.com)
Nevertheless, the researchers conclude, "We found that leucocyte telomere length acts as an aging biomarker associated with the risk of dementia. (nepalnews.com)
Furthermore, we also observed linear associations of leucocyte telomere length with total and regional brain structure. (nepalnews.com)
These findings highlight telomere length as a potential biomarker of brain health. (nepalnews.com)
Assessment of welding fume exposure on telomere length and regulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lung tissue in rats. (cdc.gov)
Protection of telomeres 1 (POT1) protein specifically binds the 3' overhang of the telomere and plays a key role in chromosomal end protection and telomere length regulation. (cdc.gov)
In this study, we examined POT1 mRNA expression and telomere length and regulation by shelterin complex proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and non-lavaged whole lung tissue in male Sprague-Dawley rats following exposure, by intratracheal instillation, to 2 mg/rat of manual metal arc-stainless steel welding fume (WF) particulate or saline (vehicle control). (cdc.gov)
The PBMCs recovered from WF-exposed animals had increased telomere length as analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), flow cytometry, and qPCR compared to controls. (cdc.gov)
Also, increased telomere length in lung tissue as analyzed by qPCR was observed in the WF group compared to control. (cdc.gov)
The length of telomeres offers insight into mitotic cell and possibly organismal longevity. (yang-sheng.com)
Telomere length has now been linked to chronic stress exposure and depression. (yang-sheng.com)
We review data linking telomere length to cognitive stress and stress arousal and present new data linking cognitive appraisal to telomere length. (yang-sheng.com)
Given the pattern of associations revealed so far, we propose that some forms of meditation may have salutary effects on telomere length by reducing cognitive stress and stress arousal and increasing positive states of mind and hormonal factors that may promote telomere maintenance. (yang-sheng.com)
Using yeast as a model system, we study the molecular mechanisms of telomere length regulation. (lu.se)
In addition to the mutations that directly effect telomere length, recent studies also indicate that a DKC diagnosis should not be based solely on the length of the telomere, but also the fact that there are defects in telomere replication and protection. (medscape.com)
TeloMean: Mean T/S ratio which is measured telomere length relative to standard reference DNA. (cdc.gov)
For researchers who wish to convert T/S ratio to base pairs (bp), the formula is (3,274 + 2,413 * (T/S)). The conversion from T/S ratio to bp is calculated based on comparison of telomeric restriction fragment (TRF) length from Southern blot analysis and T/S ratios using DNA samples from the human diploid fibroblast cell line IMR90 at different population doublings. (cdc.gov)
It is important to note that there is wide variance in telomere length measures across labs and types of assays. (cdc.gov)
In this case, results from NHANES are comparable to other studies performed in the Blackburn Lab and may be similar to other PCR-derived measures of telomere length if they used the same methods as written here. (cdc.gov)
While comparisons across studies of telomere length in base pairs are commonly done, it is not highly accurate. (cdc.gov)
Socioeconomic status, health behavior, and leukocyte telomere length in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000. (cdc.gov)
One of the causes linked to DS is the biological age of the mother and a marked decrease in the telomere length of the woman who gives birth to a child with DS. (bvsalud.org)

The researchers found that people who eat antioxidant-rich, anti-inflammatory diets that emphasize plant-based foods and limit consumption of meat and sugary foods have longer telomeres than people who don't . (naturalnews.com)
A 2007 dermatology study conducted at King's College London indicates that people with more moles often have longer telomeres. (howstuffworks.com)
In reality, some people are born with longer telomeres than others. (howstuffworks.com)
Accounting for factors such as age, lifestyle, income, and more, the researchers found that women who had more babies during the study also had longer telomeres. (pregnancymagazine.com)

A mega-telomere (also known as an ultra-long telomere or a class III telomere), is an extremely long telomere sequence that sits on the end of chromosomes and prevents the loss of genetic information during cell replication. (wikipedia.org)
As we age, our telomeres naturally get shorter due to cell replication and the natural wear and tear of everyday life. (antiaging-systems.com)
This is the process we have studied most intensively, but we are also interested in an alternative process known as break-induced replication (BIR), where only one end of a chromosome break locates a template sequence and assembles a complete replication fork and can copy sequences to the end of a chromosome, producing a nonreciprocal translocation. (brandeis.edu)
A telomere, which looks like a shoelace cap, is intended to keep chromosomes from fraying or unravelling during replication. (nepalnews.com)
After enough replication and the resulting shrinkage, our telomeres become too short to offer adequate protection, thus leaving chromosomes open to damage. (pregnancymagazine.com)

In a small number of individuals with dyskeratosis congenita, mutations in other genes involved with telomere maintenance have been identified. (medlineplus.gov)
The jellyfish also had unique mutations that stunted cell division and prevented telomeres - chromosomes' protective caps - from deteriorating. (newscientist.com)
Our preliminary data suggest that young healthy people already harbor cells in their brain showing mutations that we know drive brain cancer. (abta.org)
Acquisition of these mutations by normal cells can lead to microscopic abnormalities starting years before detectable tumors appear. (abta.org)
We developed a method that, for the first time, is able to study the complete genome of glial cells and see how they accumulate somatic mutations, starting from fetal life and through older stages. (abta.org)

My project is to develop new high-throughput assays for quantifying activity of the Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) pathway in human cells. (sens.org)

Telomeres act like protective caps for the chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
As humans get older and their cells divide over and over again, their telomeres-the protective caps on the end of chromosomes-get shorter. (time.com)
Telomeres are the protective caps of our chromosomes and play a central role in the ageing process. (mpg.de)
Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that become shorter with each cell division. (mpg.de)
Discovered in 1938 by gen-eticist Hermann J. Müller, telomeres (Greek for 'end part') are essentially protective caps composed of short DNA sequences on the tips of chromosomes. (howstuffworks.com)
Telomeres are the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes. (yang-sheng.com)

We are aiming to clarify the structure and function of telomeres. (lu.se)

Like regular telomeres, mega-telomeres are made of a repetitive sequence of DNA and associated proteins, and are located on the ends of chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
However, because chromosomes have telomeres or mega-telomeres on their ends, repetitive non-essential sequences of DNA are lost instead (See: Telomere shortening). (wikipedia.org)
Chromosomes have caps of repetitive DNA called telomeres at their ends. (listverse.com)
Telomeres are repetitive noncoding DNA strands at the ends of eukaryotic (plants, animals, etc.) chromosomes. (sens.org)
Telomeres refer to the repetitive sequences found at the end of human chromosomes that protect them from damage. (naturalnews.com)

Nov. 13, 2019 Loops at the ends of telomeres play a vital protective role preventing damage to chromosomes, according to new research. (sciencedaily.com)

Many studies in model organisms have established the significance of telomere structure and function in regulating genome stability, cellular aging, and oncogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
It is the first book to explain how we age at a cellular level and how we can make simple changes to keep our chromosomes and cells healthy, allowing us to stay disease-free longer and live more vital and meaningful lives. (goodreads.com)
Interestingly, cell death regulators also regulate many other cellular processes prior to a death stimulus, including neuronal activity, mitochondrial dynamics and energetics. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
We have reported that many insults can trigger cells to activate a cellular death pathway (Nature, 361:739-742, 1993), that several viruses encode proteins to block attempted cell suicide (Proc. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Counterintuitively the definition of cellular senescence is of cells that can no longer divide to make two new cells, rather than cells that no longer work. (thenakedscientists.com)
During successive cellular divisions, telomeres prevent base pair loss of chromosomal DNA. (glycemicindex.com)
Once you approach the Hayflick limit, the cellular effects of old age begin to set in due to cell death and damage. (howstuffworks.com)
In this issue, we generally review the mechanisms of cellular senescence in diabetic nephropathy, which involve telomere attrition, DNA damage, epigenetic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of Klotho, Wnt/ β -catenin signaling activation, persistent inflammation, and accumulation of uremic toxins. (hindawi.com)
One surprising finding is that chronic stress accelerates aging at the cellular level - in the body's telomeres. (psychcentral.com)

Telomeres protect chromosome ends from being recognized as DNA damage and chromosomal rearrangements. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
It can also be fused to fluorescent proteins to label specific chromosomal regions in live cells for study. (jax.org)
This advantage enables more efficient gene modulation and labeling of chromosomal loci in live cells. (jax.org)
and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell. (bvsalud.org)

These disorders disrupt the ability of the bone marrow to produce new blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)
also known as bone marrow failure, which occurs when the bone marrow does not produce enough new blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)
In some families, inheritance of exceptionally short telomeres is linked to specific diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis or bone marrow failure. (cdc.gov)
People with this disease die of bone marrow failure, likely due to stem cell loss. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Cancer cells, particularly those arising from the bone marrow or lymphatic system, may have a short generation time, and there usually are a smaller percentage of cells in G0 (resting phase). (msdmanuals.com)
Rapidly proliferating tissues with the greatest need for telomere maintenance (eg, bone marrow) are at greatest risk for failure. (medscape.com)
The epidermis is derived primarily from surface ectoderm but is colonized by pigment-containing melanocytes of neural crest origin, antigen-processing Langerhans cells of bone marrow origin, and pressure-sensing Merkel cells of neural crest origin. (medscape.com)

Unravelling the role of telomere shortening with ageing and their potential association with diabetes, cancer, and related lifestyle factors. (glycemicindex.com)

Previous research had shown that protein-DNA complexes called telomeres serve as a cell's timekeeper, telling it how long to live. (sciencenews.org)
Some of the new approaches depend on tumor biology and aim specifically to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis by targeting the tumor microenvironment or vasculature (leaving normal cells unaffected) or focusing on specific protein or signal transduction pathways. (medscape.com)
Rapid evolution of a Y-chromosome heterochromatin protein underlies sex chromosome meiotic drive. (ens-lyon.fr)
So far, they've found that exercise improves blood flow to the brain, feeding the growth of new blood vessels and even new brain cells, thanks to the protein BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor). (time.com)
They further link to the activation of protein kinase C- (PKC-) induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 6 , 7 ], which further mediates the activation of downstream transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κ B). Thus, the main treatments of DN refer to modulate glycemic and blood pressure through insulin and RAS inhibitors. (hindawi.com)
Another gene implicated in DKC, TINF2 , encodes a key component of the protein shelterin, which plays a role in telomere homeostasis. (medscape.com)

Future work in the lab will focus on identifying genes that induce DNA damage in response to short telomeres, identifying how telomeres are processed and how telomere elongation is regulated. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

of telomere dysfunction. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Without telomeres, our genome would be vulnerable to damage and dysfunction. (antiaging-systems.com)

It was thought that these telomeric sequences might protect genes on these tiny chromosomes from erosion during cell division. (wikipedia.org)
Telomeres help protect chromosomes from abnormally sticking together or breaking down (degrading). (medlineplus.gov)
Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes, much as plastic tips protect shoelaces. (sciencenews.org)
Telomeres are 'caps' at the end of chromosomes that protect the chromosomes from degrading. (ktvu.com)
Drawing from this scientific body of knowledge, they share lists of foods and suggest amounts and types of exercise that are healthy for our telomeres, mind tricks you can use to protect yourself from stress, and information about how to protect your children against developing shorter telomeres, from pregnancy through adolescence. (goodreads.com)
Telomeres also protect a chromosome's DNA sequence as it is being copied during cell division. (cdc.gov)
Our telomeres get shorter with every cell division until they eventually become too small to protect the chromosomes. (antiaging-systems.com)
In more scientific terms, telomeres protect the integrity of information carrying throughout each cell cycle by serving as specialized DNA caps on chromosomes. (glycemicindex.com)
BDNF triggers the growth of new neurons and helps repair and protect brain cells from degeneration. (time.com)
If they become so short that the genes they protect could be damaged, the cell stops dividing and renewing. (mpg.de)
Telomeres are DNA fragments at the ends of chromosomes that protect genetic information during cell proliferation. (cdc.gov)
If they grow too short, they reach the Hayflick limit , the point at which they can no longer protect the chromosomes from damage. (howstuffworks.com)

These large regions were termed "ultra-long" telomeres in the literature when they were identified using southern blotting and "mega-telomeres" when identified by cytogenetic methods. (wikipedia.org)
Just for starters, a molecular test would have shown long telomeres , much longer than a 30-year-old would normally have. (crisismagazine.com)
On one hand, Noah might have been born with rather long telomeres, while Batty drew the proverbial shortest straw. (howstuffworks.com)

When exposed to 'detrimental ' environments for telomeres - like smoking, obesity, or lack of exercise - they are likely to become even biologically older and consequently be more at risk of age-related diseases like heart disease and cancer. (medindia.net)
With the increased understanding of molecular mechanisms and basic pathways in the pathogenesis of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck , these pathways may be modified, and rational approaches in cancer therapy at the molecular level may be created. (medscape.com)
The goal of specific molecular targets in cancer therapy is to create a "magic bullet" that selectively kills cancer cells. (medscape.com)
As our understanding of the molecular biology of HNSCC continues to develop, we can target the specific components of cancer cells that are not found in normal cells. (medscape.com)
Ideal targets should be both specific to cancer cells and commonly found in cancer cells. (medscape.com)
Various techniques have been developed for targeting cancer cells: gene therapy, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), antibody toxin conjugates, small-molecule inhibitors, antisense molecules, and tumor vaccines. (medscape.com)
The goal of gene therapy is to introduce new genetic material into cancer cells that selectively kills them without causing toxicity to the surrounding cells. (medscape.com)
these abnormal chromosomes are often observed in cancer cells. (cdc.gov)
Several epidemiologic studies have found that shorter telomeres tend to be associated with diseases that become more frequent with age, including heart disease and cancer. (cdc.gov)
Are Telomeres the Key to Aging and Cancer? (cdc.gov)
Insufficient cell death underlies human cancer and autoimmune disease, while excessive cell death underlies human neurological disorders and aging. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Of particular interest to our group are the mechanisms by which Bcl-2 family proteins and other factors regulate programmed cell death, particularly in the nervous system, in cancer and in virus infections. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Their findings have now been tested across a range of animals, including mice and frogs, and research into telomere-based therapies for cancer and other diseases often makes use of mouse models. (animalresearch.info)
Cancer cells must be able to proliferate without limit-something that normal cells can't do. (sens.org)
Some cells, such as stem cells and cancer cells, are able to lengthen their telomeres to be able to divide without limit. (sens.org)
For two people of the same chronological age, the person with shorter telomeres has an increased risk of developing age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's or cancer, and even a shorter life expectancy. (mpg.de)
The roles of telomeres in cancer and aging are also considered. (lu.se)
Many factors are involved in causing and permitting the unregulated proliferation of cells that occurs in cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
Загальні відомості про злоякісні новоутворення Cancer is an unregulated proliferation of cells. (msdmanuals.com)
A subpopulation of cells within a cancer has the properties of stem cells. (msdmanuals.com)
A cancer may release cells into the circulation at a very early stage of development. (msdmanuals.com)
Circulating cancer cells are present in many patients with advanced cancer and even in some with localized disease. (msdmanuals.com)
Although most circulating cancer cells die, an occasional cell may penetrate into tissues, generating a metastasis at a distant site. (msdmanuals.com)

Previously she was a biological researcher at the University of California, San Francisco, who studied the telomere, a structure at the end of chromosomes that protects the chromosome. (goodreads.com)
Blackburn and Szostak found that chromosomes without telomeres are protects them from degradation. (animalresearch.info)
They found that exercise increased levels of a molecule that protects telomeres, ultimately slowing how quickly they shorten over time. (time.com)
Melanocytes, derived from neural crest cells, primarily function to produce a pigment, melanin, which absorbs radiant energy from the sun and protects the skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation. (medscape.com)

Every time cells divide, their telomeres shorten, which eventually prompts them to stop dividing and die. (listverse.com)
The majority of our cells can divide and replace themselves, albeit at different rates. (thenakedscientists.com)
These caps are important because they prevent our DNA from becoming damaged or unraveling when our cells divide and replicate. (antiaging-systems.com)
They shield the ends of our chromosomes each time our cells divide and the DNA is copied, but they wear down with each division. (juancole.com)
And when they get too short, our cells start to malfunction and lose their ability to divide - a phenomenon that is now recognised as a key process in ageing. (juancole.com)
When telomeres become too short, cells can no longer divide, which can lead to a number of health problems. (vermontrepublic.org)

While the chromosomes in most eukaryotic organisms are capped with telomeres, mega-telomeres are only found in a few species, such as mice and some birds. (wikipedia.org)

Because the affected gene is on the X chromosome, girls are carriers of the mutant gene but develop the disease only very rarely (one in about 50 million). (news-medical.net)
Targeted molecular therapy, like therapy with monoclonal antibodies, gene therapy, and other therapies, has limited or nonexistent side effects on normal cells of the body, unlike present modalities such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. (medscape.com)
We have been fascinated by the process of yeast mating-type gene switching, in which cells replace about 700 bp of Ya or Y-specific DNA sequences at the MAT locus by recombining with one of two donor loci, called HMLDescription: image3 and HMRa. (brandeis.edu)
A new gene regulation and labeling platform dubbed "Casilio" can simultaneously execute distinct functions at multiple areas of the genome at the same time, expanding researchers' ability to study gene function and chromosome structure, Jackson Laboratory (JAX) researchers report. (jax.org)
The widely used CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology has enabled researchers to alter genome sequence or gene expression with great precision, says JAX Assistant Professor Albert Cheng, Ph.D., first and co-corresponding author of a paper published in Cell Research . (jax.org)
A heterozygous mutation was found on the conserved telomere maintenance component 1 gene ( CTC1 ). (medscape.com)
Moreover, we identified selection for IbA10G2 at a 129-kb region around the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene in chromosome 6. (cdc.gov)
Lateral gene transfers resulted in different linkages between the ospC gene and loci of the chromosome or other plasmids. (cdc.gov)

When the caps are whittled down to nubs, cells cease dividing and soon die. (sciencenews.org)
The caps, dubbed telomeres, were subsequently found on human chromosomes too. (juancole.com)
and preventing the depletion of telomeres, caps on chromosomes that help to keep DNA stable and so prevent cells wearing out and ageing. (newscientist.com)
Telomeres are the protective end caps on our chromosomes that shorten as we age. (vermontrepublic.org)
Chromosomes need functional caps at their ends. (lu.se)
These caps are called telomeres. (lu.se)

After reading about Blackburn's work on ageing, she wondered if telomeres might fit the bill. (juancole.com)

Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. (news-medical.net)
Researchers, journalists, and inquiring minds want to know more about telomeres, which seem to hold clues to human aging and age-related diseases. (cdc.gov)
To see how exercise affects telomeres, researchers took a muscle biopsy and blood samples from 10 healthy people before and after a 45-minute ride on a stationary bicycle. (time.com)
Researchers define the human endocannabinoid system (ECS) as a complex cell-signaling system that plays an important role in the development of the central nervous system (CNS), synaptic plasticity -- a characteristic of neurons in the brain -- and the body's response to internal and external insults or stressors. (naturalnews.com)
Researchers have long discovered that the shortening of telomeres is responsible for the aging-related degeneration of cells . (naturalnews.com)
The researchers believe that this can be explained by the fact that healthy diets create a biochemical environment that's favorable to telomeres. (naturalnews.com)
I would also like to have a module database, like an App Store, where researchers can 'shop' for Casilio modules - e.g., modules for adding acetylation, removing methylation, inducing double-strand breaks, etc., just plug-and-play, mix and match the different modules to do something fun in the cell. (jax.org)
At the start, researchers collected saliva samples to measure the telomeres of all participants. (pregnancymagazine.com)
To close the study, researchers again gathered samples from each of the women to measure her telomeres. (pregnancymagazine.com)
Meanwhile, researchers are hoping to stretch out telomeres in microgravity via Genes in Space-10 , part of an ongoing national contest for students in grades 7 through 12 to develop their own biotech experiments. (popsci.com)

We have shown that anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins can be converted into killer molecules (Science 278:1966-8, 1997), that Bcl-2 family proteins interact with regulators of caspases and regulators of cell cycle check point activation (Molecular Cell 6:31-40, 2000). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
When a cell is under stress, proteins and mRNAs that are not essential for survival are clumped into stress granules, allowing the cell to devote its resources to surviving the stress. (sens.org)
However, in ALS, mutated proteins that are prone to aggregation are brought together in stress granules where they form insoluble aggregates that are toxic to the cell. (sens.org)
Although the senescent cells remain viable, they show typical changes with enlarged and flattened cell bodies, apoptosis resistance, increased activity of senescence-associated β -galactosidase (SA- β -gal), and upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors including p16 INK4A , ARF proteins, and p21 [ 13 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)

Telomeres may provide a pathway for exploring this question. (yang-sheng.com)

Telomere Maintenance Mechanisms. (sens.org)
consequently cells have evolved a variety of mechanisms to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs). (brandeis.edu)

Observing telomere lengthening in ISS microgravity will give scientists a chance to determine if their size change relates to stem cell proliferation. (popsci.com)

A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle. (mcw.edu)
To this end we have expressed the site-specific HO endonuclease in meiotic cells so that we can compare recombination events at the same loci where we have used HO to stimulate recombination in mitotic cells. (brandeis.edu)

A telomere array is a unique arrangement of telomeres within a sample (cell, individual, etc.) that is defined by the number of sequence repeats, the pattern of fragments given by restriction digest, the chromosome on which it is found, and the specific location of the sequence on that chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
However, subsequent studies showed that mega-telomeres are not necessarily present in all species with microchromosomes, nor are they found on all microchromosomes within a cell. (wikipedia.org)
which are found at the ends of chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)
She found that the telomeres of pond scum are composed of short, repeating patterns of the nucleotides thymine and guanine, in the form of TTGGGG. (frontiersin.org)
They found the jellies silenced developmental genes to return cells to a primordial state and activated other genes that allow the nascent cells to re-specialise once a new medusa buds off. (newscientist.com)
Previous studies have found telomere shortening in adults who were maltreated as children. (cdc.gov)
To help explain, we need to recall that deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the molecule found inside all of our body's cells that contains the genetic information responsible for growth, function and reproduction. (glycemicindex.com)
In observational studies conducted in Asia, Europe and North America, people with shorter telomeres are found to have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, independent of other known diabetes risk factors. (glycemicindex.com)
Studies have found that Epithalamin can help to regulate cell growth and division, improve immune function, and reduce inflammation. (vermontrepublic.org)
Telomeres can be found at the end of each DNA strand, protecting our chromosomes from damage. (pregnancymagazine.com)

In this study we used information contained in people's genetic profile to show that a faster walking pace is indeed likely to lead to a younger biological age as measured by telomeres. (ktvu.com)
In other words, the shorter your telomeres, the greater your biological age. (glycemicindex.com)

Together with psychology researcher Elissa Epel, she studied the relationships between telomeres and chronic stress. (frontiersin.org)
Shorter telomeres are associated with chronic diseases and high stress levels can contribute to their shortening. (mpg.de)

It was a mystery: how does the chromosome replicate itself precisely during repeated cell divisions without degrading over time? (bigthink.com)
When this happens, our cells can no longer replicate properly and will eventually die off. (antiaging-systems.com)
Whenever our cells replicate, their telomeres shrink accordingly. (pregnancymagazine.com)

After a certain number of cell divisions, the telomeres become so short that they trigger the cell to stop dividing or to self-destruct (undergo apoptosis). (medlineplus.gov)

Scientists have successfully studied the telomeres in decrepit mice, proving that mice which had the enzyme replaced became healthy once again. (listverse.com)
Scientists had noticed that all of our chromosomes have similar sequences of DNA at their ends. (animalresearch.info)
Scientists have discovered that telomeres can be lengthened or shortened - so the goal is to have more days of renewal of cells than destruction or wear and tear on them. (psychcentral.com)

However, it remains unclear if telomere elongation actually reflects any improvement in a person's overall health and aging trajectory. (mpg.de)

Even now, your telomeres may grow shorter with each cell division, burning down ever closer to the point of guttering out. (howstuffworks.com)

At the end of each chromosome is a telomere, which acts as a protective cap. (antiaging-systems.com)
Working with biologist Joe Gall at Yale in the 1970s, Blackburn sequenced the chromosome tips of a single-celled freshwater creature called Tetrahymena ("pond scum", as she describes it) and discovered a repeating DNA motif that acts as a protective cap. (juancole.com)

Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. (news-medical.net)
Therefore, many genetically programmed cell suicide pathways have evolved to promote long-term survival of species from yeast to humans. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

Brain tumors in general are derived mostly from glial cells, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, but not neurons. (abta.org)

In 1978, Blackburn became an assistant professor of molecular biology at the University of California Berkeley, where she continued investigating the telomeres of pond scum. (frontiersin.org)
For these discoveries Prof. Blackburn, along with Carol Greider and another telomere research collaborator, Jack Szostak, were awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. (frontiersin.org)
In 1990, Prof. Blackburn left Berkeley and continued to investigate telomeres as a professor at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF). (frontiersin.org)
These sequences, called telomeres, do not code for genes, but Blackburn, Greider and Szostak showed that they have a very important role. (animalresearch.info)
The majority of Blackburn, Greider and Szostak's work used human and yeast cells, and some unicellular organisms. (animalresearch.info)

In the time it takes you to read this sentence, every cell in your body suffers some form of DNA damage. (cmu.edu)
Because the enzymes that copy DNA aren't able to continue to the very end of the sequence, a bit of DNA is lost each time the chromosome is copied. (cdc.gov)
Over time, telomeres become so short that cell division stops and the cell dies. (cdc.gov)
Without this RNA template, the cell's machinery is unable to copy entire chromosomes, and they become shorter and shorter each time they are replicated. (animalresearch.info)
Even so, our telomeres dwindle over time. (juancole.com)
In this project, we will utilize animal models that allow us to distinguish between the contribution of sex hormones and that of sex chromosomes to determine changes in signaling pathways and alterations in microenvironmental interactions by using a real-time in vivo imaging platform. (abta.org)
Using synchronized cells undergoing recombination that is initiated at a specific site on a chromosome by an inducible endonuclease, we use physical monitoring techniques (Southern blots, PCR analysis) to follow the sequence of molecular events that occur in real time. (brandeis.edu)
In a period when participants' telomeres lengthened during the study, it was also more likely that their cortex had thickened at the same time. (mpg.de)
However, CRISPR currently can carry out only one function in the cell at a time. (jax.org)

Telomeres play an essential role in our body's health and aging process. (antiaging-systems.com)

In this area, our recent research has included studying cutaneous shave biopsies for diagnosing primary colonic adenocarcinoma as well as growth inhibition and apoptosis in human brain tumor cell lines using selenium. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
In the later generations, when telomeres are short, cells die via apoptosis or senescence. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Apoptosis and other forms of cell death are required for trimming excess, expired and damaged cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

When telomeres (green) undergo damage (bottom row), UV-DDB (red) rushes to the scene (yellow). (cmu.edu)

However, extremely long regions of telomere sequence were not recognized in vertebrates until over a decade later. (wikipedia.org)
The currently accepted terminology for these sequences is "mega-telomeres" Mega-telomeres in vertebrates consist of repeats of a six base-pair sequence, TTAGGG, of DNA. (wikipedia.org)
In birds, whose cells contain microchromosomes, it has been suggested that there was a correlation between the presence of mega-telomeres and the number of microchromosomes present in a species, such that bird genomes with large numbers of microchromosomes also possessed larger amounts of telomeric DNA sequence. (wikipedia.org)
The RNA is complementary to the telomere sequence, which allows the telomeres to be copied efficiently. (animalresearch.info)
We have shown that this regulation involves the action of a small Recombination Enhancer (RE) sequence that enables a donor on the left chromosome arm to recombine preferentially in MATa cells. (brandeis.edu)

But, individuals are born with different telomere lengths and the rate at which they subsequently shorten can also vary. (medindia.net)
It is theorised that telomere shortening may lead to premature pancreatic β-cell death, decreasing β-cell mass and subsequently reducing insulin secretion and glucose tolerance. (glycemicindex.com)

For example, human chromosomes do not have mega-telomeres while mice and many species of birds do. (wikipedia.org)
Genes on chromosome 9 are among the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 total genes in the human genome. (news-medical.net)
If the enzyme is reawakened in these dying cells, normal human aging could be slowed, stopped or even reversed. (listverse.com)
Research on telomeres is still at an early stage but some entrepreneurs see human curiosity as an untapped market. (cdc.gov)
Billions of cells die per day in the human body. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Telomeres (in white) cap the ends of human chromosomes, protecting the genetic information from damage. (howstuffworks.com)

By understanding what telomeres are and how they work, we can take measures to help lengthen our telomeres and promote longevity. (antiaging-systems.com)

It also has the ability to find damage buried in chromosomes and help DNA repair molecules go places they otherwise couldn't, the way a helicopter can navigate really hilly areas. (cmu.edu)
In this article, I will tell you about telomeres, which are the protective tips of DNA molecules-the molecules where the organism's genes are stored. (frontiersin.org)

Anatomy65

Organisms13

Diseases23

Chemicals and Drugs48

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes161

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Lengthening telomere length1

Telomerase56

Maintain telomere length2

Oxidative stress7

Structures10

Divides7

Associated with telomere length1

Maintenance of telomeres1

Length69

Longer telomeres4

Replication5

Mutations5

Alternative lengtheni1

Protective caps6

Function of telomeres1

Repetitive5

Ends of telomeres1

Cellular9

Chromosomal4

Bone marrow7

Role of telomere1

Protein6

Short telomeres1

Dysfunction2

Protect12

Long telomeres3

Cancer23

Protects4

Divide6

Eukaryotic organisms1

Gene8

Caps6

Ageing1

Researchers10

Proteins4

Pathway1

Mechanisms2

Stem1

Meiotic2

Found10

Biological age2

Chronic2

Replicate3

Divisions1

Scientists3

Elongation1

Shorter with each cell division1

Acts as a protective cap2

Humans2

Glial cells1

Blackburn5

Time9

Body's1

Apoptosis3

Undergo1

Sequence5

Subsequently2

Human6

Longevity1

Molecules2