Elicited antitumor effectsProteinsSignal TransductionVitroTumorCytotoxicityHigh-throughputMammalianPreclinicalAntibodiesApproachesMoleculesBiologicalEspecially for hypoxic cellsResistanceMembraneCompoundsCellAnticancer drugEffectsSmall moleculeTherapeuticKinaseAutophagyWidespreadPharmaceuticalsActivity2019Medicinal chemistryTherapyImmuneTherapeuticsChemicalCellsDiscoveryMultiple targetsSubsequentlyMolecularTissuesTreatmentDetectionProteinIdentifyEmergence2021CommonlyMechanismsSignificantApproach
Elicited antitumor effects1
- Cell viability assays, colony formation assays, wound healing assays, and Transwell assays demonstrated that ebastine elicited antitumor effects in osteosarcoma cells. (ijbs.com)
Proteins2
- The cultures were exposed to cisplatin and cetuximab and the morphological changes of spheroids over time and the expression changes of target proteins were compared. (medsci.org)
- We adopted a distinct approach aimed initially at interfering with protein-protein interactions of RAS, and other so-called undruggable targets like transcription factors, using molecular biology tools called intracellular antibodies that bind to target proteins inside cells. (cancer.gov)
Signal Transduction1
- Cytoskeleton, Inc. offers a wide range of kits and products for drug screening, signal transduction and cytoskeletal research. (cytoskeleton.com)
Vitro14
- A recent in vitro screening of the Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PnV) antitumor effects by our group has shown that the venom significantly affected glioblastoma cell lines. (nature.com)
- BK011P) was an essential reagent in this study, complementing the in vivo results and in vitro cell culture data which demonstrated conclusively that the C36L1 peptide targets microtubules in exerting its anti-tumor effects. (cytoskeleton.com)
- Prediction of Chemical Carcinogenicity in Rodents from in Vitro Genetic Toxicity Assays R AYMOND W. TENNANT, BARRY H. MARGOLIN, MICHAEL D. SHELBY, E RROL Z … As an in vivo toxicity endpoint, the acute lung inflammogenicity in a rat instillation model was compared with the in vitro toxicity endpoints comprising cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, or haemolytic potential. (holocausto.online)
- In vitro toxicity assays are used to determine the potential of a new pharmaceutical, agrochemical, food additive, or other chemical product to be hazardous to humans.In vitro studies, which are performed on cultured bacterial or mammalian cells, can be used as an initial screen to avoid the unnecessary use of animals in determining which candidates should move forward for further safety testing. (holocausto.online)
- The application of High Content Screening for in vitro toxicity testing is a relatively new approach in the preclinical research phase of drug development. (holocausto.online)
- In regulatory testing situation these in vitro toxicity assays must be reliable, because from these tests it is only possible to generalize the data to … First Published 1995. (holocausto.online)
- Kroll A(1), Pillukat MH, Hahn D, Schnekenburger J. The in vitro assays covered baseline toxicity in bacteria, oxidative stress, cytotoxicity in mammalian cells and yeast, estrogenicity, and anti-androgenicity. (holocausto.online)
- While toxicity test has been traditionally completed in the preclinical phase, in vitro toxicity studies in the early drug discovery stages could significantly reduce failures at a later stage and prevent economic loss. (holocausto.online)
- Considering the ethical issues and the cost of in-vivo animal tests, the pharmaceutical industry now relies more on in-vitro methods for toxicity testing in the drug development phase. (holocausto.online)
- Traditionally, the in vitro toxicity assays that have been used to identify molecules that carry drug-related DILI risk factors include two-dimensional (2D) cell systems and other standard preclinical model… The principal application of this assay is to rapidly screen test compounds to identify those that induce acute liver cell toxicity. (holocausto.online)
- In vitro, chemicals such as drugs and pesticides have different cytotoxicity mechanisms such as destruction of cell membranes, prevention of protein synthesis, irreversible binding to receptors etc. (holocausto.online)
- H … In vitro assays covered baseline toxicity, oxidative stress responses, and estrogenic and antiandrogenic activity. (holocausto.online)
- The positive control induced a high degree of toxicity in all in vitro tests performed, indicating that the toxicity observed in the direct contact assay was due to in situ extraction of toxic components. (holocausto.online)
- 2000. Results of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay and the Balb/3T3 cell in vitro transformation assay for eight phthalate esters. (cdc.gov)
Tumor15
- Secarna Pharmaceuticals, an IZB-based biopharmaceutical company focusing on the discovery and development of next-generation antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapies to address challenging or previously undruggable targets via its LNAplus™ platform, announced the publication of striking new preclinical data demonstrating that bimodal ASOs can enable efficacious long-term antitumor immunity in tumor models compared to current immune checkpoint inhibitors. (izb-online.de)
- The combined downregulation of PD-L1 expression in a single-molecule approach resulted in exceptional antitumor activity in different tumor models. (izb-online.de)
- Collectively, these data show that IM-T9P1 leads to long-lasting, adaptive antitumor immunity that can be further improved when combined with T cell-targeting immune checkpoint inhibitors and can have efficacy against large, established tumors in preclinical tumor models. (izb-online.de)
- Treatment with IM-T9P1 resulted in the sustained activation of a specific type of tumor infiltrating cell, dendritic cells 3 (DC3s), which can promote antitumor immunity by supporting T cells with survival signals and enabling them to perform their effector functions. (izb-online.de)
- Cancer research has been conducted using cultured cells as part of drug discovery testing, but conventional two-dimensional culture methods are unable to reflect the complex tumor microenvironment. (medsci.org)
- In the future, it may become possible to produce tumor spheroids from tissue samples of oral cancer patients, and then apply them to drug screening and to develop individualized diagnostic and treatment methods. (medsci.org)
- Moreover, common targeted therapeutic drug formulations have weak stability in malignant tumor leukemia, and their application effects are limited. (frontiersin.org)
- Therefore, based on the characteristics of black phosphorus two-dimensional nanomedicine, experimental designs were conducted on its nanosheet preparation, polyethylene glycol modification, and anti-tumor drug loading. (frontiersin.org)
- Its drug release characteristics perform well in photothermal therapy, indicating that black phosphorus nano drugs can improve the biological safety and applicability of drugs in new tumor targeted therapy. (frontiersin.org)
- Targeted therapy uses targeted drugs to maintain a high concentration of the drug in the tumor area, improving the killing efficiency of cancer cells while avoiding damage to other normal cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Increasing amounts of evidence indicate that autophagy is induced by a number of stressors in tumor cells, such as starvation, growth factor deprivation, hypoxia, damage stimulation and therapeutic drugs, and is an important survival mechanism in response to cellular stress ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Despite the identification of tumor-specific somatic mutations, most cancer therapy still utilizes nonspecific, cytotoxic drugs. (broadinstitute.org)
- In oncology, mouse xenograft models, based on a patient's tumor cells, have been used to select between drugs (Wu et al. (docksci.com)
- Discuss the current challenges and key considerations to be taken when designing assays to identify new biomarkers in pan tumor applications. (hub-xchange.com)
- Some drugs (eg, hydralazine , procainamide , isoniazid , anti-tumor necrosis factor [TNF] drugs) cause a reversible lupus-like syndrome. (msdmanuals.com)
Cytotoxicity3
- The negative results for cytotoxic and antimicrobial assays indicated possible low cytotoxicity to the extract. (researchgate.net)
- We conduct cytotoxicity estimation using a panel of cell proliferation and viability tests, which can be sorted into four types by different endpoints: Functional assays: assessment of ATP, ADP, ATP/ADP ratios. (holocausto.online)
- The ethanolic extracts of the plant were examined for the presence of bioactive components and their total flavonoid content, with focusing on quercetin detection using thin layer bioautography (TLB) and brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) for cytotoxicity. (who.int)
High-throughput3
- Here, we first used high-throughput screening and had screened one compound candidate, ebastine (a H1-histamine receptor antagonist), for osteosarcoma therapy. (ijbs.com)
- A small-molecule library enriched for FDA-approved drugs was screened with a high-throughput, ligation-mediated amplification assay with a fluorescent, bead-based detection. (broadinstitute.org)
- In this case, phenotypic screening relies on an appropriate tissueor cell-based assay that can be miniaturized and used in combination with high throughput tools. (docksci.com)
Mammalian2
- A large number of potential drug targets have been cloned and functionally expressed, and enormous progress has been made in the development, miniaturization and automation of cell based assays on target molecules recombinantly expressed in mammalian cell lines. (docksci.com)
- Mammalian genotoxicity assay reveals if the compound causes abnormalities in chromosome distribution (aneugenity) or chromosome breaks (clastogenity) during cell division. (holocausto.online)
Preclinical1
- 50 years of preclinical anticancer drug screening:empirical to target-driven approaches. (jscimedcentral.com)
Antibodies1
- The former issue was often neglected prior to initiating drug discovery programmes while the latter was considered impossible because it was purported that antibodies were unsuitable to derive compounds. (cancer.gov)
Approaches7
- During his six year stay at GNF, Dr. Gray became the director of biological chemistry where he supervised a group of over fifty researchers integrating chemical, biological and pharmacological approaches towards the development of new experimental drugs. (stanford.edu)
- Dr. Gray has also developed structure-based, generalized approaches for designing drugs to overcome one of the most common mechanisms of resistance observed against most kinase inhibitor drugs, mutation of the so-called 'gatekeeper' residue, which has been observed in resistance to drugs targeting BCR-ABL, c-KIT and PDGFR. (stanford.edu)
- Previously, this target has been intractable to modulation with traditional small-molecule library screening approaches. (broadinstitute.org)
- Target based screening is likely to provide very good drug candidates for monogenic diseases, and the following collection of manuscripts is not meant to discourage the use of target based approaches. (docksci.com)
- Here, target agnostic approaches using phenotypic assays may offer significant benefit. (docksci.com)
- Viswanathan and colleagues reviewed the recent progress in the culture of hPSCs with emphasis on the importance of the environment surrounding these cells and high content analysis approaches for assay development. (docksci.com)
- Prior to joining Invicro, Joseph was Chief Scientific Officer at Flagship Biosciences where he led the R&D and Scientific efforts in applying novel quantitative tissue image analysis approaches to immuno-oncology and rare diseases to support drug and companion diagnostic development. (hub-xchange.com)
Molecules4
- Molecules from animal venoms are promising candidates for the development of new drugs. (nature.com)
- Studies in progress are selecting the venom molecules with antitumor and immunomodulatory effects and trying to better understand their mechanisms. (nature.com)
- The identification, optimization and synthesis of antineoplastic drugs from PnV molecules may lead to a new multitarget chemotherapy. (nature.com)
- Typically, low molecular weight drugs are not recognized by the immune system, whereas protein molecules of much higher molecular weight invariably are. (genengnews.com)
Biological4
- To confirm this popular use, ethanol extract from leaves of G. globosa L. was prepared by maceration and analyzed by some phytochemical and biological assays, including cardiovascular activity. (researchgate.net)
- There, he has established a discovery chemistry group that focuses on developing first-in-class inhibitors for newly emerging biological targets, including resistant alleles of existing targets, as well as inhibitors of well-validated targets, such as Her3 and RAS, that have previously been considered recalcitrant to small molecule drug development. (stanford.edu)
- The limited throughput of phenotypic assays compared to most target-based assays necessitates smaller libraries that are optimized with regard to biological and chemical diversity. (docksci.com)
- One such biological target was RAS, where decades of attempts had failed (until very recently) to yield anti-cancer drugs directly interfering with RAS function. (cancer.gov)
Especially for hypoxic cells2
Resistance5
- These results demonstrate the importance of DCs in overcoming ICI resistance and achieving effective and durable antitumor responses and, in many cases, antitumor immunity. (izb-online.de)
- Dr. Gray's research has had broad impact in the areas of kinase inhibitor design and in circumventing drug resistance. (stanford.edu)
- Emerging evidence suggests that they provide a cellular mechanism for induction and emergence of drug resistance and contribute to increased invasive and metastatic potential. (frontiersin.org)
- In addition, high potency, selective interaction with a single target may increases the risk of adverse events or be limited by redundancies and adaptive resistance. (docksci.com)
- Diagnostic testing continues to improve, but multi-drug resistance to treatment is an increasing challenge. (cdc.gov)
Membrane1
- Cytology/Membrane leakage assays: LDH, AK test. (holocausto.online)
Compounds6
- Therefore, a rationale for treating hypertension would be to administer drugs or natural compounds which selectively inhibit ACE. (scielo.br)
- The Drug Repurposing Hub is one of the most comprehensive and up-to-date biologically annotated collections of FDA-approved compounds in the world. (broadinstitute.org)
- Our work on intracellular antibody fragments as tools for analysis of protein complexes argued that these macromolecules could also be employed for target validation in diseases and then as guides for target-specific surrogate compounds as inhibitors. (cancer.gov)
- This seemed much larger than would be expected for the range of space occupied by drug-like chemical compounds, estimated at 300 to 1000 Å2 [4, 5]. (cancer.gov)
- We exploited the specific binding of the antibody fragment and were able to identify RAS-binding compounds in antibody-competition assays (illustrated in Fig.1). (cancer.gov)
- The inclusion of other assays and compounds will most likely expand the types of activities that can be reliably detected. (holocausto.online)
Cell8
- these results confirm that this cell is a target of PnV components. (nature.com)
- Cisplatin showed concentration-dependent antitumor effects due to loss of cell adhesion and spheroid disruption in each cell line, while cetuximab exhibited antitumor effects that correlated with EGFR expression in each cell line. (medsci.org)
- These include EpiScreen™, a T-cell epitope mapping technology that screens peptides for their immunostimulatory properties, and EpiScreen DC:T cell assay, which screens biologics for their immunogenicity. (genengnews.com)
- We've screened more than 1,275 cancer cell lines as part of the Cancer Dependency Map (DepMap). (broadinstitute.org)
- Promising examples include anti-microbial assays, cell proliferation, platelet aggregation, and insulin release from pancreatic β-cells. (docksci.com)
- Examine the importance of biomarker quantification when phenotyping multiple targets across cell types. (hub-xchange.com)
- Explore how novel tissue staining technologies can be applied to interrogate new drug targets and immune cell while preserving tissue architecture for spatial analysis. (hub-xchange.com)
- An MTT assay was used to determine cell metabolic activity and a TUNEL assay for detecting DNA fragmentation. (holocausto.online)
Anticancer drug1
- The contribution of synthetic organic chemistry to anticancer drug development. (jscimedcentral.com)
Effects5
- Since in classic chemotherapies it is observed a decrease in immune response, methotrexate (MTX) was used only to compare the PnV effects on innate immune cells with a highly immunosuppressive antineoplastic drug. (nature.com)
- Its low toxicity, high efficiency, and controllable drug release advantages make it have good application effects. (frontiersin.org)
- Drug delivery systems seem to be a new method for improving drug targeting and release into cells, bringing new opportunities for improving drug efficiency and avoiding potential side effects. (frontiersin.org)
- Hepatotoxicity (toxic effects on the liver) and cardiotoxicity (toxic effects on the heart) are the most severe problems encountered in drug development and the major reason for drug withdrawals. (holocausto.online)
- However, with an adeq battery of necf expsre blmarkers, prospective studies of en- vironmental effects on pregnancy outcomes might be possible. (cdc.gov)
Small molecule5
- Nathanael Gray is the Krishnan-Shah Family Professor of Chemical and Systems Biology at Stanford, Co-Director of Cancer Drug Discovery Co-Leader of the Cancer Therapeutics Research Program, Member of Chem-H, and Program Leader for Small Molecule Drug Discovery for the Innovative Medicines Accelerator (IMA). (stanford.edu)
- Signature-based small molecule screening identifies cytosine arabinoside as an EWS/FLI modulator in Ewing sarcoma. (broadinstitute.org)
- Unfortunately, many classes of oncoproteins (e.g., transcription factors) are not amenable to conventional small-molecule screening. (broadinstitute.org)
- We hypothesize that screening small-molecule libraries highly enriched for FDA-approved drugs will provide a more rapid path to clinical application. (broadinstitute.org)
- We demonstrate that a gene expression-based approach to small-molecule library screening can identify, for rapid clinical testing, candidate drugs that modulate previously intractable targets. (broadinstitute.org)
Therapeutic1
- Inhibition of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) is a modern therapeutic target in the treatment of hypertension. (scielo.br)
Kinase1
- Sawa M, Masai H. Drug design with Cdc7 kinase: a potential novel cancer therapy target. (jscimedcentral.com)
Autophagy1
- We provide experimental evidence demonstrating that ebastine has antitumor activity in osteosarcoma and promotes autophagy by activating the AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway, which is IPMK dependent. (ijbs.com)
Widespread2
- Of course, clandestine synthesis of ecstasy and other drugs of abuse is widespread. (soci.org)
- However, several hurdles need to be overcome before widespread implementation of hPSC-based assays. (docksci.com)
Pharmaceuticals1
- Prior to Flagship Biosciences, he served in senior scientific roles in oncology drug development for OSI Pharmaceuticals and Pfizer. (hub-xchange.com)
Activity2
- Their current application in oncology has revolutionized cancer treatment by improving the antitumor activity of several chemotherapeutic agents. (mdpi.com)
- Updated treatment recommendations for the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in South Africa advocate early diagnosis, prompt initiation of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and an intense treatment strategy where disease activity is assessed with a composite score such as the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI). (samj.org.za)
20191
- As of 2019, the standard is a three-drug once-daily oral treatment that can include AZT. (wikipedia.org)
Medicinal chemistry2
- Screening in vivo may be feasible, if a good starting point for Medicinal Chemistry and a clear strategy for differentiation exist. (docksci.com)
- 2012). However, many drug discovery efforts rely on screening to identify starting points for Medicinal Chemistry, and screening in vivo in most cases is not commercially or ethically viable. (docksci.com)
Therapy3
- Li X, Taratula O, Taratula O, Schumann C, Minko T. LHRH-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy. (jscimedcentral.com)
- Experimental analysis was also conducted on the characterization ability, drug release, and targeted therapy of nanomedicine. (frontiersin.org)
- Although the EWS/FLI oncoprotein, present in the vast majority of Ewing tumors, was characterized over ten years ago, it has never been exploited as a target of therapy. (broadinstitute.org)
Immune1
- These drugs inhibit immune-suppressive signals and reinstate cancer immunosurveillance. (izb-online.de)
Therapeutics1
- Billingsley ML. Druggable targets and targeted drugs: enhancing the development of new therapeutics. (jscimedcentral.com)
Chemical4
- Professor Maguire underlined the central importance of organic synthesis to the field of chemical biology and the interfaces with drug development and process development. (soci.org)
- The corollary is that the specific interaction interface between the antibody fragment with target protein would be mimicked by the chemical compound surrogates. (cancer.gov)
- Chemical composition of the extracts was analyzed with non-target high-resolution mass spectrometry. (holocausto.online)
- A physico-chemical screening test for chemical carcinogens: The ke test. (cdc.gov)
Cells4
- In 2D culture, all cells can proliferate at a relatively constant rate in a planar space, and can be provided uniform access to nutrients, oxygen or drugs. (medsci.org)
- The two-dimensional nano drug carrier has high safety and effectiveness in drug delivery, and its targeted treatment effect on acute T lymphoblastic leukemia cells is obvious. (frontiersin.org)
- In order to limit the reliance on non-predictive animal models, screening strategies utilizing human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are increasingly considered as resources for drug discovery. (docksci.com)
- Extraction and direct contact assays were performed using human epidermal keratinocytes and mouse fibroblasts and mouse epithelial cells. (holocausto.online)
Discovery14
- This one-day conference held on 1 July 2008, and sponsored by SCI, the RSC, and ICI brought together scientists from the Republic of Ireland and from Northern Ireland who have varied interests in drug discovery and development and a common interest in synthesis. (soci.org)
- Mechanism-based target identification and drug discovery in cancer research. (jscimedcentral.com)
- Drug repositioning and pharmacophore identification in the discovery of hookworm MIF inhibitors. (jscimedcentral.com)
- Organic chemistry in drug discovery. (jscimedcentral.com)
- The role of the medicinal chemist in drug discovery--then and now. (jscimedcentral.com)
- and discovery that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1P1) is the pharmacologically relevant target of the immunosuppressant drug Fingomilod (FTY720) followed by the development of Siponimod (BAF312), which is currently used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. (stanford.edu)
- Researchers anywhere can explore more than 6,000 drugs in the hub and search for possible new uses for them to jump-start new drug discovery. (broadinstitute.org)
- Since the advent of molecular cloning, target based screening has become the norm in pharmaceutical drug discovery. (docksci.com)
- issues that often frustrate the present target based drug discovery programs. (docksci.com)
- In the early phases of drug discovery, phenotypic assays can be used to further our knowledge of the disease process and to identify those end points that are most likely to translate to the clinic. (docksci.com)
- The perspective by Dr. Swinney analyzes the phenotypic end points used in the discovery of new molecular entities that have resulted from phenotypic drug discovery efforts. (docksci.com)
- Brad Nelson has twenty five years of experience in leading rapid growth life science organizations, delivering new technology and applications for drug discovery, development and clinical markets. (hub-xchange.com)
- Terry Rabbitts is Professor of Molecular Immunology in the Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK. (cancer.gov)
- The latter discovery was important for us because it suggests that the antibody combining sites could generally be accessible for implementing the Abd technology approach to drug discovery. (cancer.gov)
Multiple targets1
- However, most of the more prevalent human diseases are most likely multifactorial and require interaction with multiple targets to produce clinically meaningful efficacy. (docksci.com)
Subsequently1
- These tools were initially used in RAS target validation and subsequently for isolating drug leads, guided by the intracellular antibody interaction with RAS. (cancer.gov)
Molecular3
- Guidebook on molecular modeling in drug design: Academic Press. (jscimedcentral.com)
- Ooms F. Molecular modeling and computer aided drug design. (jscimedcentral.com)
- Most of these drugs interact relatively weakly with a number of targets, and the complete profile of their molecular interactions is not well-known. (docksci.com)
Tissues3
- Using cDNA microarray screens and northern blot analysis, a previous study showed that Beclin 1 is upregulated in liver cancer tissues ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Prior to the 1980s, most drugs were discovered using phenotypic assays in live animals or isolated tissues (Swinney, 2013). (docksci.com)
- ENU during the final week of gestat the rapidly changing patterns of gene In both the fetus and the pregnant ion is approximately 50 times that of expression in fetal target tissues, female rat, the target organ for single the mother. (who.int)
Treatment1
- Methods The literature related to PMS were collected from China Knowledge Network (CNKI), Wanfang database and Weipu database in the past 20 years, the herbal compound prescriptions for the treatment of PMS were screened and a relevant database were established and analyzed by SPSS. (bvsalud.org)
Detection1
- Hence, relatively straightforward analytical detection of this pyridine can instantly link, or not, a particular batch of drug to a particular clandestine production facility. (soci.org)
Protein1
- His research utilizes the tools of synthetic chemistry, protein biochemistry, and cancer biology to discover and validate new strategies for the inhibition of anti-cancer targets. (stanford.edu)
Identify1
- Because we showed that integration neither affects the levels of viral genes, nor those of virally disrupted human genes, a genome-wide screen was performed to identify human genes which expression is influenced by viral integration and have clinical relevance. (cancerindex.org)
Emergence1
- and ( iii ) the emergence of biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). (samj.org.za)
20211
- In 2021, Dr. Gray joined Stanford University where he has joined the Stanford Cancer Institute, Chem-H and the Innovative Medicines Accelerator (IMA) to spur the development of prototype drugs. (stanford.edu)
Commonly1
- Dr J J Keating (University College Cork) is one of a small group of chemists who synthesise drugs of abuse such as, for example, MDMA (more commonly known as ecstasy) and want the world to know about it! (soci.org)
Mechanisms1
- If ER stress is a significant factor that affects the disease development, it would be important to find a drug that alters these mechanisms and UPR. (helsinki.fi)
Significant2
- Since the clandestine chemist is unlikely to engage in rigorous purification of their products, most drugs of abuse contain significant impurities. (soci.org)
- The development of bioinformatics technology has enabled nanomedicine to play a significant role in drug delivery systems. (frontiersin.org)
Approach1
- These recommendations provide practical suggestions for the screening and management of TB and other comorbidities, and offer an approach to monitoring of RA patients. (samj.org.za)