Tail long interspersed nucleotide elements. Medical search. Frequent questions

The discovery of Alu subfamilies led to the hypothesis of master/source genes, and provided the definitive link between transposable elements (active elements) and interspersed repetitive DNA (mutated copies of active elements). (wikipedia.org)

The typical structure is 5' - Part A - A5TACA6 - Part B - PolyA Tail - 3', where Part A and Part B (also known as "left arm" and "right arm") are similar nucleotide sequences. (wikipedia.org)
There are over one million Alu elements interspersed throughout the human genome, and it is estimated that about 10.7% of the human genome consists of Alu sequences. (wikipedia.org)
SINE sequences are approximately 70-700 base pairs (bp) averaging about 250 bp [ 1 ] with most organized into an RNA gene-derived region, a di-nucleotide repeat region and terminating in a poly A or poly A/T tail [ 2 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. (lookformedical.com)
While most pachytene piRNAs lack obvious targets, neither the copy numbers nor nucleotide sequences of pachytene piRNA loci are conserved 5 , 6 , 7 , and many of them are not found in syntenic regions even in closely related mammals 8 , 9 . (gokcumenlab.org)
The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. (lookformedical.com)
Other regulatory sequences, such as promoter-proximal elements and enhancers , also affect the frequency of transcription. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Nucleotide sequences of the second exons of the two genes are under purifying selection implying a regulatory function. (xenbase.org)
Comparison of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of coelacanth vasotocin and mesotocin genes. (xenbase.org)
Pseudogenes sequences were found to be conserved with reduced nucleotide variability, excess synonymous over nonsynonymous nucleotide polymorphism, and other features that are expected in genes that have functional roles. (blogspot.com)

These elements are mostly found in introns and upstream regulatory elements of genes. (wikipedia.org)
Alu elements are responsible for regulation of tissue-specific genes. (wikipedia.org)
The env genes contain a cis-acting RNA target sequence for the rev protein (= GENE PRODUCTS, REV ), termed the rev-responsive element (RRE). (lookformedical.com)
Compared to the genome of gh-1, the sequence of ϕIBB-PF7A is longer and contains more genes with unassigned function and lacks a few potentially essential and non-essential T7 genes, such as gene1.1, 3.8, and 7. (biomedcentral.com)
Today, phage genome sequencing is commonly performed for classification and characterization purposes and is based on the arrangement of conserved genes and the nucleotide and protein sequence identity [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
All three TashAT genes are located together in a tight cluster, interspersed by two further small open reading frames, all facing head to tail. (lookformedical.com)
Gene modules which have been proposed for working with as basis of the phage taxonomy method incorporate the DNA packaging head gene cluster, the structural gene archi tecture, and phage tail genes. (hivprotease-signal.com)
Transposable elements can be considered as a source of raw material for primitive genomes, tools of genetic innovation, and ancestors of modern genes (e.g., ncRNA) [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The genes encoding vasopressin and oxytocin genes are closely linked in the human and rodent genomes in a tail -to- tail orientation. (xenbase.org)
The vasotocin and mesotocin genes in chicken and Xenopus, and the vasopressin and mesotocin genes in opossum are linked tail -to- head similar to their orthologs in coelacanth and unlike their homologs in human and rodents. (xenbase.org)

Alu elements are retrotransposons and look like DNA copies made from RNA polymerase III-encoded RNAs. (wikipedia.org)
They are replicated as any other DNA sequence, but depend on LINE retrotransposons for generation of new elements. (wikipedia.org)
Repetitive short interspersed elements (SINEs) are retrotransposons ubiquitous in mammalian genomes and are highly informative markers to identify species and phylogenetic associations. (biomedcentral.com)
Repetitive short interspersed elements (SINEs) are ubiquitous eukaryotic retrotransposons. (biomedcentral.com)
The integrated BDV DNA in chromosomal DNA is flanked by signature sequence elements that are produced when mRNAs are copied by the reverse transcriptase activity encoded by retrotransposons, such as long interspersed nucleotide elements (LINEs). (microbe.tv)
To examine this phenomenon, we chose two mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell lines that possess insertionally polymorphic retrotransposons (IAP, ETn/MusD, and LINE elements) at specific loci in one cell line but not the other. (prolekarniky.cz)
In mouse, IAPs (Intracisternal A-type Particle elements), long terminal repeats (LTR) retrotransposons (also termed endogenous retroviruses (ERVs)), are highly DNA methylated and the disruption of enzymes responsible for such methylation (DNA methyltransferases Dnmt1 and Dnmt3L) causes global derepression of IAP copies [6] , [7] , albeit only in particular tissues. (prolekarniky.cz)

Alu elements are the most abundant transposable elements, containing over one million copies dispersed throughout the human genome. (wikipedia.org)
Alu elements are highly conserved within primate genomes and originated in the genome of an ancestor of Supraprimates. (wikipedia.org)
The Alu family is a family of repetitive elements in primate genomes, including the human genome. (wikipedia.org)
Finally, the AluY elements are the youngest of the three and have the greatest disposition to move along the human genome. (wikipedia.org)
SINEs are "non-autonomous" such that amplification and integration is dependent on enzymes derived from the host genome and long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Amino acids are encoded by the genome as different three nucleotide codes. (anthropogeny.org)
There are 52 open reading frames which occupy 94.6% of the genome ranging from 137 to 3995 nucleotides. (biomedcentral.com)
Using long-insert jumping libraries at 105X mean physical coverage and linked-read whole-genome sequencing from 10X Genomics, we document seven major SV classes at ~5 kb SV resolution. (biomedcentral.com)
It has a linear double-strand DNA genome approximately 197 kb long, containing ~190 non-overlapping ORFs. (bvsalud.org)
Sequence analysis of the orangutan genome revealed that recent proliferative activity of Alu elements has been uncharacteristically quiescent in the Pongo (orangutan) lineage, compared with all previously studied primate genomes. (biomedcentral.com)

Modern Alu elements are about 300 base pairs long and are therefore classified as short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) among the class of repetitive DNA elements. (wikipedia.org)
Alu elements are also called Short Interspersed Elements (SINEs) . (anthropogeny.org)

A type of primate-specific transposable element , or "jumping gene," that is roughly 300 base pairs long and exists in large copy number across all chromosomes of primate genomes (over 1 million copies in the human genome). (anthropogeny.org)
Poxviruses (family Poxviridae) have long dsDNA genomes and infect a wide range of hosts, including insects, birds, reptiles and mammals. (bvsalud.org)
Nucleotide and dinucleotide composition, mostly CpG and TpA, have been largely studied in viral genomes because of their evolutionary and functional implications. (bvsalud.org)
We analysed here the nucleotide and dinucleotide composition, as well as codon usage bias, of a set of representative poxvirus genomes, with a very diverse host spectrum. (bvsalud.org)
After correcting for overall nucleotide composition, entomopoxviruses displayed low overall GC content, no enrichment in TpA and large variation in CpG enrichment, while chordopoxviruses showed large variation in nucleotide composition, no obvious depletion in CpG and a weak trend for TpA depletion in GC-rich genomes. (bvsalud.org)
The predicted gene products with sequence similarity amongst the eiAU and SSL 2009a phage genomes include things like the putative small tail proteins tail tape mea certain, major tail proteins, major capsid proteins, head morphogenesis, phage terminase tiny subunit, and the phage terminase large subunit. (hivprotease-signal.com)
Interestingly, other struc tural proteins which includes the host specificity proteins, the tail assembly proteins, and specifically the tail fiber baseplate protein which has become suggested for exclusion in any sequence based mostly phage taxonomy scheme are certainly not shared in between the 2 genomes. (hivprotease-signal.com)
Transposable elements (TE) are important components of livestock and poultry genomes, contributing to their genetic diversity, chromatin states, gene regulatory networks, and complex traits of economic value. (biomedcentral.com)
Transposable elements were initially viewed as "selfish" DNA or "parasitic" elements because of their deleterious effects on host genomes [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Transposable elements (TEs) are major constituents of eukaryotic genomes and are important catalysts of evolution [1] , [2] . (prolekarniky.cz)

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. (lookformedical.com)
Conserved nucleotides are indicated by an asterisk and identical amino acid residues are shown in bold font. (xenbase.org)
Expression can be controlled by reversible post-translational modifications on histone amino acid tails, with complex cross-talk between modifications ( Kouzarides, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)

The code is an array of post-translational modifications (acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation) of NH 2 -terminal tails of core histone and to a lesser degree their globular domains. (aacrjournals.org)

Most of the 10 exons coding the intracellular portion correspond to specific structural elements, such as α-helices or β-sheets. (creation.com)

Alu elements were considered to be a part of what has been called "junk DNA" because they do not code for the production of proteins, however they may serve some yet unknown function and definitely contribute to genomic plasticity, evolution, and disease. (anthropogeny.org)
With relatively few young polymorphic insertions, the genomic landscape of the orangutan seemed like the ideal place to search for a driver, or source element, of Alu retrotransposition. (biomedcentral.com)
Employing ChIP-seq data for these cell lines, we show that IAP elements robustly induce H3K9me3 and H4K20me3 marks in flanking genomic DNA. (prolekarniky.cz)

We detected high levels of BNT162b2 in Huh7 cells and changes in gene expression of long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1), which is an endogenous reverse transcriptase. (freedomontario26.ca)

Transposable elements are able to affect conserved and divergent chromatin looping and contribute to cell- and species-specific gene regulation [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In maize, a miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) inserted into the promoter of the NAC gene ( ZmNAC111 ) has been found to enhance drought tolerance at the seedling stage [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Commonly observed BASE SEQUENCE or nucleotide structural components which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE or a SEQUENCE LOGO. (lookformedical.com)
Here, we review the structural elements required for designing mRNA vaccine constructs for effective in vitro synthetic transcription reactions. (mdpi.com)

Alu elements do not encode for protein products. (wikipedia.org)

Vertical bars represent repetitive elements (LINE, LF-SINE, LmeSINE1 and AmnSINE1). (xenbase.org)

1% identical with the nucleotide degree. (hivprotease-signal.com)
Alu elements accumulate in an 'identical by descent' manner. (biomedcentral.com)

We find that most sequence elements, including most classes of transposable elements, acquire methylation at similar rates overall. (biomedcentral.com)

The study of Alu elements has also been important in elucidating human population genetics and the evolution of primates, including the evolution of humans. (wikipedia.org)

They are 24-35 nt long, have 2´- O -methyl-modified 3´ termini, and associate with PIWI proteins, a specialized family of Argonaute proteins expressed in germ cells. (gokcumenlab.org)

A conserved function of piRNAs across all bilateral animals is to silence sequence-complementary transposable elements (TEs) 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . (gokcumenlab.org)

The precursors of mRNA (called pre-mRNA ) have a guanosine "cap" added at the 5′-end and a poly(A) "tail" at the 3′-end. (basicmedicalkey.com)

Here we report the identification of a nearly pristine insertion possessing all the known putative hallmarks of a retrotranspositionally competent Alu element. (biomedcentral.com)

They lack the ability to copy and paste themselves directly, but are able to "hitchhike" via the activity of Long Interspersed Elements (LINEs) that have retained the ability to copy and paste. (anthropogeny.org)

Alu elements were thought to be selfish or parasitic DNA, because their sole known function is self reproduction. (wikipedia.org)

This seemingly stealth-like amplification, ongoing at a very low rate over millions of years of evolution, suggests that this shared insertion may represent an ancient backseat driver of Alu element expansion. (biomedcentral.com)

An Alu element is a short stretch of DNA originally characterized by the action of the Arthrobacter luteus (Alu) restriction endonuclease. (wikipedia.org)

which is overall an a bit weak argument to replace the long standing, clearly defined word "cytogenetics" by a new one. (frontiersin.org)

The "arms race" relationship between transposable elements (TEs) and their host has promoted a series of epigenetic silencing mechanisms directed against TEs. (prolekarniky.cz)

This rare finding is due in part to the large landscape of hundreds of relatively young elements with limited knowledge about what characteristics make them retrotransposition competent. (biomedcentral.com)

95% percent of human Alus are also found in chimpanzees, and 50% of B elements in mice are also found in rats. (wikipedia.org)

Expressed another way, it is believed modern Alu elements emerged from a head to tail fusion of two distinct FAMs (fossil antique monomers) over 100 million years ago, hence its dimeric structure of two similar, but distinct monomers (left and right arms) joined by an A-rich linker. (wikipedia.org)
On the basis of TEM micrographs this virus resembled T7-like phages with a head diameter of about 63 nm and a noncontractile tail size approximately 13 × 8 nm. (biomedcentral.com)

Nevertheless, many challenges remain, including monitoring for long-term safety and efficacy of the vaccine. (freedomontario26.ca)

The aim of this article is to summarize topics discussed at this workshop and highlight conclusions as to the immediate and long-term future of epigenetic therapy in cancer. (aacrjournals.org)

B1 elements in rats and mice are similar to Alus in that they also evolved from 7SL RNA, but they only have one left monomer arm. (wikipedia.org)

The DNA strand that directs the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA by complementary base pairing is the template strand. (basicmedicalkey.com)

Flagella have the same basic structure as CILIA but are longer in proportion to the cell bearing them and present in much smaller numbers. (lookformedical.com)

Although the autonomous features of L1 are straightforward, the identification of Alu element insertions that retain the ability to propagate copies of themselves has remained somewhat elusive. (biomedcentral.com)

This is primarily because Alu elements do not contain coding sequence and the vast majority of insertions are highly similar to each other. (biomedcentral.com)

In 1988, Jerzy Jurka and Temple Smith discovered that Alu elements were split in two major subfamilies known as AluJ (named after Jurka) and AluS (named after Smith), and other Alu subfamilies were also independently discovered by several groups. (wikipedia.org)

Later on, a sub-subfamily of AluS which included active Alu elements was given the separate name AluY. (wikipedia.org)
The younger AluS lineage is about 30 million years old and still contains some active elements. (wikipedia.org)
Subfamily I CanSINEs arose early within Feliformia but are no longer under active proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)

Provided the definitive link b1

Sequences10

Genes10

Retrotransposons7

Genome10

SINEs2

Genomes10

Amino3

Histone1

Exons1

Genomic3

Endogenous1

Gene2

Structural2

Protein1

Repetitive elements1

Identical2

Methylation1

Humans1

Proteins1

PiRNAs1

Poly1

Putative1

LINEs1

Selfish1

Amplification1

Short1

Weak1

Host1

Large1

Human1

Head2

Vaccine1

Cancer1

Mice1

Base1

Structure1

Copies1

Similar1

Major1

Active3