SynthetaseMitochondrial tRNAAminoacylationSynthetasesEnzymeProteinMutationsPost-transcriptionallyPeptidyl-tRNA hydrolaseTransfer RNAAnticodonSubstrateSequenceMRNAPathwaysAbstractProteinsRRNASynthesisPolypeptide chainAmino acidsMetabolitesEndonucleaseCytoplasmAdenosineIsoleucineYeastOrganismsCatalytic domainRfamRibosomeSpecificityMetabolicRegulationRecognitionAbundantChromosomeCellularLinkageAbundanceCatalyzesEster
Synthetase14
- Every amino acid has its own specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, which is utilized to chemically bind to the tRNA that it is specific to, or in other words, "cognate" to. (wikipedia.org)
- Together, these highly exergonic reactions take place inside the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase specific for that amino acid. (wikipedia.org)
- This domain is found at the amino terminus of Arginyl tRNA synthetase, also called additional domain 1 (Add-1). (embl-heidelberg.de)
- Crystal structure of arginyl-tRNA synthetase from Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- Pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) from methanogenic archaeal species is particularly attractive due to its natural orthogonal reactivity in bacterial and eukaryotic cells. (tu-berlin.de)
- This can be the result of substrate specificity engineering, which decreases the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase stability and reduces the abundance of active enzyme. (tu-berlin.de)
- Alanyl-tRNA synthetase (PL-12) is specific for the amino acid alanine. (bbisolutions.com)
- Cloning and characterization of the gene coding for cytoplasmic seryl-tRNA synthetase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (ymdb.ca)
- Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus contains a multi-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC) of LysRS, LeuRS and ProRS. (chapman.edu)
- The process of coupling glycine to glycyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glycyl-tRNA synthetase. (ntu.edu.sg)
- The glycyll-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. (ntu.edu.sg)
- HBSL is caused by mutations in a gene called DARS1 , which provides instructions for making an enzyme called aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. (medlineplus.gov)
- Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase plays a role in adding the amino acid aspartate at the proper place in proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
- Mutations in the DARS1 gene result in decreased aspartyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme activity, which hinders the addition of aspartate to proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
Mitochondrial tRNA2
Aminoacylation3
- Predicted to be involved in isoleucyl-tRNA aminoacylation and mitochondrial translation. (mcw.edu)
- Pezizomycotina mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases (mtTyrRS) are bifunctional, with the ability to splice group I introns in addition to catalyzing aminoacylation. (utexas.edu)
- The involvement of tRNA biogenesis, aminoacylation and signaling in lung cancer using high-throughput approaches (DNA arrays, NGS, etc. (dynacomp2.eu)
Synthetases8
- Amino acids that are misacylated with the proper tRNA substrate undergo hydrolysis through the deacylation mechanisms possessed by aa-tRNA synthetases. (wikipedia.org)
- The 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are divided into two classes, I and II. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- However, tRNA binding involves an alpha-helical structure that is conserved between class I and class II synthetases. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- In reactions catalysed by the class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, the aminoacyl group is coupled to the 2'-hydroxyl of the tRNA, while, in class II reactions, the 3'-hydroxyl site is preferred. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- Introducing ncAAs by engineered orthogonal pairs of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and tRNAs has proven to be a highly useful for the expansion of the genetic code. (tu-berlin.de)
- For mRNA translation at the ribosomes, amino acids are covalently attached ("loaded") onto their respective tRNAs by specific amino-acyl-tRNA synthetases. (bbisolutions.com)
- Regulation of expression of components of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases complex in human. (dynacomp2.eu)
- Mutants of yeast with temperature-sensitive isoleucyl-tRNA synthetases. (elsevierpure.com)
Enzyme4
- This gene encodes the enzyme peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase. (nih.gov)
- The enzyme acts on premature protein synthesis products that dissociate from stalled ribosomes, cleaving the peptidyl chains and restoring functionality to the tRNA. (expasy.org)
- This enzyme also recognizes tRNA(Sec), the special tRNA for selenocysteine, and catalyzes the formation of L-seryl-tRNA(Sec), the substrate for EC 2.9.1.1 . (expasy.org)
- ATP + L-tyrosine + tRNA(Tyr) ⇌ AMP + diphosphate + L-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) The three substrates of this enzyme are ATP, L-tyrosine, and a tyrosine-specific transfer RNA [tRNA(Tyr) or tRNA Tyr], whereas its three products are AMP, … - tRNA (transferová) - vybírá správné aminokyseliny a umísťuje je do správného místa na ribosomu, aby mohly být začleněny do rostoucího aminokyselinového řetězce. (web.app)
Protein12
- The pairing of a tRNA with its cognate amino acid is crucial, as it ensures that only the particular amino acid matching the anticodon of the tRNA, and in turn matching the codon of the mRNA, is used during protein synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
- These mischarged tRNAs must be hydrolyzed in order to prevent incorrect protein synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
- While aa-tRNA serves primarily as the intermediate link between the mRNA coding strand and the encoded polypeptide chain during protein synthesis, it is also found that aa-tRNA have functions in several other biosynthetic pathways. (wikipedia.org)
- aa-tRNAs are found to function as substrates in biosynthetic pathways for cell walls, antibiotics, lipids, and protein degradation. (wikipedia.org)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) is an adapter molecule that links a specific codon in mRNA with its corresponding amino acid during protein synthesis. (nature.com)
- A wide variety of tRNA modifications are found in the tRNA anticodon, which are crucial for precise codon recognition and reading frame maintenance, thereby ensuring accurate and efficient protein synthesis. (nature.com)
- Our work aims to investigate whether the processes that regulate the tRNA availability in the cell are specific and how they can affect protein translation and directly impact cell fitness. (europa.eu)
- As tRNAs are used as building blocks to synthesize new proteins, these changes in tRNA abundance have an impact in protein synthesis, both in initiation and elongation. (europa.eu)
- By using GFP reporters, we confirmed that tRNA changes impact to protein synthesis and thereby should be considered as a new regulatory layer in the cell. (europa.eu)
- All these results support the idea that tRNA abundance is tightly controlled in the cell and this is reflected in a regulation of the protein synthesis in the ribosome. (europa.eu)
- Click on the protein counts, or double click on taxonomic names to display all proteins containing Arg_tRNA_synt_N domain in the selected taxonomic class. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- In most organisms mutants with limited Pth activity accumulate peptidyl-tRNAs, reducing the availability of uncharged tRNAs below the limit that is necessary for protein synthesis and impairing cell growth. (expasy.org)
Mutations1
- In two subtypes, PCH2 and PCH4, we identified mutations in three of the four different subunits of the tRNA-splicing endonuclease complex. (uzh.ch)
Post-transcriptionally4
- tRNAs are enzymatically modified post-transcriptionally. (nature.com)
- tRNA fragments (tRFs) guide Ago to regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally in a Dicer-independent manner. (bvsalud.org)
- We show that endogenous 18 nucleotide tRFs derived from the 3' ends of tRNAs (tRF-3) post-transcriptionally repress genes in HEK293T cells in culture . (bvsalud.org)
- Therefore, Dicer-independent tRF-3s, generated upon tRNA overexpression, repress genes post-transcriptionally through an Argonaute-GW182 containing RISC via sequence matches with target mRNAs. (bvsalud.org)
Peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase1
- Expression, purification, and buffer solubility optimization of the putative human peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase PTRHD1. (nih.gov)
Transfer RNA2
- Es gibt drei RNA-Typen, die in der Proteinsynthese eine Rolle spielen: Boten-RNA (englisch messenger RNA, mRNA), Transfer-RNA (tRNA) und die ribosomale RNA (rRNA). (jove.com)
- tRNA má primární strukturu (danou sekvencí nukleotidů), sekundární strukturu (danou interakcemi mezi jednotlivými částmi molekuly tRNA) a terciární strukturu (což je trojrozměrné uspořádání molekuly tRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA), small molecule in cells that carries amino acids to organelles called ribosomes, where they are linked into proteins. (web.app)
Anticodon4
- Han, L. & Phizicky, E. M. A rationale for tRNA modification circuits in the anticodon loop. (nature.com)
- A , Sequence variation within array of genes encoding tRNA leu (AAG anticodon) on Chr9. (figshare.com)
- C , same as panel A but for a representative portion of the array encoding tRNA trp (CCA anticodon) on Chr1. (figshare.com)
- Hier, ein tRNA-Molekül mit einer drei Nukleotid-Anticodon-Sequenz auf einer Seite und einer spezifischen Aminosäure auf der anderen bindet sich an ein komplementäres Codon in der mRNA. (jove.com)
Substrate1
- A composite model of KEOPS bound to tRNA reveals that all KEOPS subunits form an extended tRNA-binding surface that we have validated in vitro and in vivo to mediate the interaction with the tRNA substrate and its modification. (rcsb.org)
Sequence4
- Research into the stability of aa-tRNAs illustrates that the acyl (or ester) linkage is the most important conferring factor, as opposed to the sequence of the tRNA itself. (wikipedia.org)
- In this study we performed a systematic sequence analysis of 7 mitochondrial genes (cytochrome oxidase I, cytochrome oxidase II, cytochrome oxidase III, adenosine triphosphate synthase6, ATP synthase8, cytochrome b and tRNA(His)) in 64 infertile men suffering from asthenospermia (n=31) in comparison to normospermic infertile men (n=33) from Tunisian population. (nih.gov)
- When a new tRNA molecule recognizes the next codon sequence on the mRNA, it attaches to the open A site. (web.app)
- This tRNA sequence is 85 nucleotides long and is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae YJM1417. (rnacentral.org)
MRNA2
Pathways1
- Therefore, uncover the molecular features and signaling pathways on tRNA that are responsible for tRNA regulation is of fundamental importance to understand the cell. (europa.eu)
Abstract1
- ABSTRACT tRNA related RNA fragments (tRFs), also known as tRNA -derived RNAs (tdRNAs), are abundant small RNAs reported to be associated with Argonaute proteins , yet their function is unclear. (bvsalud.org)
Proteins3
- There are 26085 Arg_tRNA_synt_N domains in 26083 proteins in SMART's nrdb database. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- Taxonomic distribution of proteins containing Arg_tRNA_synt_N domain. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- The complete taxonomic breakdown of all proteins with Arg_tRNA_synt_N domain is also avaliable . (embl-heidelberg.de)
RRNA2
Synthesis4
- For example, microbial biosynthetic gene clusters may utilize aa-tRNAs in the synthesis of non-ribosomal peptides and other amino acid-containing metabolites. (wikipedia.org)
- Branched and aliphatic amino acids (valine and isoleucine) prove to generate the most stable aminoacyl-tRNAs upon their synthesis, with notably longer half lives than those that possess low hydrolytic stability (for example, proline). (wikipedia.org)
- ii) Which processes (synthesis, transport and degradation) are actively involved in tRNA dynamics and are they specific for individual tRNAs? (europa.eu)
- Pathway enrichment analysis highlighted branch-chained and aromatic amino acid synthesis/metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and sphingolipid metabolism. (lu.se)
Polypeptide chain2
- The aa-tRNA, along with particular elongation factors, deliver the amino acid to the ribosome for incorporation into the polypeptide chain that is being produced during translation. (wikipedia.org)
- the tRNA moiety dictates, for the most part, how and when the amino acid will be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain. (wikipedia.org)
Amino acids3
- Instead, amino acids must be "charged" or aminoacylated with a tRNA to form their respective aa-tRNA. (wikipedia.org)
- Under certain circumstances, non-cognate amino acids will be charged, resulting in mischarged or misaminoacylated tRNA. (wikipedia.org)
- It is understood that aa-tRNAs may function as donors of amino acids necessary for the modification of lipids and the biosynthesis of antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
Metabolites1
- Recent studies have revealed that tRNA modifications can be dynamically altered in response to levels of cellular metabolites and environmental stresses. (nature.com)
Endonuclease1
- The tRNA splicing endonuclease (TSEN), has been studied for over three decades for its function in tRNA splicing. (tmc.edu)
Cytoplasm1
- Finally, we also identified tRNA shuttling between nucleus and cytoplasm as a new player in regulating tRNA abundance. (europa.eu)
Adenosine1
- Kae1 catalyzes the universal and essential tRNA modification N 6 -threonylcarbamoyl adenosine, but the precise roles of all other KEOPS subunits remain an enigma. (rcsb.org)
Isoleucine1
- Predicted to enable isoleucine-tRNA ligase activity. (mcw.edu)
Yeast2
Organisms1
- Over the past two decades, 16 novel tRNA modifications were discovered in various organisms, and the chemical space of tRNA modification continues to expand. (nature.com)
Catalytic domain1
- To interact with intron RNA, Pezizomycotina mtTyrRSs evolved a new intron-binding surface via structural adaptations on the side of the catalytic domain opposite that which binds tRNA[superscript Tyr]. (utexas.edu)
Rfam1
- Matches 1 Rfam family (tRNA, RF00005). (rnacentral.org)
Ribosome2
- Ogle, J. M., Murphy, F. V., Tarry, M. J. & Ramakrishnan, V. Selection of tRNA by the ribosome requires a transition from an open to a closed form. (nature.com)
- The initiator tRNA resides in one binding site of the ribosome called the P site, leaving the second binding site, the A site, open. (web.app)
Specificity1
- Suzuki, T., Ueda, T. & Watanabe, K. The 'polysemous' codon-a codon with multiple amino acid assignment caused by dual specificity of tRNA identity. (nature.com)
Metabolic1
- Fig. 5: Metabolic and pathological regulation tRNA modifications in human mitochondria. (nature.com)
Regulation3
- The results of this project will also provide an extensive knowledge about tRNA regulation during stress conditions. (europa.eu)
- We determined that tRNA abundance changes during stress conditions are mainly regulated by tRNA degradation and we identified RNY1, a stress-related ribonuclease, as a key player in the specific regulation of tRNAs during stress conditions. (europa.eu)
- Finally, the tRNA-dependent gene expression regulation in many pathogens, via the T-box riboswitches, bring into the spotlight novel molecular targets for the development of new antibiotics. (dynacomp2.eu)
Recognition1
- It is about 140 residues long and it has been suggested that this domain will be involved in tRNA recognition. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Abundant1
- In particular, codons that are recognized by abundant tRNAs are expected to be translated more efficiently and reduce the energetic cost associated with proofreading and rejection of non-cognate tRNAs. (europa.eu)
Chromosome1
- As illustrated below the chromosome, this tRNA occurs as part of a trimeric repeat encoding tRNA ser , tRNA trp , tRNA thr . (figshare.com)
Cellular2
- Since no experimental work has been done to systematically characterize the amounts of individual tRNAs at different conditions, the techniques developed during this project will provide other researchers with the tools needed to investigate the influence of tRNA abundance in multiple cellular processes. (europa.eu)
- Today, more than ever, it is evident that tRNA research continues to reveal new and surprising aspects of cellular metabolism. (dynacomp2.eu)
Linkage2
- This linkage is an ester bond that chemically binds the carboxyl group of an amino acid to the terminal 3'-OH group of its cognate tRNA. (wikipedia.org)
- The free amino (NH 2) group of the A site tRNA attacks the ester linkage of P site tRNA, causing transfer of the nascent peptide to the amino acid in the A site. (web.app)
Abundance2
Catalyzes1
- Catalyzes the attachment of serine to tRNA(Ser). (ymdb.ca)
Ester1
- The different aa-tRNAs have varying pseudo-first-order rate constants for the hydrolysis of the ester bond between the amino acid and tRNA. (wikipedia.org)