AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
Kidney TubulesKidney Tubules, ProximalKidneyKidney Tubules, CollectingKidney CortexNephronsKidney Tubules, DistalKidney MedullaGlutamineMalpighian TubulesSodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPaseEpitheliumKidney DiseasesGluconeogenesisKidney TransplantationTissue DistributionMicroscopy, ElectronEpithelial CellsDogsImmunohistochemistryAcute Kidney InjuryCell LineRNA, MessengerMolecular Sequence DataKidney Failure, ChronicKidney GlomerulusPolycystic Kidney DiseasesKidney NeoplasmsKidney Function TestsKidney CalculiPolycystic Kidney, Autosomal DominantKidney Concentrating AbilityGlomerular Filtration RateLupus Erythematosus, SystemicLupus NephritisAntibodies, AntinuclearLupus Erythematosus, DiscoidLupus Erythematosus, CutaneousAutoantibodiesLupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System
Reabsorption in the distal convolGlomerulusEpithelial cellsLupusNephronsUrineGlomeruliLoop of heBasolateral membranes of proximalCapillariesRheumatoid ArthritisProteinsLoss of kidney functionSodiumAcidosisAldosteroneDialysisChronic systemicPolycystic kidneyDiseaseBicarbonateJuxtaglomerularTubular epitheliumWater reabsorptionSerumGlomerular filtrationHuman kidneyArteriolesSecretionCellularDiseasesCalciumHypertensionLiverFunctionCortexFiltrationRegulatesMegalin2022AngiotensinUnit of the kidneyUrinaryCause kidney damageOccurCystsBacteria
Reabsorption in the distal convol2
  • Transcellular Mg2+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the kidneys plays an important role in maintaining systemic Mg2+ homeostasis. (bvsalud.org)
  • B) Magnesium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. (medscape.com)
Glomerulus6
  • Hyperfiltration of the glomerulus is associated with chronic kidney disease. (drprincetta.com)
  • The nephron consists of a glomerulus and a series of tubules ( Figure 1.2 ). (abdominalkey.com)
  • In SEM imagining of different thickness paraffin sections, cartilage and secondary lamellar structure in the gills, glomerulus, and Bowman's capsule structure in the kidneys, and the structure of the pyloric cecum was observed. (peertechzpublications.com)
  • In kidney, degenerative changes in PCT and DCT, shrinkage of glomerulus, vacuolation in the haematopoietic tissues and excess fat deposition were notable changes. (omicsonline.org)
  • Inflammation of the renal glomeruli ( KIDNEY GLOMERULUS ) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. (lookformedical.com)
  • Smooth muscle-like cells adhering to the wall of the small blood vessels of the KIDNEY at the glomerulus and along the vascular pole of the glomerulus in the JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS . (lookformedical.com)
Epithelial cells4
  • When in the circulation, vasopressin eventually binds to receptors on epithelial cells in the distal convoluted tubule. (smpdb.ca)
  • Tubules are lined by a continuous layer of epithelial cells, each of which possesses characteristic morphology and function depending on its location in the nephron. (abdominalkey.com)
  • In kidneys suffering from ischemia-reperfusion and in renal tubular epithelial cells subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation, NCX extrudes Na + in exchange for Ca 2+ influx, resulting in intracellular Ca 2+ overload and tubular epithelial cell injury (Yamashita J, S Kita, T Iwamoto et al. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)
  • Angiotensin I is then converted to an octapeptide , angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), [9] which is thought to be found mainly in endothelial cells of the capillaries throughout the body, within the lungs and the epithelial cells of the kidneys. (wikipedia.org)
Lupus10
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by antibodies to nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens, multisystem inflammation, protean clinical manifestations, and a relapsing and remitting course. (medscape.com)
  • Photosensitive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) rashes typically occur on the face or extremities, which are sun-exposed regions. (medscape.com)
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus and renal tubular acidosis associated with hyperthyroidism. (nel.edu)
  • A case of a 42-year-old female with hyperthyroidism was subsequently diagnosed to have systemic lupus erythematosus with distal RTA. (nel.edu)
  • Deng D, Sun L, Xia T, Xu M, Wang Y, Zhang Q. Systemic lupus erythematosus and renal tubular acidosis associated with hyperthyroidism. (nel.edu)
  • Nephrotic syndrome is caused by disorders such as chronic glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple myeloma, and renal vein thrombosis. (nursebuff.com)
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease that has protean manifestations and follows a relapsing and remitting course. (medscape.com)
  • When the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) group revised and validated the ACR SLE classification criteria in 2012, they classified a person as having SLE in the presence of biopsy-proven lupus nephritis with ANA or anti-dsDNA antibodies or if 4 of the diagnostic criteria, including at least 1 clinical and 1 immunologic criterion, have been satisfied. (medscape.com)
  • This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Besides SERUM SICKNESS and the ARTHUS REACTION, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES including GLOMERULONEPHRITIS , systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC) and POLYARTERITIS NODOSA. (lookformedical.com)
Nephrons7
Urine9
  • ARF, characterized by abrupt loss of kidney function, commonly causes oliguria, which is characterized by a urine output of 250 ml/24 hours. (nursebuff.com)
  • Fanconi syndrome, the result of proximal tubule epithelial cell (PTEC) injury leading to proximal RTA (type II RTA), hypophosphatemia, hypouricemia, aminoaciduria, glycosuria and urine loss of low molecular weight proteins, is a rare manifestation of pSS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Urine is formed by glomerular filtration and modified by the tubules, leaves the collecting ducts and drains sequentially into the calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, and finally into the bladder. (abdominalkey.com)
  • Conversely, if we see elevated albumin in the URINE we know we likely have kidney damage…proteins that otherwise stay in the blood are getting pushed into the glomerular filtrate (urine). (robbwolf.com)
  • The kidneys are damaged, protein that should stay in the vascular system is leaking into the urine. (robbwolf.com)
  • Nephron , functional unit of the kidney , the structure that actually produces urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood. (healthykidneyclub.com)
  • Kidney stones cause crystals to form in your urine and may block urine flow. (healthykidneyclub.com)
  • Although urine is finally modified in subsequent tubules, the proximal tubule is the main site for both NaCl and NaHCO 3 reabsorption. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)
  • The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES . (lookformedical.com)
Glomeruli3
  • Acute renal failure is associated with hypoperfusion to the kidney, parenchymal damage to the glomeruli or tubules, and obstruction at a point distal to the kidney. (nursebuff.com)
  • Hypertension causes sclerosis of the glomeruli, which has a negative impact on kidney function largely due to a decrease in nephron number. (healthykidneyclub.com)
  • Tubules mainly atrophic, although there are occasional hypertrophic tubules that are connected to the remaining functional glomeruli. (docksci.com)
Loop of he3
  • The distal convoluted tubule of the nephron is the part of the kidney between the loop of henle and the collecting duct. (smpdb.ca)
  • Conversely, the kidney retains a strong capacity to resorb magnesium, and the main site for reabsorption is the thick ascending loop of Henle. (medscape.com)
  • Glomerular filtrate travels along the renal tubule (proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule), during which most of its water and various amounts of solutes are reabsorbed from the renal tubular lumen into peritubular capillaries. (aneskey.com)
Basolateral membranes of proximal1
  • The localization of NCX in basolateral membranes of proximal tubules is also controversial. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)
Capillaries2
  • Autoregulation protects the glomerular capillaries from hypertension during acute hypertensive episodes and maintains GFR and renal tubule function during modest decreases in arterial blood pressure. (aneskey.com)
  • A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue. (lookformedical.com)
Rheumatoid Arthritis1
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that primarily involves the joints. (msdmanuals.com)
Proteins4
  • Our data also demonstrate that SLC41A1 does not compensate for the loss of SLC41A3, suggesting different functions of these SLC41 proteins in vivo.NEW & NOTEWORTHY SLC41A1 has been hypothesized to mediate Mg2+ extrusion in the distal convoluted tubule and thus regulate Mg2+ homeostasis. (bvsalud.org)
  • FIGURE 339-1 Scheme of the primary cilium and cystic kidney disease proteins. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Topology of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) proteins polycystin-1, polycystin-2, and fibrocystin/polyductin (FPC) are shown. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • 13. The amyloid protein in primary systemic amylodoisis belongs to which of the following classes of fibril proteins? (damsdelhi.com)
Loss of kidney function1
Sodium9
  • HIV-1 Vpr suppresses expression of the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride co-transporter in the distal convoluted tubule. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, sodium, chlorine, and calcium are also reabsorbed back into the systemic circulation via their respective channels and exchangers. (smpdb.ca)
  • The primary transport protein responsible for phosphate reabsorption in the kidney is the type II sodium-phosphate cotransporter (NPT2a) localized in the proximal tubule. (hindawi.com)
  • Thiazide diuretics work by inhibiting sodium and chloride ion transport in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney and therefore limit water reabsorption. (johogo.com)
  • Renin is a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys in response to (1) sympathetic nervous system stimulation, (2) decreased renal perfusion pressure, and (3) decreases in the delivery of sodium to the distal convoluted renal tubules. (aneskey.com)
  • Aldosterone causes the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of sodium which in consequence causes the reabsorption of water into the blood, while at the same time causing the excretion of potassium (to maintain electrolyte balance). (wikipedia.org)
  • Aldosterone acts on the distal tubules to increase sodium reabsorption. (medpreptogo.com)
  • Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) represent a relatively new class of oral glucose-lowering agents that reduce adverse cardiovascular and kidney outcomes among individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). (lww.com)
  • In recent randomized controlled clinical trials, medications within the sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) class have shown improvements in adverse cardiovascular and kidney outcomes among individuals with CKD [7▪▪,8,9▪▪,10▪] . (lww.com)
Acidosis1
Aldosterone3
  • However, aldosterone is a major regulator of the reabsorption of these ions as well, as it changes the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule to these ions. (smpdb.ca)
  • The renin-angiotensin system ( RAS ), or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ( RAAS ), is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure , fluid and electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance . (wikipedia.org)
  • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is responsible for regulating the body's blood pressure and is initially triggered with the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JG cells) in the afferent arteriole of the kidney sense a decrease in perfusion. (medpreptogo.com)
Dialysis3
  • I am not a kidney specialist, but I have an extraordinary appreciation of the nurses and doctors who work in kidney dialysis units. (drprincetta.com)
  • The Journal publishes articles on basic or clinical research relating to nephrology, arterial hypertension, dialysis and kidney transplants. (revistanefrologia.com)
  • Technically, people can live with no kidneys , but require dialysis. (healthykidneyclub.com)
Chronic systemic1
Polycystic kidney4
  • The autosomal dominant form of polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common life-threatening monogenic disease, affecting 12 million people worldwide. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The autosomal recessive form of polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is rarer but affects the pediatric population. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • 8. Which one of the following is not a feature of Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease? (damsdelhi.com)
  • Polycystic kidney disease , a genetic condition, causes cysts to form on the kidneys. (healthykidneyclub.com)
Disease25
  • SLE is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect almost any organ system, although it mainly involves the skin, joints, kidneys, blood cells, and nervous system. (medscape.com)
  • Dietary phosphate excess often leads to phosphate toxicity, ultimately potentiating kidney disease development. (diabeets.com)
  • Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Mechanisms Affecting Chronic Kidney Disease. (nih.gov)
  • Patients may be asymptomatic, display symptoms and signs of electrolyte derangements, or progress to chronic kidney disease. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is long-standing, progressive deterioration of renal function. (msdmanuals.com)
  • I have become particularly interested in variations of creatinine and glomerular filtration rate and declining levels of function at the stage 2 and stage 3 kidney disease. (drprincetta.com)
  • Recovery from a decreased GFR and chronic kidney disease can be limited due to fibrosis of kidney tissue. (drprincetta.com)
  • Dr. Henderson further describes kidney supplements that may be beneficial for urinary tract infections or UTI's, kidney stones, and chronic kidney disease. (drprincetta.com)
  • However, I am interested in how to improve kidney function in early kidney decline such as with stage 2 and 3 kidney disease on an outpatient basis. (drprincetta.com)
  • Stage 2 kidney disease is defined as an eGFR between 60 to 89 milliliters per minute, and stage 3 kidney disease is defined as an eGFR between 30 and 59 milliliters per minute. (drprincetta.com)
  • I discovered that a good place to begin in understanding kidney disease is a thorough review of basic renal physiology. (drprincetta.com)
  • Wide disease: Kidney disease or reduced kidney toxicity may cause this medication to general up in the body, threatening side effects. (johogo.com)
  • Age-related disorders such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) are increasingly prevalent globally and pose unprecedented challenges. (frontiersin.org)
  • Overview Nephrotic syndrome is a relatively rare but important manifestation of kidney disease. (armandoh.org)
  • Chronic kidney disease may lessen your kidney function. (healthykidneyclub.com)
  • In its Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) stratifies specific comorbidities that include atherosclerotic CVD, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and HF ( 11 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Individuals with CKD have disproportionately high rates of cardiovascular disease, progression to end-stage kidney disease requiring renal replacement therapy, and death [2-5] . (lww.com)
  • Likewise, in the DAPA-CKD (Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease) trial, the SGLT2i dapagliflozin demonstrated similar results among individuals with CKD, regardless of the presence of diabetes mellitus [9▪▪] . (lww.com)
  • As a result Albright coined the word nephrocalcinosis to describe the scarred, contracted kidneys of patients whose primary hyperparathyroidism had caused kidney disease. (uchicago.edu)
  • Unlike the patients for whom Albright coined nephrocalcinosis, we mainly study patients whose stones arise from no systemic disease at all. (uchicago.edu)
  • Patients with chronic kidney disease have an increased risk of both atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and HF, and cardiovascular disease is responsible for up to 50 percent of deaths in patients with renal failure 1-3 . (cardiologyresearchjournal.com)
  • Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE. (lookformedical.com)
  • Histological examination of an end-stage kidney provides little if any clue as to the identity of the original disease. (docksci.com)
  • Early evidence in laboratory animal models of kidney disease showed that dietary protein restriction and reduction in systemic blood pressure prevented or slowed disease progression. (docksci.com)
  • The second morphological component of progressive renal destruction involves the extraglomerular interstitium.4 Careful morphometric studies of human kidney tissue have shown a striking correlation between the extent of renal dysfunction and the magnitude of tubulointerstitial disease.5,6 The main morphological expression of several disease processses, such as obstructive uropathy, analgesic abuse, and pyelonephritis, is in the tubulointerstitium. (docksci.com)
Bicarbonate1
  • They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. (lookformedical.com)
Juxtaglomerular2
  • When renal blood flow is reduced, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys convert the precursor prorenin (already present in the blood) into renin and secrete it directly into the circulation . (wikipedia.org)
  • A complex of cells consisting of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangium lacis cells, the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule, and granular epithelial peripolar cells. (lookformedical.com)
Tubular epithelium1
Water reabsorption1
  • As a result, the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule changes to allow for water reabsorption back into the blood circulation. (smpdb.ca)
Serum3
Glomerular filtration2
Human kidney2
  • A cDNA encoding a multispecific organic anion transporter 3 (hOAT3) was isolated from a human kidney cDNA library. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Because hOAT1 has been suggested to show rather limited capacity for organic anion transport, hOAT3 might play a large role in the human kidney. (aspetjournals.org)
Arterioles2
  • In the kidneys, angiotensin II constricts glomerular arterioles, having a greater effect on efferent arterioles than afferent. (wikipedia.org)
  • As with most other capillary beds in the body, the constriction of afferent arterioles increases the arteriolar resistance, raising systemic arterial blood pressure and decreasing the blood flow. (wikipedia.org)
Secretion2
  • Increased cAMP promotes protein kinase A activity, among other effectors, and, in turn, leads to cyst growth by promoting proliferation and fluid secretion of cyst-lining cells through chloride and aquaporin channels in ADPKD kidneys. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Secretion of hormones such as erythropoietin and calcitriol closely link kidney function with control of red cell mass and bone metabolism. (abdominalkey.com)
Cellular3
  • Aging kidney and CKD share many common characteristic features with increased cellular senescence, a conserved program characterized by an irreversible cell cycle arrest with altered transcriptome and secretome. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this review, we discuss current understanding of the role and mechanism of cellular senescence in kidney fibrosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Transmission electron microscopic study of gill showed severe damages which included degenerative changes in mitochondria, cellular vacuolation, damage in tubule vascular system, presence of lipid droplets, elongated nucleus, but in case of field experiment dilated mitochondria and cytoplasmic vacuolation were more prominent. (omicsonline.org)
Diseases3
Calcium6
  • Hypercalciuria is the primary abnormality in some familial cases, with calcium-induced tubulointerstitial damage causing distal RTA. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 1989), however, suggested that there is no NCX in basolateral membranes in proximal tubules but that instead, intracellular calcium pools within the mitochondria and elsewhere contribute to Na + /Ca 2+ exchange. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)
  • Nephrocalcinosis means kidneys contain many calcium deposits. (uchicago.edu)
  • That paper described calcium deposits in kidneys of patients with hyperparathyroidism - a mineral disorder caused by enlargement of one or more parathyroid glands. (uchicago.edu)
  • Midway between these two, type 2 patients had stones and kidney tissue calcium deposits but adequate kidney function. (uchicago.edu)
  • That review begins with a definition: 'Strictly, the term 'nephrocalcinosis' refers to the generalized deposition of calcium oxalate (CaOx) or calcium phosphate (CaPi) in the kidney. (uchicago.edu)
Hypertension1
  • Autoregulation is reset by chronic hypertension and may be abolished in the diabetic kidney. (aneskey.com)
Liver4
  • The current study aimed to highlight histopathological findings in paraffin block sections of the liver, gill kidney, and pyloric cecum of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) by different imagining devices such as Scanning Electron (SEM) and Light Microscope (LM). (peertechzpublications.com)
  • Instead, fish hepatocytes display a diffuse or radial organization in the branching tubules that make up the liver parenchyma [8]. (peertechzpublications.com)
  • 7-If you get kidney stones that are from urate salts, you are likely NOT following a low-ish carb paleo diet, you likely have insulin resistance and your liver is not processing uric acid. (robbwolf.com)
  • Cytopathological study both through light and electron microscopic ( scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) observations were based on gill, liver and kidney. (omicsonline.org)
Function13
  • Although cysts only occur in 5% of the tubules in the kidney, the enormous growth of these cysts ultimately leads to the loss of normal surrounding tissues and loss of renal function. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Improving kidney function can be difficult and exasperating. (drprincetta.com)
  • True to the tenets of do no harm, treat the whole patient, and stress preventative medicine, I am looking for ways to improve kidney function in my patients. (drprincetta.com)
  • I have been fortunate to practice chelation therapy, and I have monitored kidney function in hundreds of patients. (drprincetta.com)
  • Through continuity of care I have compared lab values over time for many patients and tried to figure out what improves kidney function and what causes its decline. (drprincetta.com)
  • Like the canary in the coal that is sent down into mine shafts to sniff out toxins before the miners are sent in, finding ways to improve kidney function before irreversible kidney damage occurs can be indemnifying. (drprincetta.com)
  • She also suggests the use of dietary supplements that have been shown in some studies to improve kidney function. (drprincetta.com)
  • I decided to do a literature search on PubMed about natural ways to improve kidney function. (drprincetta.com)
  • Metabolism of peptide hormones and clearance of medications is another important kidney function to maintain health. (abdominalkey.com)
  • First we'll look at normal kidney function, some common renal pathologies, how one might go about fixing those pathologies, then a clinical note or two. (robbwolf.com)
  • The lions share of kidney function involves filtration of the blood via a counter current exchange process that biology makes use of not only in kidneys, but also in the distal portion of limbs. (robbwolf.com)
  • Have your kidney function tested if you're at high risk. (healthykidneyclub.com)
  • Cardiorenal Syndrome is a specific condition which is characterized by a rapid or chronic worsening of cardiac function leading to acute or chronic kidney injury (A/CKI) and the reciprocal organ dysfunction sequence can be possible. (cardiologyresearchjournal.com)
Cortex3
  • Gross examination of the kidney reveals an outer portion, the cortex, and inner portion, the medulla ( Figure 1.1 ). (abdominalkey.com)
  • Tubules are located in both cortex and medulla. (abdominalkey.com)
  • The cortex occupies the upper 1/3 of the kidney slice, above the crescent of red and blue vessels. (uchicago.edu)
Filtration3
  • GFR, when properly interpreted or implemented, should tell us how much actual filtration is occurring in the kidneys. (robbwolf.com)
  • Secondly, where does filtration occur in the kidney? (healthykidneyclub.com)
  • They consist of a network of tubules and canals specialized in filtration. (healthykidneyclub.com)
Regulates1
  • Second, the kidney regulates systemic and renal hemodynamics through the production of various hormones, as well as the regulation of salt and water balance. (abdominalkey.com)
Megalin2
  • IL-17 secreted by Th17 subtype effector T cells was diffusely detected in the renal proximal tubule, with a negative correlation of IL-17 and megalin expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Megalin is internalized by endocytosis and delivered to vacuolar endosomes, which then sort megalin into recycling tubules and deliver it back to the plasma membrane, thus keeping an abundant number of megalin receptors at the apical surface of PTC for further endocytosis and recycling. (medscape.com)
20221
  • Kidney Int Rep (2022 Feb) 7:289-304. (nih.gov)
Angiotensin2
  • When renin is released from the kidneys, it causes the activation of angiotensin I in the blood circulation which is cleaved to become angiotensin II. (smpdb.ca)
  • Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and increases blood pressure by increasing systemic vascular resistance. (medpreptogo.com)
Unit of the kidney1
Urinary1
  • The urinary excretion of both glutathione-S-transferase-α (GST-α, present only in proximal tubular cells) and glutathione-S-transferase-π (GST-π, confined to distal tubular cells) were measured as well. (biomedcentral.com)
Cause kidney damage2
Occur2
Cysts3
Bacteria1
  • Bacterial whip: Misuse of an agreed such as amoxicillin may have to the growth of systemic bacteria that will not be killed by the mode. (johogo.com)