Nicotinic receptorPost-synapticNAChRsNeurotransmitterNeuromuscular junctionCleftSubunitsAntagonistsExtracellularNeuronsPostsynaptic membraneInhibitsPhysiologicalPlasticityNicotineProteinsNeurotoxinBindsHippocampalPentamericCiliaryParalysisTorpedoDeficitsSensitivityMembraneMetabotropicRatsProteinUnlikeSynapsesToxinVoltage-gated cSignaling pathwayContrastIdenticalFoldsRolesStructuralFunctionMolecularActivityReleaseMuscleSpecific
Nicotinic receptor3
- κ-Bungarotoxin binds to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of the autonomic ganglia, predominantly to the nicotinic receptor subunit alpha 3 (CHRNA3) and to a lesser extent alpha 4. (wikipedia.org)
- The α9 and α10 subunits are members of the subfamily I, epithelial ion-gated nicotinic receptor gene family. (frontiersin.org)
- Nicotinic receptor modulation. (inra.fr)
Post-synaptic3
- it causes a post-synaptic blockade of neurotransmission. (wikipedia.org)
- With a precision beyond 15 nm, preand post-synaptic sites can be identified by staining the active zone proteins bassoon and homer. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
- The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged. (t3db.ca)
NAChRs5
- Aβ perturbs a number of synaptic components including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing α7 subunits (α7-nAChRs), which are abundantly expressed in the hippocampus and found on GABAergic interneurons. (biomedcentral.com)
- Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ion-gated channels that have diverse function in nervous and non-nervous tissues. (frontiersin.org)
- Studies in developing rodents indicate that nicotine is a neuroteratogen that disrupts brain development by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that control neural cell replication and differentiation. (nature.com)
- Several investigators could demonstrate that the SARS-CoV-2 related spike glycoprotein (SGP) attaches not only to ACE-2 receptors but also shows DNA sections highly affine to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). (biomedcentral.com)
- The agonist ligand nicotine shows an up to 30-fold higher affinity to nACHRs than acetylcholine (ACh). (biomedcentral.com)
Neurotransmitter2
- They are localized at postsynaptic sites in hair cells, where they mediate the neurotransmitter actions of acetylcholine (ACh). (frontiersin.org)
- Fetal brain regions and peripheral tissues were examined for nAChR subtypes, other neurotransmitter receptors, and indices of cell signaling and cell damage. (nature.com)
Neuromuscular junction3
- Early events in neuromuscular junction formation in vitro: induction of acetylcholine receptor clusters in the postsynaptic membrane and morphology of newly formed synapses. (rupress.org)
- The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a tripartite synapse comprised of an α-motor neuron (the presynapse), extrafusal muscle fiber (the postsynapse), and specialized synaptic glia called perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs) or terminal Schwann cells. (elifesciences.org)
- Terminates signal transduction at the neuromuscular junction by rapid hydrolysis of the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft. (snakevenomdb.org)
Cleft2
- Acetylcholinesterase and a basement lamina were present within the synaptic cleft. (rupress.org)
- If viewed from the synaptic cleft, the protein will look like a pseudo-symmetrical rosette shown in the picture below composed of 10 different alpha and 4 different beta subunits. (proteopedia.org)
Subunits2
- the pentameric receptors are assembled from different distributions of subunits in neurons and in muscles. (wikipedia.org)
- There is an emerging literature that the distribution of the α9 and α10 subunits in peripheral tissues is widespread and non-synaptic, regulated in disease states, and may not always be assembled as heteromeric receptors. (frontiersin.org)
Antagonists2
- α-bungarotoxin and strychnine are antagonists of α7* and α9* receptors and α7* and α9* highly permeable to calcium. (frontiersin.org)
- Although nicotine is an agonist of ionotropic acetylcholine receptors, we found that nicotine-induced polyspermy was neither mimicked by acetylcholine and carbachol nor inhibited by specific antagonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (mdpi.com)
Extracellular2
- Two distinct binding surfaces, both on the N-terminal extracellular face of the receptor subunit, have been identified. (wikipedia.org)
- It works as a postsynaptic neurotoxin binding to the receptor as an extracellular ligand by interacting with OH group leaving the acetylcholine channel open which releases ions used in creating an action potential. (proteopedia.org)
Neurons1
- This data proofs that hippocampal neurons are capable of enriching BDNF within the mature glutamatergic pre-synapse, possibly influencing synaptic plasticity. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Postsynaptic membrane4
- The cholinergic postsynaptic membrane is an acetyl-choline receptor-rich membrane mediating fast chemical communication at the nerve-muscle synapse. (iucr.org)
- The postsynaptic membrane, apposing the pre-synaptic nerve terminal, is where transmitter-gated ion channels are concentrated. (iucr.org)
- The postsynaptic membrane, by eliciting this response, plays a critical role in determining the efficacy and speed of synaptic transmission. (iucr.org)
- Structure of the ACh receptor in Torpedo postsynaptic membrane. (iucr.org)
Inhibits3
- κ-Bungarotoxin is a receptor antagonist, meaning it blocks the normal response of the receptor to acetylcholine, which inhibits neurotransmission and therefore causes neuromuscular paralysis. (wikipedia.org)
- The α-2 adrenergic receptor (A2AR) inhibits insulin or glucagons release. (proteopedia.org)
- Inhibits neuromuscular transmission by blocking acetylcholine release from the nerve termini. (snakevenomdb.org)
Physiological2
- Cholesterol interactions with the receptor are apparently essential for stabilizing and maintaining its physiological architecture, since the transmembrane structure contracts, involving displacements of the helices at the outer membrane surface by ∼2 Å (1-3 Å), when this lipid is extracted. (iucr.org)
- The distribution of the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGlu4 is investigated in physiological brain slices enabling the analysis of the receptor in its natural environment. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Plasticity2
- Xu YKT, Graves AR , Coste GI, Huganir RL , Bergles DE, Charles AS, Sulam J. Cross-modality supervised image restoration enables nanoscale tracking of synaptic plasticity in living mice. (neurotree.org)
- Visualizing synaptic plasticity in vivo by large-scale imaging of endogenous AMPA receptors. (neurotree.org)
Nicotine3
- Essentially, by providing excessive cholinergic stimulation throughout fetal life, nicotine discoordinates the numerous events in cell replication, differentiation and synaptic development that are necessary to the proper assembly of the mammalian brain. (nature.com)
- Unlike acetylcholine and carbachol, nicotine uniquely induced drastic rearrangement of egg cortical microfilaments in a dose-dependent way. (mdpi.com)
- Is the post-COVID-19 syndrome a severe impairment of acetylcholine-orchestrated neuromodulation that responds to nicotine administration? (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins5
- M1, M3, M5 receptors are coupled with G q proteins, while M2 and M4 receptors are coupled with G i/o proteins. (proteopedia.org)
- The interaction of synaptic proteins orchestrate the function of one of the most complex organs, the brain. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
- Capturing more than one target, I aim to unravel the distribution of synaptic proteins with nanometer precision and set them into a structural and quantitative context with one another. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
- Prior functional measurements show that metabotropic glutamate receptors influence voltage-gated calcium channels and proteins that are involved in synaptic vesicle priming. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
- In this work I placed emphasis on the improvement of multi-colour super-resolution imaging and its analysing tools to enable the investigation of synaptic proteins. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Neurotoxin1
- historically also called toxin F) is a protein neurotoxin of the bungarotoxin family that is found in the venom of the many-banded krait, a snake found in Taiwan. (wikipedia.org)
Binds3
- There must be 5 molecules of cobra toxin (red) to block the receptor (blue) as each molecule binds with an individual alpha chain on the acetylcholine receptor. (proteopedia.org)
- PubChem]Hexobarbital binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl- ionopore at the GABA-A receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl- ionopore is open. (t3db.ca)
- The monomeric form binds with high affinity to muscular and neuronal alpha-7/CHRNA7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). (snakevenomdb.org)
Hippocampal1
- Hippocampal Synaptic Alterations Associated with Tau Pathology in Primary Age-Related Tauopathy. (neurotree.org)
Pentameric1
- The receptor is a transmembrane pentameric glycoprotein. (proteopedia.org)
Ciliary1
- κ-Bungarotoxin was first reported in 1983 as a component of the venom of Bungarus multicinctus that differed in biological effect from the previously known α-bungarotoxin: κ-bungarotoxin, but not α-bungarotoxin, was capable of impeding nicotinic signaling in the chick ciliary ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
Paralysis1
- Causes paralysis by preventing acetylcholine binding to the nAChR. (snakevenomdb.org)
Torpedo1
Deficits1
- Aβ accumulation is considered to be a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and responsible for synaptic deficits and neuronal degeneration in AD [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Sensitivity2
- Clusters of receptors, evident as peaks of ACh sensitivity, are present on many uninnervated myotubes. (rupress.org)
- The distribution of ACh sensitivity closely parallels the distribution of 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites on the same muscle cell. (rupress.org)
Membrane1
Metabotropic1
- Dopamine receptors are a class of metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors that are important in the central nervous system. (proteopedia.org)
Rats1
- In rats, the number of acetylcholine receptors per NMJ are significantly lower in old versus young animals [ 7 ] , and nerve conduction velocities are significantly diminished [ 31 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Protein5
- Separately identified toxins designated "toxin F" and "bungarotoxin 3.1" were identified by protein sequencing as identical to κ-bungarotoxin. (wikipedia.org)
- The adrenergic receptors are metabolic G protein-coupled receptors. (proteopedia.org)
- The human β2 adrenergic receptor bound to a G-protein ( 3sn6 ) is featured in a scene above, and additional structures are on the Adrenergic receptor page . (proteopedia.org)
- For G s see Beta2 adrenergic receptor-Gs protein complex updated . (proteopedia.org)
- 2018 ). NLRP3 inflammasome is composed of NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) pyrin domain-containing 3), ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain) and procaspase-1, subsequently amplifying the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, apoptotic and pyroptotic cell deaths(Zhong et al. (biomedcentral.com)
Unlike1
- Unlike other members of the bungarotoxin family, κ-bungarotoxin is a dimer. (wikipedia.org)
Synapses2
- The development of clusters of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors at newly formed synapses between embryonic chick spinal cord and muscle cells grown in vitro has been studied by iontophoretic mapping with ACh. (rupress.org)
- Chen X, Jia B, Araki Y , Liu B , Ye F, Huganir R , Zhang M. Arc weakens synapses by dispersing AMPA receptors from postsynaptic density via modulating PSD phase separation. (neurotree.org)
Toxin1
- The 2nd image depicts an individual toxin binding with one chain on the receptor, both in the same color. (proteopedia.org)
Voltage-gated c1
- Corresponding dSTORM data indeed suggests that a subset of the mGlu4 receptor is correlated with the voltage-gated calcium channel Cav2.1 on distances around 60 nm. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Signaling pathway2
- Besides, VTE inhibited BA synthesis, promoted BA transport in the liver, and enhanced BA reabsorption in the ileum through the farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-related signaling pathway. (bvsalud.org)
- 2009 ) and regulate the Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase (RISK) signaling pathway (ERKε, PKC, GSK-3β, STAT3) via cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R)(Wang et al. (biomedcentral.com)
Contrast2
- this is in contrast to the β-bungarotoxins which induce a pre-synaptic block. (wikipedia.org)
- In contrast, receptor clusters on uninnervated myotubes remain in the same location for many hours. (rupress.org)
Identical1
- The physiology and pharmacology of the hair cell receptor is identical to that of the α9/10 receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes. (frontiersin.org)
Folds1
- The κ-bungarotoxin polypeptide is 66 amino acids long and folds into an antiparallel beta sheet structure stabilized by five conserved disulfide bonds, a structural feature shared by many peptide toxins. (wikipedia.org)
Roles1
- This Research Topic presents the current state of basic research activities on the function of α9 and a10 receptors, ideas about their roles in basic biology, physiology and inflammation and animal models for analysis of functions, and human disease states. (frontiersin.org)
Structural1
- GFP display structural and synaptic features of γ-MNs and are selectively lost in mutants lacking target muscle spindles. (biomedcentral.com)
Function1
- Btbd11 supports cell-type-specific synaptic function. (neurotree.org)
Molecular1
- With dual-colour dSTORM, the spatial arrangement of the mGlu4 receptor in the pre-synaptic sites of parallel fibres in the molecular layer of the mouse cerebellum is visualized, as well as a four to six-fold increase in the density of the receptor in the active zone compared to the nearby environment. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Activity2
- ICA69 regulates activity-dependent synaptic strengthening and learning and memory. (neurotree.org)
- Identification of Synaptic DGKθ Interactors That Stimulate DGKθ Activity. (neurotree.org)
Release1
- Our previous research confirmed that electroacupuncture (EA) stimulus elicits neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemic injury through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR)-mediated inhibition of high-mobility group box 1 release mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
Muscle1
- Using this knowledge we characterized genetic strategies to label developing γ-MNs based on GDNF receptor expression, showed their strict dependence for survival on muscle spindle-derived GDNF and generated an animal model in which γ-MNs are selectively lost. (biomedcentral.com)
Specific2
- The distinction between the effects of α-bungarotoxin and κ-bungarotoxin was first identified functionally, as differences in effects on specific neural structures. (wikipedia.org)
- It is shown that cholesterol segregates preferentially around the receptors in both leaflets of the lipid bilayer, interacting robustly with specific transmembrane sites and creating a network of bridging microdomains. (iucr.org)