Synaptic visual cortex. Medical search. Frequent questions

In the maturing and adult CNS, reelin modulates several aspects of excitatory synaptic function and morpho-functional plasticity. (frontiersin.org)
Sensory cortices are inherently dynamic and exhibit plasticity in response to a variety of stimuli. (intechopen.com)
Furthermore, it was explored in mice, how the application of drugs (serotonin and ketamine) modulates potential plasticity within the visual system. (intechopen.com)
Several psychiatric and neurological disorders, including drug addiction, neuropathic pain syndromes and fragile X syndrome, are associated with abnormal or deficient synaptic plasticity. (nature.com)
Recent studies indicate that aberrant MMP expression, localization and function may contribute to synaptic plasticity deficits associated with such disorders. (nature.com)
This Review explores the paradigm shift in our understanding of the contribution of MMPs to normal and abnormal synaptic plasticity and function. (nature.com)
We address the "stability-plasticity-conundrum" in the mouse visual system, retrosplenial cortex, and hippocampal formation on multiple scales, ranging from the synaptic to the circuit level. (uni-bonn.de)
Lateral geniculate neurons projecting to primary visual cortex show ocular dominance plasticity in adult mice. (uni-bonn.de)
2004). For an open-source implementation of the BCM, amongst other synaptic modification rules, see the Plasticity package . (scholarpedia.org)
The BCM theory of synaptic plasticity, as described briefly in the previous section, and in more detail in the sections below, is based on these three postulates. (scholarpedia.org)
Barnes SJ, Sammons RP, Jacobsen RI, Mackie J, Keller GB , Keck T . Subnetwork-Specific Homeostatic Plasticity in Mouse Visual Cortex In Vivo. (neurotree.org)
Keck T , Keller GB , Jacobsen RI, Eysel UT , Bonhoeffer T , HÃ¼bener M. Synaptic scaling and homeostatic plasticity in the mouse visual cortex in vivo. (neurotree.org)
Beforehand I investigated OD plasticity in adult mice (C57Bl6) which is still questioned to be present after MD. I conrmed earlier ndings which have shown robust MD induced changes of either eye in the visual cortex of adult mice. (uni-muenchen.de)
Award recognizes professor's synaptic plasticity research, its translation to potential amblyopia and autism treatments, and his career of mentorship. (mit.edu)
Recognizing his research advancing understanding of how the brain changes with experience by altering the strength of connections among neurons, a phenomenon called "synaptic plasticity," the Society for Neuroscience (SfN) recently named Mark Bear , Picower Professor at MIT, a co-recipient of the 2023 Julius Axelrod Prize . (mit.edu)
His discoveries influenced my own, as my first studies as a graduate student focused on the involvement of catecholamines in the regulation of plasticity of visual cortex. (mit.edu)
Thus, MHCI ligands signaling via PirB receptor may function to "brake" activity- dependent synaptic plasticity. (visionsciences.org)
Neuroplasticity, or neural plasticity, allows neurons to regenerate both anatomically as well as functionally, and to form new synaptic connections. (cognifit.com)

Aberrant integration and processing of incoming sensory information support the view of migraine as a neurological disorder characterized by a dysfunctional regulation of the balance between inhibition and excitation (I/E balance) within neuronal circuits of the cerebral cortex [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This work led in 1962 to the discovery that environmental enrichment increased cerebral cortex volume. (wikipedia.org)
In 1964, it was found that this was due to increased cerebral cortex thickness and greater synapse and glial numbers. (wikipedia.org)
Stimulation affects not only synapses upon pyramidal neurons (the main projecting neurons in the cerebral cortex) but also stellate ones (that are usually interneurons). (wikipedia.org)
Capillaries are wider (4.35 μm compared to 4.15 μm in controls) Shorter distance exist between any part of the neuropil and a capillary (27.6 μm compared to 34.6 μm) These energy related changes to the neuropil are responsible for increasing the volume of the cerebral cortex (the increase in synapse numbers contributes in itself hardly any extra volume). (wikipedia.org)
The Allen Institute for Brain Science is in the early stages of a large-scale, multi-year, experimental and theoretical effort to study coding in the cerebral cortex. (alleninstitute.org)
In mammals and especially in humans, the cerebral cortex is an area of the brain that is crucially involved in nearly all cognitive functions. (berkeley.edu)
Previous studies of global brain hypoxia ischemia have primarily focused on injury to the cerebral cortex and to the hippocampus. (cdc.gov)
Alzheimer Disease Alzheimer disease causes progressive cognitive deterioration and is characterized by beta-amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex and subcortical gray matter. (msdmanuals.com)

He and his students showed that NMDA receptors trigger long‐term depression (LTD) as well as long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the cortex, that the properties of LTD and LTP are themselves 'metaplastic' and depend on the recent history of cortical activity, and that these bidirectional synaptic modifications and metaplasticity are essential for development of the visual cortex. (mit.edu)
1998. Inhibition of long-term potentiation in developing rat visual cortex but not hippocampus by in utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls. (cdc.gov)

In mouse V1, although previous studies have examined the excitatory/inhibitory interplay underlying orientation selectivity (OS) of simple cells, the synaptic bases for that of complex cells have remained obscure. (jneurosci.org)
This can be primarily attributed to the differential tuning selectivity of inhibitory synaptic input: inhibition in complex cells is more narrowly tuned than excitation, whereas in simple cells inhibition is more broadly tuned than excitation. (jneurosci.org)
Orientation selectivity (OS) of neuronal responses is considered to be fundamental for visual perception of contours. (jneurosci.org)
Adaptation-induced changes in the temporal-frequency tuning and direction selectivity of cat visual cortical cells were studied. (cambridge.org)
BCM theory ( B ienenstock, C ooper, and M unro 1982) refers to the theory of synaptic modification first proposed by Elie Bienenstock, Leon Cooper, and Paul Munro in 1982 to account for experiments measuring the selectivity of neurons in primary sensory cortex and its dependency on neuronal input. (scholarpedia.org)
Linearity of summation of synaptic potentials underlying direction selectivity in simple cells of the cat visual cortex. (yale.edu)

FHM1 mice displayed similar amplitude but slower temporal evolution of visual evoked potentials. (biomedcentral.com)
Rapid phase shift of evoked potentials in barrel cortex accompanies conditioning. (neuroinf.pl)

His lab's demonstration of LTD in the hippocampus was paradigm‐shifting, opening the door to numerous studies of the fundamental molecular mechanisms of synaptic modification. (mit.edu)

Interestingly, the differential synaptic tuning correlated well with the spatial organization of synaptic input: the inhibitory visual RF in complex cells was more elongated in shape than its excitatory counterpart and also was more elongated than that in simple cells. (jneurosci.org)
Excitatory subfield overlap in spiking RFs was well predicted by subfield overlap at the synaptic level. (nih.gov)
Thus, ACh modulates network dynamics in a biphasic fashion, probably by inhibiting excitatory synaptic transmission and facilitating neuronal excitability through muscarinic signaling pathways. (springer.com)
A main goal of work in the laboratory is to identify and understand synaptic interactions between excitatory and inhibitory neurons during sensory processing. (yale.edu)
Using cell type-specific expression of optogenetic tools, such as light-activated channels (Channelrhodopsin and Halorhodopsin), we can control the firing of specific populations of excitatory and inhibitory neurons and test their impact on their synaptic targets. (yale.edu)
We are recording patterns of visually evoked activity during awake visual behavior and testing the impact of changing inhibitory or excitatory activity on visual perception. (yale.edu)
Fmr1, Cntnap2 and Tsc2 knockout and 16p11.2 deletion mice showed increased feed-forward excitatory and inhibitory currents in neurons of layers 2-3 of the somatosensory cortex relative to the wild-type. (sfari.org)

Mammalian prefrontal cortex (PFC) development is characterized by a protracted postnatal maturation constituting a period of enhanced vulnerability to psychiatric insults. (frontiersin.org)
Chen JL , Andermann ML , Keck T , Xu NL , Ziv Y. Imaging neuronal populations in behaving rodents: paradigms for studying neural circuits underlying behavior in the mammalian cortex. (neurotree.org)
Replicating the retina's synaptic organization in our chip made it possible to perform these computations using a hundred times less energy than a microprocessor-and to match the mammalian retina in size and weight. (upenn.edu)
Dr. Shatz's research focuses on the development of the mammalian visual system, with an overall goal of better understanding critical periods of brain wiring and developmental disorders such as autism, dyslexia and schizophrenia, and also for understanding how the nervous and immune systems interact. (visionsciences.org)

This phenotype consequently impacted the developmental sequence of the synaptic excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance. (frontiersin.org)
Keck T , Hübener M, Bonhoeffer T . Interactions between synaptic homeostatic mechanisms: an attempt to reconcile BCM theory, synaptic scaling, and changing excitation/inhibition balance. (neurotree.org)

Individual neurons in the cortex can make over 10,000 connections with other brain cells. (berkeley.edu)
The precise pattern of connections between a local group of neurons in the cortex gives rises to its elementary unit of computation - the cortical microcircuit. (berkeley.edu)
Are Sensory Neurons in the Cortex Committed to Original Trigger Features? (intechopen.com)
An international team of researchers, led by R. Clay Reid, Wei Chung Allen Lee and Vincent Bonin from the Allen Institute for Brain Science, Harvard Medical School and Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders (NERF), respectively, has published the largest network to date of connections between neurons in the cortex, where high-level processing occurs, and have revealed several crucial elements of how networks in the brain are organized. (neurosciencenews.com)

As altered responsivity to visual stimuli and abnormal processing of visual sensory information are common hallmarks of migraine, herein we investigated the effects of FHM1-driven synaptic alterations in the visual cortex of awake mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Altered responsivity and abnormal processing of visual sensory information are common hallmarks of migraine. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, correlations in association cortex can benefit task performance even if they decrease sensory information. (nature.com)
While decades of research have carefully outlined how individual neurons extract specific features from the sensory environment, the cellular and synaptic mechanisms that permit ensembles of cortical neurons to actually process sensory information and generate perceptions are largely unknown. (berkeley.edu)
These results together suggest that sensory cortices are capable of adapting to intense experiences by going through a recalibration of corresponding or neighboring sensory area(s) to redirect the sensory function and exhibit remarkable extent of neuroplasticity within the brain. (intechopen.com)
Keck T , Scheuss V , Jacobsen RI, Wierenga CJ , Eysel UT, Bonhoeffer T , HÃ¼bener M. Loss of sensory input causes rapid structural changes of inhibitory neurons in adult mouse visual cortex. (neurotree.org)
Gating of the sensory activity within barrel cortex of the awake rat. (neuroinf.pl)
Sparse correlation kernel analysis and evolutionary algorithm-based modeling of the sensory activity within the rat's barrel cortex. (neuroinf.pl)

A key area for future research is to elucidate how MMP activity transitions from normal, adaptive roles in local synaptic remodelling to deleterious roles that have important pathophysiological cellular and synaptic consequences. (nature.com)
Extension of the competitive principle to local synaptic level explains ante-natal organisation of response properties in primary visual cortex, including effects of stimulus orientation, angle relative to motion, length, and speed on apparent orientation preference. (paulbourke.net)

Performing experiments in mice, the researchers employed a well-established model of measuring neuroplasticity by observing how cells reorganize their connections when visual information received by the brain is reduced from two eyes to one. (analytica-world.com)

In vitro results highlighted thalamocortical and intra-cortical glutamatergic synaptic gain-of-function associated with a monogenic form of migraine (familial-hemiplegic-migraine-type-1: FHM1). (biomedcentral.com)
Remarkably, these effects are not associated with changes in the expression of GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic components, but with a reduction of parvalbumin (PV) neuron density and PV mRNA levels. (biorxiv.org)

Deficits in synaptic remodelling are associated with psychiatric and neurological disorders, and aberrant MMP expression or function may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying these deficits. (nature.com)
The Cardin lab investigates this dynamic and bidirectional relationship between neuron and network at multiple levels, including cellular and synaptic mechanisms, network interactions, and behavior. (yale.edu)
One ongoing focus is the cellular mechanisms of visual gain control and how gain modulation regulates visual perception. (yale.edu)

By complementing our in vivo work with detailed analysis of synaptic connectivity and network dynamics in vitro, we hope to arrive at a more complete understanding for how neural circuits in our brain support sensation, cognition, and action. (berkeley.edu)
Using multi-electrode array recordings, two photon imaging, and in vivo whole cell voltage clamp recordings in the barrel cortex of awake, actively whisking mice we are dissecting the cortical circuits responsible for encoding and decoding tactile stimuli. (berkeley.edu)
We use a variety of techniques in rodent visual cortex, including intracellular and extracellular recordings in vivo , chronic recordings in awake behaving animals, and optogenetic manipulations of neural activity. (yale.edu)
One project in the lab is focused on using these combined techniques to map out circuit dynamics in visual cortex in vivo . (yale.edu)
Destexhe A, Rudolph M, Fellous JM, Sejnowski TJ (2001) Fluctuating synaptic conductances recreate in vivo-like activity in neocortical neurons. (yale.edu)
By recording neuronal activity in vivo , Yizhar found that neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of Cntnap2 homozygous mice have enhanced activity compared with wild-type littermates. (sfari.org)

We recorded extracellular field potentials from the primary visual cortex (V1) of head-fixed awake FHM1 knock-in ( n = 12) and wild type ( n = 12) mice in response to square-wave gratings with different visual contrasts. (biomedcentral.com)
Visual contrast stimuli induced a lower increase of multi-unit activity in FHM1 mice, while the amount of information content about contrast level remained, however, similar to WT. (biomedcentral.com)
In the last chapter I addressed the question whether the representation of both eyes in the binocular visual cortex is dierent in PirB KO mice in comparison to WT mice. (uni-muenchen.de)
Therefore I showed stimuli in the central and peripheral visual field of adult non-deprived and deprived PirB KO mice. (uni-muenchen.de)
I found enhanced response strength in the open eye after peripheral visual eld stimulation in deprived PirB KO mice in contrast to WT mice. (uni-muenchen.de)

Monocular deprivation (MD) is a widely used paradigm to study changes in ocular dominance (OD) in the binocular visual cortex of higher mammals. (uni-muenchen.de)

Each neuron contributes to activity in the surrounding local network and receives a constant barrage of network synaptic input in return. (yale.edu)

To determine OD in the mouse visual cortex, I used optical imaging of intrinsic signals which measures the activity of neuronal populations elicited from either eye stimulation. (uni-muenchen.de)

Synaptic excitation of principal cells in the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus during focal epileptic seizures in the visual cortex. (neuroinf.pl)

Both observations are consistent with the notion that the neural sequences that pace the song are generated by global synaptic chains in HVC embedded within local inhibitory networks. (elifesciences.org)
Precision emerges during critical periods of development as synaptic connections remodel, a process requiring neural activity and involving regression of some synapses and strengthening and stabilization of others. (visionsciences.org)

It measures the conduction of the visual pathways from the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic radiations to the occipital cortex. (medscape.com)
The visual system includes the eyes, connecting pathways through to the visual cortex, and other parts of the brain (see the image below). (medscape.com)

In the brain, they have well-described roles in slowly emerging, but long-lasting pathophysiological processes of cell loss and synaptic dysfunction associated with acute injury, ischaemia, neurodegeneration and demyelination. (nature.com)
In particular, widespread and protracted MMP activity can contribute to neuronal loss and synaptic dysfunction. (nature.com)
Their finding that LTD is impacted in several developmental disorders led to the insight that excess protein synthesis downstream of the glutamate receptor mGlu5 is a core driver of the synaptic, circuit, and behavioral dysfunction seen in Fragile X Syndrome, the most common form of inherited intellectual disability and a leading monogenic cause of autism. (mit.edu)

The aim of the present study was to characterize the spatial and temporal features of synaptic and discharge receptive fields (RFs), and to quantify their relationships, in cat area 17. (nih.gov)
We focused on the primary auditory cortex (A1) due to the crucial role that temporal precision plays in the processing of auditory information. (biorxiv.org)

Using electrophysiological approaches, we showed that decreased reelin levels impair the maturation of GABAergic synaptic transmission without affecting the inhibitory nature of GABA. (frontiersin.org)
These data indicate that reelin is necessary for the correct maturation and refinement of GABAergic synaptic circuits in the postnatal PFC and therefore provide a mechanism for altered E/I balance of prefrontal circuits associated with psychiatric disorders. (frontiersin.org)

We filled intracellularly 50 superficial layer pyramidal neurons in the cat primary visual cortex and reconstructed the axonal tree and their synaptic boutons in 3D. (uzh.ch)

The computational model showed how these network effects may arise from a combination of changes in thalamocortical and intra-cortical synaptic transmission, with the former inducing a lower cortical activity and the latter inducing the higher frequencies ɣ oscillations. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we investigated cilia frequency, internal structure, shape, and position in large, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy volumes of mouse primary visual cortex. (janelia.org)
Horizontal cell outputs inhibit (ie, reduce transmission at) nearby unilluminated receptor-bipolar cell synaptic junctions. (medscape.com)

Barnes SJ, Keller GB , Keck T . Homeostatic regulation through strengthening of neuronal network-correlated synaptic inputs. (neurotree.org)

9 - 11 The goal of prevention is supported by (1) prospective studies of animal models demonstrating that abnormal visual experience can lead to abnormal development of synaptic circuitry in visual cortex, 12 - 18 and (2) the hypothesis that providing "normal" visual experience to human infants will prevent the development of clinical abnormality. (arvojournals.org)

The visual evoked potential (VEP) tests the function of the visual pathway from the retina to the occipital cortex. (medscape.com)
It is also important to note that the macula projects to the occipital pole, whereas the rest of the retina projects to the mesial calcarine cortex. (medscape.com)
The generator site for VEPs is believed to be the peristriate and striate occipital cortex. (medscape.com)
The eye has many features of a camera, beginning with the cornea and ending with the occipital (visual) cortex. (medscape.com)

Fariñas I, DeFelipe J (1991) Patterns of synaptic input on corticocortical and corticothalamic cells in the cat visual cortex. (yale.edu)

Prior to joining the institute, he investigated the contribution of synaptic processing to visual computations in the retina. (alleninstitute.org)
Here we describe an artificial retina, constructed in silicon using single-transistor synaptic primitives, with two forms of locally controlled adaptation: luminance adaptation and contrast gain control. (upenn.edu)
Visual processing and, ultimately, visual fields begin in the retina. (medscape.com)

In the primary visual cortex (V1), orientation-selective neurons can be categorized into simple and complex cells primarily based on their receptive field (RF) structures. (jneurosci.org)
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Simple and complex cells, two classes of principal neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1), are generally thought to be equally selective for orientation. (jneurosci.org)
Changes in NMDA receptors and developmental events such as geniculocortical afferent segregation and acquisition of orientation tuning covary as a function of visual experience rather than age, strongly suggesting that NMDA receptors are involved in experience-dependent developmental processes. (jneurosci.org)

Lee and Bonin began by identifying neurons in the mouse visual cortex that responded to particular visual stimuli, such as vertical or horizontal bars on a screen. (neurosciencenews.com)

Additionally, we reproduced in silico the obtained experimental results with a novel spiking neurons network model of mouse V1, by implementing in the model both the synaptic alterations characterizing the FHM1 genetic mouse model adopted. (biomedcentral.com)

Both forms of adaptation rely on local modulation of synaptic strength, thus meeting the criteria of internal control. (upenn.edu)
Intracortical synaptic potential modulation by presynaptic somatic potential (Shu et al. (yale.edu)

A recent genetic screen in the lab of Carla Shatz has identied that the family of MHCI receptors are expressed in the developing visual cortex and regulated upon neuronal activity. (uni-muenchen.de)

We analyzed calcium imaging data from mouse posterior parietal cortex during two perceptual discrimination tasks. (nature.com)
Tim is part of a team of scientists working to map and characterize microcircuits in the mouse visual cortex. (alleninstitute.org)
We take advantage of the mouse 'barrel' cortex in which each cortical column represents one whisker on the face. (berkeley.edu)
Using subcellular channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping in mouse visual cortex, we compared feedforward (FF) or feedback (FB) cortico-cortical (CC) synaptic input to cells projecting back to the input source (looped neurons) with cells projecting to a different cortical or subcortical area. (elifesciences.org)
Lack of increased synaptic firing in the somatosensory cortex of four mouse models of ASD. (sfari.org)
However, the post-synaptic potentials (PSPs) of those neurons were not significantly increased in these mouse models relative to wild-type (lighter colors). (sfari.org)

One goal for the physiological study of neuronal cell types is to investigate synaptic connections formed by cell types, with in vitro preparations, using electrical and optical activation combined with multiple simultaneous neuronal recordings. (alleninstitute.org)

The identification of the molecular components underlying this prolonged postnatal development is necessary to understand the synaptic properties of defective circuits participating in these psychiatric disorders. (frontiersin.org)
Keck T , Mrsic-Flogel TD , Vaz Afonso M, Eysel UT , Bonhoeffer T , HÃ¼bener M. Massive restructuring of neuronal circuits during functional reorganization of adult visual cortex. (neurotree.org)

However, recent studies show that rapid and focal MMP-mediated proteolysis proactively drives synaptic structural and functional remodelling that is crucial for ongoing cognitive processes. (nature.com)
Early visual input induces changes in functional connectivity which can either lead to the stabilisation of appropriate synaptic connections or the elimination of inappropriate ones in the visual system. (uni-muenchen.de)

After 10 d in the light, visual responses did show some recovery toward adult values, but neither average firing rates nor the proportion of direction-selective cells reached the levels found in normal 6-week-old animals, contrary to the suggestion that a short period in the light can reverse the effect of dark rearing completely. (jneurosci.org)
For this purpose, neurons were recorded intracellularly while high-frequency flashing bars were used to generate RFs maps for synaptic and spiking responses. (nih.gov)
Subfield width, in both simple and complex cells, was less for spiking responses compared with synaptic responses, but synaptic to discharge width ratio was relatively variable from cell to cell. (nih.gov)
Our device is the first to reproduce the responses of the four major ganglion cell types that drive visual cortex, producing 3600 spiking outputs in total. (upenn.edu)

Despite the incredible array of processes the brain performs - from memory to emotion - its elementary units of function are the nerve cell and the synaptic junction. (berkeley.edu)
The cortex is made up of interconnected networks containing many different classes of neurons, whose roles in both normal brain activity and disease are poorly understood. (yale.edu)

For example, cuprizone-induced demyelination promotes hyper- and depolarizing shifts of the resting membrane potential of auditory thalamocortical pathway neurons and reduction in action potential firing of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons 7 . (biorxiv.org)
From the LGN, the signals continue to the primary visual cortex, where further visual processing takes place. (medscape.com)

Cell-specific restoration of stimulus preference after monocular deprivation in the visual cortex. (uni-bonn.de)

To this aim, through electrophysiology in cats, we explored that visual neurons, throughout the cortical column, have a tendency to alter their inherent properties even when presented a non-visual stimulus. (intechopen.com)

How do connectivity and the synaptic properties of the circuit influence circuit computations? (alleninstitute.org)

In normal kittens, the NMDA component of the visual response decreases between 3 and 6 weeks of age for cells located in layers IV, V, and VI (Fox et al. (jneurosci.org)
Ten days in the light after 6 weeks in the dark was sufficient to decrease the NMDA component of the visual response to the same levels seen in light- reared animals of the same age. (jneurosci.org)
Comparison of the effect of the non- NMDA antagonist 6-cyano-7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione with the NMDA antagonist aminophosphonovalerate showed that the changes were due to the relative contributions of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors to the visual response rather than the overall contribution of glutamate receptors. (jneurosci.org)
These results show that the decrease in the NMDA component of the visual response seen during normal development of the cortex is caused by visual experience. (jneurosci.org)

A critical component of this effort is to systematically characterize neuronal cell types in the cortex and its afferent and efferent structures at molecular, anatomical, and physiological levels. (alleninstitute.org)

Such proteolytically active MMPs then signal through β1-containing integrins to promote dendritic spine enlargement and synaptic potentiation concurrently. (nature.com)

Dodson PD, Billups B, Rusznák Z, Szûcs G, Barker MC, Forsythe ID (2003) Presynaptic rat Kv1.2 channels suppress synaptic terminal hyperexcitability following action potential invasion. (yale.edu)

Binzegger T, Douglas RJ, Martin KA (2005) Axons in cat visual cortex are topologically self-similar. (yale.edu)
Consequently, local intracortical neurons and patchy connections emerge in "ultra-small" world configurations, forming clearly defined macrocolumns and patch connections in hexagonal array, where patch connections have relatively long axons, and less defined structures elsewhere in the cortex. (paulbourke.net)

At the other extreme, the optimal spatial frequency and phase of the discharge RFs in simple cells were almost entirely inherited from those of the synaptic RFs. (nih.gov)
Due to these additional, subthreshold subfields, spatial frequency tuning predicted from synaptic RFs appears sharper than that predicted from spiking RFs. (nih.gov)

Connections in adult visual system are highly precise, but they do not start out that way. (visionsciences.org)
What we have achieved is to bridge these two realms with unprecedented detail, linking electrical activity in neurons with the nanoscale synaptic connections they make with one another. (neurosciencenews.com)

Anatomy47

Organisms18

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs13

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment44

Psychiatry and Psychology58

Phenomena and Processes57

Disciplines and Occupations4

Information Science12

Health Care5

Plasticity18

Cerebral cortex9

Long-term potenti2

Selectivity6

Evoked potentials2

Hippocampus1

Excitatory7

Mammalian4

Inhibition2

Neurons in the cortex4

Sensory8

Local synaptic2

Neuroplasticity1

Glutamatergic synaptic2

Mechanisms3

Vivo6

Mice5

Ocular dominance1

Neuron1

Stimulation1

Excitation1

Neural2

Pathways2

Dysfunction3

Temporal2

GABAergic2

Pyramidal neurons1

Transmission3

Homeostatic1

Abnormal1

Occipital4

19911

Retina3

Orientation3

Stimuli1

Silico1

Modulation2

Neuronal activity1

Mouse6

Vitro1

Circuits2

Functional2

Responses4

Brain2

Primary2

Deprivation1

Cortical column1

Connectivity1

NMDA4

Anatomical1

Dendritic1

Presynaptic1

Axons2

Spatial2

Connections2