• Our results demonstrate that the amplitude of spontaneous miniature and evoked EPSCs in nTS neurons is significantly increased in Mecp2 -null mice and, accordingly, that mutant cells are more likely than wild- type cells to fire action potentials in response to primary afferent stimulation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Therefore, we hypothesized that nTS neurons in Mecp2 -null mice would exhibit exaggerated responses to primary afferent stimulation due to loss of this BDNF-dependent modulation. (jneurosci.org)
  • The present study demonstrates that nTS relay neurons in Mecp2 -null mice exhibit significantly larger EPSCs, and are more likely to fire action potentials in response to afferent stimulation, than in wild-type controls. (jneurosci.org)
  • The trigeminal nerve carries afferent fibres from the follicles into the brainstem where they connect to neurons in four different trigeminal nerve nuclei: principal, interpolar, oral, and caudal. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the extralemniscal pathway, neurons of the interpolar nucleus project to the ventrolateral section of the ventroposterior medial nucleus (VPMvl). (wikipedia.org)
  • 1. Coincidence-detection of excitatory synaptic potentials has long been considered to be the mechanism by which medial superior olivary (MSO) neurons compute interaural time differences. (nyu.edu)
  • Nearly all neurons (89%) exhibited stimulus-evoked synaptic inhibition. (nyu.edu)
  • study synaptic connections between sensory hair cells and neurons in the cochlea. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • A second topic concerns the small number of unmyelinated "type II" afferent neurons whose synaptic connectivity and response properties argue for a role as the pathway for noxious (too loud) sound. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • 2001) have shown that single exposure of cocaine can cause adaption of excitatory synaptic strength in the DA neurons of VTA. (grantome.com)
  • Furthermore, although nature reward such as sucrose also cause transient synaptic change in VTA DA neurons, the chronic cocaine induces persistent increases of excitatory synaptic strength in the VTA DA neurons (Chen et al. (grantome.com)
  • 2008) show that Pavlovian cue-reward association learning requires the involvement of the VTA and the learning experience can cause transient increase of the fast excitatory synaptic strength in VTA DA neurons. (grantome.com)
  • To better understand the role of synaptic plasticity in the midbrain DA neurons in the appetitive Pavlovian learning, I have been using single exposure of cocaine as a tool to increase the synaptic strength in VTA DA neurons and test how this treatment affects the performance of mice in cue-reward association learning. (grantome.com)
  • I would like to adapt similar manipulation to test if the capability of the mice to learn cue-reward association task is affected after the saturation of the synaptic strength in VTA DA neurons by optogenetic manipulation. (grantome.com)
  • The synaptic properties, including AMPA/NMDA ratio, RI and mini-EPSCs, of specific afferent pathway onto VTA DA neurons will be measured across the training sessions of appetitive reward learning. (grantome.com)
  • The perforant pathway, which is formed by the axons of pyramidal neurons in the entorhinal cortex (EC), is one of the main cortical inputs that reach the DG. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The first aim addresses whether neural secretory reflexes triggered by mucosal stroking and activation of 5-HT1P receptors present on intrinsic afferent neurons stimulate chloride secretion. (usda.gov)
  • Release of substance P and the effects of specific antagonists would be used to determine the synaptic coupling to down stream cholinergic or vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive neurons. (usda.gov)
  • In general, these studies are expected to provide important insights into the neural reflex pathways that govern the fluidity of the intestinal contents, and in particular, the role of substance P-containing neurons during normal or pathophysiologic states of inflammation. (usda.gov)
  • Central sensitization is a process whereby nociceptive neurons and circuits exhibit increased function in response to activity, inflammation, or injury through a variety of processes that include changes in receptor field size, increases in neuronal excitability, increases in synaptic efficiency/coupling, and changes in neuronal connectivity ( Latremoliere and Woolf, 2009 ). (nature.com)
  • They often involve afferent and efferent pathways of the Peripheral Nervous System, and their effects might be reflected in the mechanosensory-motor circuit at different cellular levels (including sensory and motor neurons, glia and muscle dysfunctions), and in the connexion among them. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Then the afferent and efferent pathways of the Peripheral Nervous System were mimicked in 2D culturing primary neurons involved in the locomotion circuit (motoneurons and dorsal root ganglia) with Schwann cells in the microdevice. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Some of these spindle afferents synapse on second-order neurons which conduct the stretch information up the spinal cord to the cerebellum and even the cerebral cortex. (humanneurobiology.com)
  • Other spindle afferents directly excite large alpha motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle fibers. (humanneurobiology.com)
  • If tone in a particular muscle decreases, allowing the muscle to lengthen, the spindles become stretched and trigger increased impulse firing in the spindle afferents, thereby increasing the firing rate of the alpha motor neurons to that same muscle and causing it to contract. (humanneurobiology.com)
  • We describe a novel pathway, consisting of inhibition by dynorphin, somatostatin and corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala that project to the parabrachial nucleus (PB). (iasp-pain.org)
  • We show that this pathway regulates the activity of pain-related neurons in PB, and that, in chronic pain, this inhibitory pathway is suppressed, and that this suppression is causally related to pain perception. (iasp-pain.org)
  • However, even though these afferents primarily activate these homosegmental neurons, they also send collaterals rostrally and caudally up to several spinal segments away, where they make synaptic contact with neurons in adjacent segments (heterosegmental). (aneskey.com)
  • Some of these were 'excitatory' interneurons, which appeared to act as synaptic relay stations, between the nerves sending information from the skin and internal organs, and the neurons carrying information to the brain. (nih.gov)
  • Distribution of chemical messengers within axons descending from the brain (blue), primary afferent fibers transmitting from skin and tissues (pink), and intrinsic 'relay' neurons. (nih.gov)
  • In 1982, Ruda was able to demonstrate that the endogenous, or internally produced, opioid enkephalin made direct synaptic contact with the spinal cord neurons projecting to the thalamus , implying that these projection pathways were a major site of this peptide's modulation of sensory input about pain. (nih.gov)
  • Contribution of small diameter non-peptidergic primary afferent neurons to central neuropathic pain in a new, more clinically relevant mouse model of multiple sclerosis. (atsbio.com)
  • Using retrograde tracing, trans-synaptic rabies labelling, and ex vivo electrophysiology the research group showed that layer 5 glutamatergic mPFC neurons made monosynaptic links onto glutamatergic neurons in the dorsal PAG (dPAG). (uk.com)
  • They performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to measure light-evoked synaptic responses in dPAG neurons as a response to channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) activation in the mPFC. (uk.com)
  • Additionally, the HGF‑Met signaling pathway is correlated with the biology of cancer types, neurons and immunity. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • They also provide general afferent neurons to the mucous membrane of the posterior third of the tongue. (medscape.com)
  • By stimulating pre-synaptic neuronal populations, it is possible to evoke synchronized synaptic input in post-synaptic neuronal populations. (frontiersin.org)
  • We also reveal differences in the evoked response of post-synaptic projection interneurons in the nerve cord to tactile versus noxious stimuli. (frontiersin.org)
  • Post-synaptic receptors. (uninsubria.eu)
  • Excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory (IPSP). (uninsubria.eu)
  • Primary apical dendrites remain poorly branched until they reach the ML, where they become extensively branched and receive excitatory synaptic inputs from the medial and lateral EC. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While this compensatory plasticity in the auditory system relies on robust dendritic sprouting and novel synapse formation, the compensatory plasticity in the cercal escape circuitry shows little obvious dendritic sprouting and instead may rely on shifts in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic strength. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Crickets also show compensatory plasticity in escape responses after unilateral removal of one of the wind-sensitive appendages known as a cercus, though this compensation relies on synaptic strength alterations [ 9 ] instead of obvious anatomical reorganization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We previously showed that corticostriatal synapses exhibit dopamine dependent plasticity according to a "three factor rule" for synaptic modification. (oist.jp)
  • Our current projects examine the importance of timing of afferent synaptic activity on synaptic plasticity. (oist.jp)
  • Reactivation of afferents is one of the most relevant mechanisms involved in synaptic plasticity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sensory afferents have been incorporated in the model to study the effects of afferent stimulation on locomotor phase switching and step cycle period and on the firing patterns of flexor and extensor motoneurones. (nih.gov)
  • The model also suggests that the different effects of flexor muscle nerve afferent stimulation observed experimentally (phase prolongation versus resetting) result from opposing influences of flexor group I and II afferents on the PF and RG circuits controlling the activity of flexor and extensor motoneurones. (nih.gov)
  • Although stimulation of cutaneous limb afferents has been shown to evoke crossed extension reflexes in unanaesthetised decerebrate or spinalised animals, here we show that stimulation of cutaneous nerves evokes crossed inhibition rather than excitation of contralateral extensor motoneurones in anaesthetised, spinal cord intact cats. (mpg.de)
  • The relative latencies of IPSPs evoked by stimulation of the contralateral superficial peroneal and sural nerves were longer than those evoked via ipsilateral pathways by approximately 1 ms, suggesting that there are at least three synaptic relays in the crossed reflexes. (mpg.de)
  • The IPSPs evoked by stimulation of both ipsilateral and contralateral saphenous nerves had minimal latencies suggesting at least three synaptic delays. (mpg.de)
  • Like IPSPs evoked by group II afferents, the frequencies of occurrence of crossed IPSPs evoked by stimulation of cutaneous afferents were significantly reduced after spinal transection and the IPSPs recorded after spinalisation were significantly smaller. (mpg.de)
  • To approach these issues, we analyzed synaptic function in the brainstem nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS), the principal site for integration of primary visceral afferent inputs to central autonomic pathways and a region in which we found markedly reduced levels of BDNF in Mecp2 mutants. (jneurosci.org)
  • In contrast, intraraphe serotonin may increase the tonic inhibitory influence of raphe on LGN, thus decreasing LGN neuronal reaponsiveneasto visual afferent inputs. (erowid.org)
  • As a result, DOR activation in the ACC facilitated poly-synaptic (thalamo-cortico-striatal) excitation of MSNs by MThal inputs. (elifesciences.org)
  • Although much is known about the activation of escape circuitry by the primary afferent inputs that signal approach of predators, such as acoustic,acousticolateralis, visual and mechanosensory inputs, far less is known about how the same circuits are engaged by abiotic stressors such as high or low temperature, or anoxia. (biologists.com)
  • Here we demonstrate the contribution of synaptic inhibition in this circuit using a gerbil brain slice preparation. (nyu.edu)
  • 4. In the presence of the glycine antagonist strychnine, the effects of synaptic inhibition were suppressed. (nyu.edu)
  • Grothe, B & Sanes, DH 1993, ' Bilateral inhibition by glycinergic afferents in the medial superior olive ', Journal of neurophysiology , vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 1192-1196. (nyu.edu)
  • These findings are consistent with the recent proposal that dorsal horn neurones, which receive input from cutaneous afferents and contact premotor commissural interneurones may mediate the crossed inhibition. (mpg.de)
  • Inhibition of MAPK/ERK pathway promotes oligodendrocytes generation and recovery of demyelinating diseases. (rndsystems.com)
  • 2008). More importantly, the increased AMPA receptor-mediated fast synaptic transmission caused by acute or chronic cocaine treatment occludes the induction of LTP in vitro, which is considered as underlying cellular mechanism of learning and memory. (grantome.com)
  • The current work determines how and where opioids modulate synaptic transmission between the thalamic, cortical and striatal regions that are important for the perception of affective pain. (elifesciences.org)
  • Mapping Cortical Integration of Sensory and Affective Pain Pathways. (iasp-pain.org)
  • The hypothesis that firing in convergent afferents is correlated (has low entropy) and spatially coherent was tested using positron emission tomographic measurements of cortical synaptic function in man. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Precise extrinsic afferent (visceral sensory) and efferent (sympathetic and parasympathetic) innervation of the gut is fundamental for gut-brain cross talk. (jneurosci.org)
  • Genetic ablation of visceral sensory trajectories results in the erratic extension of both sympathetic and parasympathetic axons, implicating that afferent axons provide an axonal scaffold to route efferent axons. (jneurosci.org)
  • The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is innervated both intrinsically by the enteric nervous system (ENS), and extrinsically by visceral sensory afferent and visceral motor efferent (sympathetic and parasympathetic) fibers. (jneurosci.org)
  • The afferent and visceral efferent fibers leave the geniculate ganglion with the facial nerve and are known as the nervus intermedius (nerve of Wrisberg). (medscape.com)
  • Indirect evidence indicates that lung disease is accompanied by substantive changes to the entire reflex pathways, including enhanced activity of the primary afferent nerves, increases in synaptic efficacy at secondary nerves in the central nervous system, and changes in the autonomic nerve pathways. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Another study dem- onstrated that reestablishment of afferent and efferent nerve pathways to restore autonomic micturition in the atonic bladder is achievable in a rat paragon 3]. (ozdifferent.sk)
  • Undem, BJ & Kollarik, M 2005, ' The role of vagal afferent nerves in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ', Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society , vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 355-360. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Chen CH, Tsai TC, Wu YJ, Hsu KS (2023) Gastric vagal afferent signaling to the basolateral amygdala mediates anxiety-like behaviors in experimental colitis mice. (atsbio.com)
  • For example, an inhibitory synaptic input using gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter will cause an inflow of negatively charged Chloride (Cl − ) ions at the dendrites. (frontiersin.org)
  • PrPC is present at the synaptic terminal, especially in the cerebral cortex including the hippocampus. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • In the lemniscal pathway, axons from the principal trigeminal nucleus cross over the midline and project to "barreloids" in the thalamus, specifically in the dorsomedial section of the ventroposterior medial nucleus (VPMdm). (wikipedia.org)
  • We show that noxious stimuli applied to the cuticle of cockroaches evoke responses in sensory axons that are distinct from tactile sensory axons in the sensory afferent nerve. (frontiersin.org)
  • When stretched, muscle spindles become activated, causing an increase in the impulse firing rate of afferent nerve fibers from the spindles to the spinal cord. (humanneurobiology.com)
  • Denervation - supersensitivity states that after damage the remaining fibers may become overly sensitive to neurotransmitters and activate pathways that will result in the return of function. (ntlgroupinc.com)
  • Genes with transient dysregulation were also largely region-specific and were annotated for processes that influence neuronal excitability such as synaptic vesicle release, neurotransmitter transport, and an array of neuropeptides and ion channels. (bvsalud.org)
  • During the extensor phase of fictive locomotion, activation of extensor muscle group I afferents increases extensor motoneurone activity and prolongs the extensor phase. (nih.gov)
  • We suggest that brainstem control of locomotion is mediated by two pathways, one controlling locomotor speed via connections to rhythm generating circuits in the spinal cord and the other providing gait control by targeting commissural and long propriospinal interneurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • Other research has focused on the peripheral and central neural mechanisms, including spinal gating and descending inhibitory pathways, that might explain the clinical observations of short-term pain relief. (aahclinic.com)
  • The involvement of the spinal gating and descending inhibitory pathways mechanisms in acupuncture is supported by animal experiments. (aahclinic.com)
  • CeA projections to periacqueductal gray (PAG) gate descending pathways that modulate nociceptive afferent activity in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. (nature.com)
  • As an overview, these effects of a high-intensity, tissue-injuring stimulus reflect an initial activation of the primary afferents that project to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, from which transmitters are released that activate a complex dorsal horn circuitry. (aneskey.com)
  • Activity in the spinofugal systems is primarily dependent on the intensity of the afferent stimulus, but as will be made evident, a variety of systems serve to increase the gain of the spinal input-output function and to depress this gain. (aneskey.com)
  • LSD augmentation may be representative of synaptic facilitation, suggesting increased reactivity of the visual pathway to afferent stimuli. (erowid.org)
  • In this work, we examine the nociceptive pathway in an insect, the cockroach Periplaneta americana , from detection of noxious stimuli to nocifensive behavior. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we will restrict our study to the physiological pathway involved in the ability of an animal to detect and react to noxious stimuli that could potentially impair its tegument by escaping away from that stimulus. (frontiersin.org)
  • The adult cricket auditory system is capable of compensating for the unilateral loss of an ear with robust dendritic sprouting of deafferented dendrites followed by de novo synapse formation with the contralateral afferents [ 3 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By injecting CaMKII-driven-ChR2 AAV to candidate brain regions projecting to the VTA, I will be able to isolate specific glutamatergic afferent pathway and in vitro slice electrophysiology will be used for quantitative analysis. (grantome.com)
  • The info demonstrate that mPFC KORs adversely regulate glutamatergic synaptic transmitting in the BLACmPFC pathway and anxiety-like behavior. (phytid.org)
  • Systemic U69,593 was inadequate on hippocampus-evoked fEPSPs, recommending that KOR legislation of glutamatergic limbic afferents towards the mPFC can be pathway specific. (phytid.org)
  • Functional neurorehabilitation promotes neural reorganization by stimulating subjects without deep pain perception, leading to a faster recovery when compared to spontaneous recovery, and achieving fewer compensatory errors, or even deviations to neuropathic or adaptive pain pathways, such as spasticity. (mdpi.com)
  • It is recognized that the drug naloxone, which reverses the chemical effects of pain killing drugs within the body, also inhibits the pain killing effects of acupuncture, which suggests that the same neural pathways are used. (aahclinic.com)
  • At gross anatomy, the nervous system can be grouped in distinct organs, these being actually stations which the neural pathways cross through. (wikidoc.org)
  • With this mind, the present paper has examined the nociceptive pathway from sensory reception to motor behavior in the cockroach Periplaneta americana using primarily electrophysiological recordings. (frontiersin.org)
  • The amygdala, and more specifically the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), is a convergence point for multiple pathways carrying nociceptive information into the central nervous system. (nature.com)
  • The parabrachial (PB) complex mediates both ascending nociceptive signaling and descending pain modulatory information in the affective/emotional pain pathway. (iasp-pain.org)
  • The visual evoked potential (VEP) tests the function of the visual pathway from the retina to the occipital cortex. (medscape.com)
  • We find that the efficacy of this CeA-LPB pathway is suppressed in chronic pain. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Projections from the trigeminal nuclei to the thalamus are split into pathways designated lemniscal, extralemniscal, and paralemniscal. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we show that this CPG structure can be integrated with reflex circuits to reproduce the reorganization of group I reflex pathways occurring during locomotion. (nih.gov)
  • Studies of neural connections indicate that many damaged cells can produce new connections based upon a process called synaptic reorganization. (ntlgroupinc.com)
  • Diagram illustrating the central and peripheral taste pathways. (medscape.com)
  • Noncanonical Modulation of the eIF2 Pathway Controls an Increase in Local Translation during Neural Wiring. (rndsystems.com)
  • These IPSPs had thresholds of less than 1.5 times the threshold of the most excitable fibres and so large myelinated afferents contributed to them. (mpg.de)
  • An amygdalo-parabrachial pathway regulates pain perception and chronic pain. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Tricyclic antidepressants block the synaptic reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, and they are potent blockers of cholinergic and histaminergic receptors. (pocketdrugguide.com)
  • The anatomic details of these pathways have previously been discussed (see Chapter 8 ). (aneskey.com)
  • evaluation of baseline fEPSP slopes of BLA and fornix replies 15C45?min after systemic U69,593 administration revealed that BLA synaptic replies were inhibited in accordance with fornix replies (evaluation showed that U69,593 inhibited BLA-evoked fEPSP slope in accordance with aCSF (testing revealed a big change in buy 62613-82-5 0.6C1.0?mA intensities (intra-mPFC (automobile. (phytid.org)
  • Regional U69,593 pressure ejection also inhibited optically evoked BLA synaptic replies in the mPFC, recommending that U69,593 actions can be particular to BLA terminals. (phytid.org)
  • In mice who suffered from social defeat, caused by being repeatedly beaten in confrontations with other mice, the team found that the pathway between the mPFC and dPAG becomes weakened, and this results in the mice acting more scared. (uk.com)
  • It measures the conduction of the visual pathways from the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic radiations to the occipital cortex. (medscape.com)
  • In general, the processes leading to a pain state secondary to a high-intensity peripheral stimulus reflect the frequency of traffic that appears in these spinofugal pathways. (aneskey.com)
  • Given the likely synaptic attenuation of the VOR pathway, human receptor sensitivity is probably an order of magnitude lower, thus approaching the seismic sensitivity of the frog ear. (wind-watch.org)
  • These results extend our knowledge of vibration sensitivity of vestibular afferents but also are remarkable as they indicate that the seismic sensitivity of the human vestibular system exceeds that of the cochlea for low frequencies. (wind-watch.org)
  • Thus, dopamine may facilitate selection of particular pathways among the matrix of corticostriatal input-output possibilities. (oist.jp)
  • Our results suggest that the CSD method can be used to gain new insights into the spatial extent of synaptic pathways in brain structures. (frontiersin.org)
  • We then focused on nTS, one of the medullary cell groups exhibiting the largest decline in BDNF levels in the mutants, as a model to examine the effect of reduced BDNF availability on synaptic transmission in Mecp2 -null mice. (jneurosci.org)
  • In addition, there are normally relatively few synaptic connections in the pathway from sensory input to motor output and these connections, often involving an electrical component, have a high fidelity to ensure fail safe transmission. (biologists.com)
  • However, this synaptopathy is associated with decreased BDNF availability in the primary afferent pathway and can be rescued by application of exogenous BDNF. (jneurosci.org)
  • The systems underlying this acute psychophysical experience begin with the primary sensory neuron, the afferent fiber. (aneskey.com)
  • We propose that this amygdalo-parabrachial pathway is a key regulator of both chronic and acute pain, and a novel target for pain relief. (iasp-pain.org)
  • This method offers opportunities to visualize neuronal input and study the relation between the synaptic input and the neural output of neural populations. (frontiersin.org)
  • Another question I would like to study is which afferent pathways to the VTA are activated and how they are modified during the appetitive learning. (grantome.com)
  • Optogenetics technique can be used in skeletal muscle to induce contraction, mimicking a natural innervation to some length and facilitating the study of the afferent pathway separately. (ibecbarcelona.eu)