AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
Pituitary ApoplexyPituitary NeoplasmsPituitary DiseasesPituitary GlandAdenomaAdenoma, ChromophobeOculomotor Nerve DiseasesBlepharoptosisPituitary Function TestsProlactinomaSphenoid SinusSella TurcicaCentral Nervous System CystsAdenoma, AcidophilPituitary Gland, AnteriorRemission, SpontaneousAcromegalyMagnetic Resonance ImagingThyrotropin-Releasing HormoneAdrenocorticotropic HormoneHeadacheCushing Syndrome
AdenomaAdenomasTumorProduced by the pituitary glandHypophysitisProlactinomaProlactinHormonesSecretionNormal pituitary glandInfarctionDeficiencyHypothalamusPosterior pituitaryStalkACTHBenignHeadachesVisual field defectsCells of the pituitarySheehanLesionsOccurTumors may compressTumoursDiagnosis of pituitaryLesionAcromegalyTumourPatientsCavernous sinusAnteriorOccursThyroidDisordersCalled the sellaCompressMaster glandClinical2023SuprasellarSella turcicaSyndromeFossaLactotrophsOptic chiasmCarcinomasSigns
Adenoma21
  • Pituitary apoplexy occurs when a pituitary adenoma either spontaneously hemorrhages or grows in such a way as to compress and cut off its own blood supply, resulting in tumor cell death, bleeding, and acute swelling . (symptoma.com)
  • In this report, we present a 42-year-old man who had been diagnosed of pituitary adenoma presented with a sudden onset of unconsciousness , left hemiplegia and right ptosis. (symptoma.com)
  • Prolactinoma is the most common type of pituitary tumor (adenoma) that produces a hormone. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A tumor that grows from the pituitary gland is called an adenoma. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • A pituitary adenoma is generally a benign, slow growing tumor that occurs in the pituitary gland. (doctorlawyergroup.com)
  • Based on whether the pituitary adenoma is a hormone-producing or hormone-inactive tumor, the patient will present with different symptoms. (doctorlawyergroup.com)
  • The three most common hormone-producing adenomas are Prolactinomas, Growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma, and ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. (doctorlawyergroup.com)
  • The pituitary adenoma can bleed internally causing a sudden increase in size or the tumor can outgrow its blood supply and the dead tissue will swell. (doctorlawyergroup.com)
  • A delay in diagnosis of a pituitary adenoma may result in permanent loss of vision due to the damage caused by this compression. (doctorlawyergroup.com)
  • We presented a case with a 54 × 40 × 40 mm pituitary adenoma and optic chiasmatic compression with left sphenoid sinus invasion. (nel.edu)
  • Histology of the pituitary lesion showed a typical eosinophilic adenoma which only secreted GH when tested with specific immunostain. (nel.edu)
  • Compression of a normal pituitary gland by a pituitary adenoma is the most common cause. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Finally, we screened for published case reports on pituitary adenoma, pituitary apoplexy, Rathke's cleft cyst, craniopharyngioma and hypophysitis. (medscape.com)
  • Headache may result from an enlarging pituitary adenoma, even when intracranial pressure is not increased. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Gigantism and Acromegaly Gigantism and acromegaly are syndromes of excessive secretion of growth hormone (hypersomatotropism) that are nearly always due to a pituitary adenoma. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The latency period between initial presentation of a pituitary adenoma and the development of distal metastases marking carcinoma is extremely variable, and some patients may live well over 10 years with pituitary carcinoma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We describe a patient with an unusual mass presentation of a pituitary adenoma in whom there was also a marked discrepancy between the clinical and laboratory findings in the assessment of suspected Cushing's d. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Schnitker MT, Lehnert HB : Apoplexy in a pituitary chromophobe adenoma producing the syndrome of middle cerebral artery thrombosis. (zulnab.com)
  • Hong C, Alanya H, DiStasio M, Boulware S, Rimmer R, Omay S , Erson-Omay E. Sporadic pituitary adenoma with somatic double-hit loss of MEN1. (yalemedicine.org)
  • She had a history of a pituitary adenoma 30 years previously, treated by open craniotomy and post-operative radiotherapy. (drtimothysteel.com.au)
  • The differential diagnosis was an ONSM, a diffuse glioma of the optic nerve, or less likely, an atypical recurrence of pituitary adenoma. (drtimothysteel.com.au)
Adenomas33
  • The incidence of pituitary apoplexy ranges from 1 to 20% in surgically verified pituitary adenomas, with a slight male predominance. (symptoma.com)
  • This is despite the high prevalence of occult pituitary adenomas in the general population, the widespread use of high definition imaging techniques, and the broad range of intra- and perisellar lesions that can mimic pituitary adenomas. (bmj.com)
  • Inappropriate pituitary hormone secretion and visual field deficits are the most characteristic presenting features of pituitary adenomas. (bmj.com)
  • Pituitary adenomas are classified by size and hormone secretory subtype. (bmj.com)
  • It makes up about 30% of all pituitary adenomas. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Untreated pituitary adenomas always have a small risk of suddenly getting bigger, most commonly from bleeding inside the tumor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There are various kinds of pituitary tumors: adenomas, craniopharyngiomas, and Rathke's cleft cysts. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Closely related to pituitary adenomas are craniopharyngiomas and Rathke's cleft cysts. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Craniopharyngiomas typically grow from the pituitary stalk upward into the third ventricle and cause symptoms similar to pituitary adenomas. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Of hormonally active adenomas, about 50% secrete prolactin, 20% secrete growth hormone, 20% secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone, and 10% secrete multiple hormones. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Approximately 1 in 1,000 individuals have pituitary adenomas. (doctorlawyergroup.com)
  • Pituitary adenomas can be diagnosed based on endocrine function testing, imaging, and visual field testing. (doctorlawyergroup.com)
  • Treatment for pituitary adenomas depends on the presence of hormone production, size of the tumor, invasion of the tumor into surrounding structures, and the age and health of the patient. (doctorlawyergroup.com)
  • Pituitary adenomas that require surgery are usually minimally invasive techniques, where the tumor is removed through the nose. (doctorlawyergroup.com)
  • It is a treatment utilized for pituitary adenomas that cannot be controlled by drug therapy or surgical intervention. (doctorlawyergroup.com)
  • When apoplexy occurs in functioning adenomas, it may cause spontaneous remission. (nel.edu)
  • Whereas pituitary apoplexy (see Plate 1-18) is an example of a sudden onset presentation dominated by abrupt loss of corticotropin (adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH]) secretion, the impact of slow-growing nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas or radiation therapy on pituitary function develops over years. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Headache is very common in pituitary disease and is reported to be present in more than a third of all patients with pituitary adenomas. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Headaches are frequently linked to pituitary disease, and it is generally accepted that headache is a common presenting feature of pituitary adenomas and other sellar pathologies. (medscape.com)
  • Most pituitary tumors are adenomas. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most tumors of the pituitary and suprasellar region are pituitary adenomas. (msdmanuals.com)
  • eg, acidophilic adenomas overproduce growth hormone, and basophilic adenomas overproduce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). (msdmanuals.com)
  • This may be caused by inflammatory reactions, ischemia, surgical removal, radiation or non-secretory pituitary adenomas. (healthhype.com)
  • Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are benign pituitary tumors that are typically associated with no clinical or biochemical signs of hormone excess (1,2,3). (researchsquare.com)
  • Villwock et al noted that pituitary tumors constitute 10-15% of all diagnosed intracranial tumors, 90% of which are adenomas. (medscape.com)
  • G-protein abnormalities, ras gene mutations, p53 gene deletions, mutations, and rearrangements, and the association of pituitary tumors with the syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia have been described and are involved in the development of adenomas in the pituitary gland. (medscape.com)
  • Nonfunctioning adenomas are associated with hypermethylation of p16 prolactinomas, and corticotropin-secreting tumors express galectin-3 (Gal-3), a gene involved in cell growth and apoptosis. (medscape.com)
  • Pituitary adenomas, with a few exceptions, are not under the control of hypothalamic releasing factors. (medscape.com)
  • Like adenomas, the vast majority of reported pituitary carcinomas are endocrinologically active (88%), with most secreting adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) or prolactin (PRL)[ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We therefore hypothesized that the physiological IGF-I-GH negative feedback loop may be reset in somatotroph adenomas, and we investigated the role of type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-R) and GH receptor (GHR) by quantifying mRNA expression in somatotroph tumours, and investigated the possible presence of mutations of the GHR gene.Methods: Pituitary t. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Large corticotroph adenomas are uncommon pituitary mass lesions, representing around 10% of cases of Cushing's disease, and are often found to be locally invasive. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Pituitary adenomas frequently invade the cavernous sinus. (go.jp)
  • The oblique transsphenoethmoidal approach, a modified standard transsphenoidal approach, was used to treat 19 patients with pituitary adenomas invading the cavernous sinus. (go.jp)
Tumor27
  • The growth of the tumor is restricted to the sella turcica. (symptoma.com)
  • Growth hormone deficiency is more common in people with an underlying tumor than those with other causes. (wikipedia.org)
  • for instance, if the hypopituitarism is due to a growth hormone-producing tumor, there may be symptoms of acromegaly (enlargement of the hands and feet, coarse facial features), and if the tumor extends to the optic nerve or optic chiasm, there may be visual field defects. (wikipedia.org)
  • Headaches may also accompany pituitary tumors, as well as pituitary apoplexy (infarction or haemorrhage of a pituitary tumor) and lymphocytic hypophysitis (autoimmune inflammation of the pituitary). (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite the cellular hyperplasia that occurs during pregnancy, pituitary tumor formation and, specifically, prolactinoma formation do not usually increase during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • A prolactinoma is a noncancerous (benign) pituitary tumor that produces a hormone called prolactin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The tumor can grow to a large size before symptoms appear. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Treatment options aim to remove the tumor or control its growth and correct hormone levels with medications. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • What is a pituitary tumor? (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • The most common pituitary tumor, a prolactinoma, causes an overproduction of the hormone that helps control sexual function. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Optometrists and ophthalmologists should seriously consider the possibility of a pituitary tumor when the patient presents with an unexplained loss of visual field (especially peripheral vision), double vision, or blurred vision as the growth of a pituitary tumor can cause compression on the visual pathway (retina, optic nerve, etc). (doctorlawyergroup.com)
  • We report the initial presentation, subsequent course and outcome of an acromegalic patient who developed spontaneous remission following pituitary apoplexy with pathologic findings of tumor infarction. (nel.edu)
  • However pituitary apoplexy due to tumor infarction is very rare. (nel.edu)
  • Any tumor that grows out of the pituitary can compress optic nerve tracts, including the chiasm. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This is often a result of growths like a benign tumor or enlargement of the gland or cancer. (healthhype.com)
  • The history of pituitary tumor biology is rich. (medscape.com)
  • In a study of pituitary tumor diagnoses and procedures from 1993 to 2011, they found that pituitary tumor diagnoses and resections have grown significantly over the past 20 years and that transsphenoidal surgical resection has increased, while transfrontal resections have decreased. (medscape.com)
  • Mutations of the aryl hydrocarbon-interacting protein gene ( AIP ) may be present in some cases of familial gigantism and acromegaly, as well as other pituitary tumor types. (medscape.com)
  • Most of these tumors are benign, but certain factors involved in the genesis of the tumor may determine its rate of growth and aggressiveness. (medscape.com)
  • Women had a lower prolactin level and a smaller tumor diameter at diagnosis but pituitary deficiencies were more frequent and outcome was worse. (bvsalud.org)
  • Level of a pituitary hormone may be high in the bloodstream if you have a pituitary tumor that is producing too much of that hormone. (limamemorial.org)
  • The tumor may crush other cells of the pituitary, leading to low levels of other hormones. (limamemorial.org)
  • Tumor Flare Phenomenon: Transient worsening of tumor symptoms may occur during the first few weeks of treatment with ZOLADEX, which may include ureteral obstruction and spinal cord compression. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we report the case of a fatal pituitary carcinoma evolving within two years from an adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-secreting macroadenoma and review the global literature regarding this rare neuroendocrine tumor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In patients with carcinoid syndrome and VIPomas, the effect of Sandostatin Injection and SANDOSTATIN LAR DEPOT on tumor size, rate of growth and development of metastases, has not been determined. (guidelinecentral.com)
  • Although many patients presumably have headaches which are unrelated to their pituitary tumor, there are several important direct and indirect mechanisms by which pituitary tumors may elicit or exacerbate headaches. (cushieblogger.com)
  • In most instances, headaches are not attributable to direct effects of the pituitary tumor and indirect causes must be considered. (cushieblogger.com)
Produced by the pituitary gland2
Hypophysitis2
  • Lymphocytic hypophysitis, pituitary apoplexy, and evidence of more extensive disease such as cranial nerve palsies, temporal lobe epilepsy, hydrocephalus, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhoea are fortunately rarer. (bmj.com)
  • Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer within the ovine pituitary gland is connected with hypophysitis. (llclinic.com)
Prolactinoma5
Prolactin7
  • Prolactin (PRL)-secreting lactotrophs, which normally constitute up to 20% of pituitary cells in men and in nulliparous women, increase to the extent that, by the end of pregnancy, they make up as many as 50% of pituitary cells. (medscape.com)
  • It has a central role in the regulation of hormones that affect the body such as Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Growth hormone (GH), Prolactin, and Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). (doctorlawyergroup.com)
  • The "stalk effect" is due to the compression of the pituitary stalk, the structure connecting the brain to the pituitary gland, which leads to a mild elevation in the hormone prolactin. (doctorlawyergroup.com)
  • Some studies suggest that oversecretion of GH and prolactin may be important for the development of headaches, and treatment, particularly with somatostatin analogues, has been shown to improve symptoms in these patients. (medscape.com)
  • This increase is caused principally by hyperplasia of prolactin-producing cells (lactotrophs) and hyperplasia of other cells in the anterior pituitary gland. (tomwademd.net)
  • Prolactin and growth hormone are the most common hormones affected by selective pituitary necrosis and hypofunction. (tomwademd.net)
  • Prolactin levels were moderately elevated: 1539 (AB), 1186 (LS) (NR 59-619 mU/L). The remainder of the pituitary profile was normal. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Hormones36
  • If there is decreased secretion of most or all pituitary hormones, the term panhypopituitarism (pan meaning "all") is used. (wikipedia.org)
  • The signs and symptoms of hypopituitarism vary, depending on which hormones are undersecreted and on the underlying cause of the abnormality. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most hormones controlled by the secretions of the pituitary can be replaced by tablets or injections. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hormones of the pituitary have different actions in the body, and the symptoms of hypopituitarism therefore depend on which hormone is deficient. (wikipedia.org)
  • Deficiency of all anterior pituitary hormones is more common than individual hormone deficiency. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone: causes the thyroid gland to make other hormones that control growth, temperature, and heart rate. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Functioning pituitary tumors secrete high levels of hormones and interfere with other body organs. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Nonfunctioning pituitary tumors do not secrete hormones. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Anterior pituitary deficiency is decreased secretion of pituitary hormones caused by a disorder of the pituitary or hypothalamus. (pediagenosis.com)
  • and may affect the secretion of a single, several, or all pituitary hormones. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Panhypopituitarism is the term used to describe deficiency of all pituitary hormones. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Pituitary gland problems can be seen either as an excess or deficiency of pituitary hormones or local effects of masses. (healthhype.com)
  • Other related problems like resistance to pituitary hormones like growth hormone or ACTH is not due to a disorder of the pituitary gland itself. (healthhype.com)
  • Due to close relationship with the hypothalamus, many pituitary gland problems stem from a disorder within the hypothalamic region that disrupts the regulation of the production and secretion of the pituitary hormones . (healthhype.com)
  • The pituitary hormones and hormones secreted by the other endocrine glands that it targets are discussed under the List of Endocrine Glands . (healthhype.com)
  • Commonly referred to as an overactive pituitary gland , hyperpituitarism is essentially an excess secretion of pituitary hormones. (healthhype.com)
  • Dysfunction within the hypothalamus or secretion of hormones from tumors outside of the pituitary gland may also be responsible. (healthhype.com)
  • The signs and symptoms of hyperpituitarism will depend on the area of the pituitary gland that is affected and the excess of specific hormones. (healthhype.com)
  • This is a deficiency in the secretion of pituitary hormones and is also referred to as an underactive pituitary gland . (healthhype.com)
  • Some masses of the pituitary gland may not affect the production or secretion of the pituitary hormones. (healthhype.com)
  • This blood loss results in the pituitary gland not being able to produce hormones. (tomwademd.net)
  • Hypopituitarism is a condition in which the pituitary gland does not produce normal amounts of some or all of its hormones. (limamemorial.org)
  • In hypopituitarism, there is a lack of one or more pituitary hormones. (limamemorial.org)
  • You will need lifelong hormone medicines to replace hormones that are no longer made by organs under the control of the pituitary gland. (limamemorial.org)
  • Often referred to as the "master gland", the pituitary gland synthesizes and releases various hormones that affect several organs throughout the body (see the images below). (medscape.com)
  • Hormones secreted by adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary). (medscape.com)
  • Hormones secreted by neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). (medscape.com)
  • The adenohypophysis constitutes roughly 80% of the pituitary and manufactures an array of peptide hormones. (medscape.com)
  • The release of these pituitary hormones is mediated by hypothalamic neurohormones that are secreted from the median eminence (a site where axon terminals emanate from the hypothalamus) and that reach the adenohypophysis via a portal venous system. (medscape.com)
  • These hypothalamic cell bodies produce hormones that undergo axonal transport through the pituitary stalk and into terminal axons within the neurohypophysis. (medscape.com)
  • People with non-functioning pituitary tumours develop symptoms slowly as these tumours do not produce any hormones and hence no specific symptoms. (yourhormones.info)
  • Pressure on the normal pituitary gland can result in reduced functioning of cells that produce hormones resulting in a condition called hypopituitarism or pituitary failure. (yourhormones.info)
  • Production of one, some or all the pituitary hormones may fail and symptoms develop depending on which hormones have been affected and decreased. (yourhormones.info)
  • Pressure on the pituitary gland can also sometimes stimulate cells to overproduce hormones. (yourhormones.info)
  • These detailed tests measure levels before and after the hormones are stimulated to see if the normal pituitary gland is working adequately. (yourhormones.info)
  • Generally, indirect effects of pituitary tumors are caused by reduced secretion of pituitary hormones and are manifested by promotion of "vascular" headaches (e.g., migraine). (cushieblogger.com)
Secretion3
  • If there is decreased secretion of one specific pituitary hormone, the condition is known as selective hypopituitarism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tumors may also compress or destroy pituitary or hypothalamic tissue, impairing hormone production or secretion. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hyperprolactinaemia in the presence of pituitary tumour can occur from tumour secretion or from stalk compression causing loss of dopaminergic inhibition. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Normal pituitary gland1
Infarction2
  • NCI Thesaurus A rare, potentially life-threatening disorder caused by acute ischemic infarction or hemorrhage in the pituitary gland. (symptoma.com)
  • Pituitary apoplexy is a rare condition caused by haemorrhage or infarction into a pituitary tumour. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Deficiency12
  • For instance, growth hormone deficiency is associated with obesity, raised cholesterol and the metabolic syndrome, and estradiol deficiency may lead to osteoporosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Deficiency of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), together referred to as the gonadotropins, leads to different symptoms in men and women. (wikipedia.org)
  • Growth hormone (GH) deficiency leads to a decrease in muscle mass, central obesity (increase in body fat around the waist) and impaired attention and memory. (wikipedia.org)
  • Less specific symptoms such as headache, and subtle signs of pituitary hormone deficiency with peripheral endocrine organ hypofunction characterised by amenorrhoea, loss of libido, and lethargy, are also common. (bmj.com)
  • Symptoms and signs of pituitary hormone deficiency are more subtle than those seen in primary end organ failure (table 1). (bmj.com)
  • Before surgery, his GH levels declined to 2.72 µg/L spontaneously and after surgery he was in remission even leading to a state of growth hormone deficiency. (nel.edu)
  • The present review attempts to systematically review the literature for any combination of headache and pituitary or hormone overproduction or deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Generalized Hypopituitarism Generalized hypopituitarism refers to endocrine deficiency syndromes due to partial or complete loss of anterior lobe pituitary function. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Just as with hyperpituitarism, a hypothalamic dysfunction has to also be considered as a possible cause of pituitary hormone deficiency. (healthhype.com)
  • The prevalence of partial and complete hypopituitarism varies widely among studies, ranging from 37-85% and 6-29% of patients, respectively (7,8,9,10,11) and depending on patient selection criteria and criteria used for definition of pituitary deficiency. (researchsquare.com)
  • Pituitary deficiency was present in 91% of cases, with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism being the most frequent. (bvsalud.org)
  • If you take glucocorticoid medicines for pituitary ACTH deficiency, be sure you know when to take a stress dose of your medicine. (limamemorial.org)
Hypothalamus4
  • The gland is connected to the hypothalamus in the brain by the pituitary stalk. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • The hypothalamus then regulates pituitary hormone levels, depending on the needs of the body. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • The hypothalamus is the area of the brain that controls the pituitary gland's function. (limamemorial.org)
  • The infundibulum pierces the diaphragma sellae in order to connect the pituitary to the hypothalamus. (medscape.com)
Posterior pituitary4
  • The posterior pituitary, which is normally visualized as an intense, T1-weighted signal on MRI scans (the so-called pituitary bright spot) is not visualized in the third trimester. (medscape.com)
  • The posterior pituitary gland has its blood supply which functions under higher pressure than the anterior pituitary, so it is not usually affected by shock or hypovolemia. (tomwademd.net)
  • The posterior pituitary function is usually not affected, as stated above. (tomwademd.net)
  • The pituitary gland is entirely ectodermal in origin but is composed of 2 functionally distinct structures that differ in embryologic development and anatomy: the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). (medscape.com)
Stalk2
ACTH2
  • Less commonly, pituitary carcinomas may metastasize hematogenously - a prominent feature of ACTH-producing carcinomas - resulting in metastatic invasion of the liver, bone, ovaries, heart, and lung. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We describe a patient with an ACTH-producing carcinoma of the pituitary with refractory Cushing's disease and hepatic metastases. (biomedcentral.com)
Benign3
Headaches12
  • Pituitary apoplexy has a variable presentation , although it most commonly presents with headaches , visual changes , changes in consciousness and ophthalmoplegia . (symptoma.com)
  • In addition to headaches, pituitary apoplexy can also present with confusion , vomiting , nausea and visual changes. (symptoma.com)
  • Apoplexy, in addition to sudden headaches and rapidly worsening visual loss, may also be associated with double vision that results from compression of the nerves in the adjacent cavernous sinus that control the eye muscles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Follow up and optimisation of pituitary hormone replacement is also relatively straightforward, but management of visual impairment, reduced fertility, coarsened facial features, arthritis, obesity, headaches, and obstructive sleep apnoea is often much more troublesome. (bmj.com)
  • Whereas in pituitary apoplexy a mechanical component explains the almost universal association of the condition with headaches, this correlation is less clear in other forms of pituitary disease and a positive impact of surgery on headaches is not guaranteed. (medscape.com)
  • Pituitary Lesions Patients with hypothalamic-pituitary lesions generally present with some combination of Symptoms and signs of a mass lesion: headaches, altered appetite, thirst, visual field defects-particularly. (msdmanuals.com)
  • When these tumours grow large, they commonly cause headaches as well as more specific symptoms related to pressure on nearby critical brain structures or the optic nerves (It is important to note here that while headaches are one of the most common symptoms of a non-functioning pituitary tumour, the vice versa is not true. (yourhormones.info)
  • Headaches has several causes and a non-functioning pituitary tumour as the cause for headaches are rare). (yourhormones.info)
  • Headaches are a common complaint in patients with pituitary tumors. (cushieblogger.com)
  • Pituitary tumors may directly provoke headaches by eroding laterally into the cavernous sinus, which contains the first and second divisions of the trigeminal nerve, by involvement of the dural lining of the sella or diaphragma sella (which are innervated by the trigeminal nerve), or via sinusitis, particularly after transsphenoidal surgery. (cushieblogger.com)
  • In contrast to the insidious, subacute development of headaches in most patients with pituitary tumors, patients with pituitary apoplexy may experience acute, severe headaches, perhaps associated with signs and symptoms of meningeal irritation (stiff neck, photophobia), CSF pleocytosis or occulomotor paresis. (cushieblogger.com)
  • Patients with subacute pituitary apoplexy experience severe and/or frequent headaches over weeks to months and have heme products within the sella on MRI scans. (cushieblogger.com)
Visual field defects3
  • An exaggerated "physiological" trophic response to prolonged hypothyroidism presenting with visual field defects is well described but is, like pituitary carcinoma, very rare. (bmj.com)
  • Thus, most of them are diagnosed as macroadenomas (NFPMAs) when patients present symptoms of mass effects such as visual field defects, chronic headache and/or hypopituitarism (4). (researchsquare.com)
  • An explanation for the development of bitemporal visual-field defects in association with pituitary tumors has been a subject of renewed interest. (medscape.com)
Cells of the pituitary1
  • Pan-hypopituitarism is a result when many cells of the pituitary are affected, as opposed to only a few cells. (tomwademd.net)
Sheehan7
  • Sheehan syndrome refers to hypopituitarism caused by postpartum pituitary necrosis, usually following severe postpartum hemorrhage. (tomwademd.net)
  • in acute Sheehan syndrome, MRI shows an enlarged pituitary with only a thin rim of enhancement with gadolinium. (tomwademd.net)
  • Sheehan syndrome which is also called post-partum pituitary necrosis refers to the necrosis of cells of the anterior pituitary gland following significant post-partum bleeding, hypovolemia, and shock. (tomwademd.net)
  • Sheehan syndrome occurs when the anterior pituitary gland is damaged due to significant blood loss. (tomwademd.net)
  • Occasionally, the signs and symptoms of Sheehan syndrome may not present until months after childbirth or significant trauma. (tomwademd.net)
  • The first and most common symptom of Sheehan syndrome is the absence of lactation, also known as agalactorrhea. (tomwademd.net)
  • Sheehan syndrome is the clinical manifestation of anterior pituitary cell necrosis and may present as pan-hypopituitarism or as selective loss of pituitary function. (tomwademd.net)
Lesions1
  • In this brief overview, the presentation, classification, and general investigation of pituitary lesions is followed by a discussion of the diagnosis and management of specific secretory subtypes. (bmj.com)
Occur5
  • Symptoms of hypothyroidism such as fatigue, bradycardia, hypotension, weight gain, and constipation may occur months later, along with the loss of axillary and pubic hair. (tomwademd.net)
  • Adrenal insufficiency can also occur with symptoms of fatigue and weight loss. (tomwademd.net)
  • An increase in pituitary volume and cell count occur in pregnant women in the weeks preceding delivery. (tomwademd.net)
  • As with other GnRH agonist, other adverse reactions, including decreased bone density and rare cases of pituitary apoplexy may occur. (nih.gov)
  • Non-functioning pituitary tumours can occur as an inherited condition, but this is rare. (yourhormones.info)
Tumors may compress1
  • Large pituitary tumors may compress the pituitary gland contributing to pituitary failure, which can lead to sexual dysfunction, inadequate body cortisol levels, and hypothyroidism. (doctorlawyergroup.com)
Tumours11
  • Previous studies have demonstrated changes in p27 protein expression, in human pituitary tumours,especially in corticotroph tumours, where p27 prot. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Gene therapy strategies for healing pituitary tumours. (llclinic.com)
  • If this sequence is disrupted, abnormal cell multiplication may result in the growth of these tumours. (yourhormones.info)
  • However, we do not yet know the specific causes for the development of non-functioning pituitary tumours. (yourhormones.info)
  • What are the signs and symptoms of non-functioning pituitary tumours? (yourhormones.info)
  • How common are non-functioning pituitary tumours? (yourhormones.info)
  • Non-functioning pituitary tumours are the most frequent pituitary tumours measuring over 1cm in size (called macroadenomas). (yourhormones.info)
  • Non-functioning pituitary tumours are the most common pituitary tumours in individuals over the age of 60 years and the most commonly found in men. (yourhormones.info)
  • People with this condition can develop tumours in various endocrine glands including non-functioning tumours of the pituitary gland. (yourhormones.info)
  • How are non-functioning pituitary tumours diagnosed? (yourhormones.info)
  • The second group was globular tumours (23%) where growth was outside the dural sheath causing significant proptosis. (drtimothysteel.com.au)
Diagnosis of pituitary1
  • The diagnosis of pituitary disease is generally uncomplicated. (bmj.com)
Lesion3
  • The presentation of the pituitary gland problem will depend on the area that is affected, specific cells that are compromised and nature of the causative lesion. (healthhype.com)
  • Pituitary tumors are common neoplasms, and recognition of their presentation is critical since a favorable therapeutic outcome is dependent on early identification of the lesion. (medscape.com)
  • With her symptoms progressing and the uncertainty of the diagnosis, the patient expressed a strong preference for surgical exploration and removal of the lesion with division of the optic nerve. (drtimothysteel.com.au)
Acromegaly3
  • Spontaneous remission of acromegaly after infarctive apoplexy with a possible relation to MRI and diabetes mellitus. (nel.edu)
  • Cinar N, Metin Y, Dagdelen S, Ziyal M, Soylemezoglu F, Erbas T. Spontaneous remission of acromegaly after infarctive apoplexy with a possible relation to MRI and diabetes mellitus. (nel.edu)
  • In 1886, he studied 2 patients with clinical findings of what he termed acromegaly and postulated that the pituitary gland was involved in the pathogenesis. (medscape.com)
Tumour3
  • What is a non-functioning pituitary tumour ? (yourhormones.info)
  • In the UK, it is estimated that as many as 22 in every 100,000 adults may have a non-functioning pituitary tumour at any one time. (yourhormones.info)
  • When a non-functioning pituitary tumour is suspected, a number of different outpatient tests are carried out. (yourhormones.info)
Patients12
  • The Pituitary Foundation (internet search term: "Pit Pat") provides important opinion and information, and reassures patients that they are not alone. (bmj.com)
  • Various precipitating factors have been reported in 25-30% of pituitary apoplexy patients. (nel.edu)
  • 80% (n=197) of patients had one or more pituitary deficits and 28% had complete anterior hypopituitarism. (researchsquare.com)
  • Among patients with preoperative hypopituitarism, 88/175 (50%) showed improved pituitary function at one year. (researchsquare.com)
  • This supports the option of early surgery in NFPMA patients with pituitary deficits independent of the presence of visual disturbances. (researchsquare.com)
  • Surgical resection can also reverse hypopituitarism and improvement of pituitary function has been reported in 16-48% of patients with macroadenomas (16,17). (researchsquare.com)
  • They often used various diagnostic criteria for pituitary deficits, some included small numbers of patients and some provided conflicting results. (researchsquare.com)
  • Moreover, factors independently associated with recovery of postoperative pituitary function have been infrequently evaluated in large series of patients (8,9,18,19). (researchsquare.com)
  • The aims of the present study were: (i) to assess the prevalence of pituitary hormone deficits at diagnosis in a large series of patients undergoing surgery for a NFPMA, (ii) to evaluate post-operative evolution of pituitary functions, and (iii) to identify factors predicting hormonal recovery after primary surgical treatment. (researchsquare.com)
  • Patients with incomplete pre- or postoperative data on growth hormone (GH) status were excluded from further analysis (n=14). (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • We report two patients (AB 41 years, LS 55 years) presenting with symptoms of hyperprolactinaemia. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Because pituitary apoplexy represents a neurosurgical emergency, MRI should be used in patients with symptoms suggestive of this disorder. (cushieblogger.com)
Cavernous sinus1
  • This revealed a 2.8 × 2.1 × 1.7 cm homogeneous pituitary mass involving the sella turcica with extension into the right cavernous sinus. (biomedcentral.com)
Anterior4
  • This hyperplasia leads to increased nutritional and metabolic demand by the anterior pituitary gland as a whole, but the blood supply that feeds the anterior pituitary does not increase. (tomwademd.net)
  • The blood supply that feeds the anterior pituitary gland is a relatively low-pressure system. (tomwademd.net)
  • Consequently, the cells of the anterior pituitary are more prone to necrosis in pregnancies complicated by significant postpartum hemorrhage. (tomwademd.net)
  • The sella turcica is a saddle-shaped depression that surrounds the inferior, anterior, and posterior aspects of the pituitary. (medscape.com)
Occurs1
  • Complete regression probably never occurs, as evidenced by the fact that lactotrophs constitute up to 25% of pituitary cells in multiparous women. (medscape.com)
Thyroid1
  • Rarely, growth hormone (GH), leutinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) may be elicited[ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Disorders3
  • In the following systematic review, we address the literature on headache and pituitary disorders with regard to prevalence, aetiology, pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Disorders of the pituitary gland is often only detected by the signs and symptoms of various diseases attributed to these other glands. (healthhype.com)
  • Generalized signs and symptoms, as well as reproductive system features, are listed under endocrine disorders symptoms . (healthhype.com)
Called the sella1
Compress1
  • When pituitary tumors grow they can compress the above-mentioned structures and cause symptoms. (mayfieldclinic.com)
Master gland2
  • Known as the master gland, the pituitary controls the other endocrine glands in the body. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • As the "master gland", most of the effects of the pituitary gland is on the other endocrine glands of the body. (healthhype.com)
Clinical1
  • Pituitary apoplexy is a rare clinical syndrome associated with rapid enlargement of a pituitary mass. (nel.edu)
20231
Suprasellar1
  • MRIs (without contrast) reported pituitary macroadenoma with suprasellar extension but no optic chiasm compression. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Sella turcica1
Syndrome1
  • In children, hypothyroidism leads to delayed growth and in extreme inborn forms to a syndrome called cretinism. (wikipedia.org)
Fossa3
  • This is generally the result of sudden hemorrhage and necrosis in the lateral pituitary fossa, leading to the displacement of the oculomotor nerves. (symptoma.com)
  • The skull of the index patient was actually examined by Harvey Cushing and Sir Arthur Keith in 1909 and found to have an enlarged pituitary fossa. (medscape.com)
  • A pediatric Foley catheter was placed into the pituitary fossa and gradually inflated to simulate the effect of a pituitary mass. (medscape.com)
Lactotrophs1
  • This lactotroph hyperplasia is believed to be secondary to the multiplication of preexisting mature lactotrophs and the recruitment of inhibited somatotrophs (reduced growth hormone [GH] messenger ribonucleic acid [mRNA] content) to become mammosomatotrophs. (medscape.com)
Optic chiasm3
Carcinomas3
  • Rarely, pituitary tumors are carcinomas. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Pituitary carcinomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors affecting the adenohypophysis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pituitary carcinomas are extremely rare neoplasms, representing only 0.1% to 0.2% of all pituitary tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
Signs5
  • The signs and symptoms will vary accordingly although majority of the different pituitary cell types as described under pituitary gland function has to be destroyed or malfunctioning for hypopituitarism to ensue. (healthhype.com)
  • Most masses are slow-growing so the onset and development of the associated signs and symptoms will be gradual. (healthhype.com)
  • 2011. Predicting streptococcal pharyngitis in adults in primary care: A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of symptoms and signs and validation of the Centor score. (sketchymedicine.com)
  • Isolated cases of transient worsening of symptoms, or additional signs and symptoms of prostate cancer during the first few weeks of treatment. (nih.gov)
  • Transient worsening of symptoms, or the occurrence of additional signs and symptoms of prostatic cancer , may occasionally develop during the first few weeks of ZOLADEX treatment. (wikidoc.org)