Sympathetic neurons afferent. Medical search. Frequent questions

It is the only ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system that innervates the head and neck. (wikipedia.org)
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is innervated both intrinsically by the enteric nervous system (ENS), and extrinsically by visceral sensory afferent and visceral motor efferent (sympathetic and parasympathetic) fibers. (jneurosci.org)
The gastrointestinal tract is controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and, additionally, the enteric nervous system which, through Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses, control motility and secretion in the small and large intestines. (bmj.com)
1 This is consistent with the Braak hypothesis suggesting that PD patients have Lewy body pathology in autonomic centres and nerves that include the dorsal motor nucleus of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves, gastrointestinal submucosal plexus and postganglionic sympathetic nervous system, which is present in the pre-motor stage before nigral involvement. (bmj.com)
the endocrine gland situated on top of each kidney, which produces and releases epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) to stimulate functions of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system (SANS). (ashp.org)
sometimes used to designate actions and responses to the sympathetic autonomic nervous system. (ashp.org)
a neuron carrying nerve impulses to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) from the periphery (other parts of the body). (ashp.org)
characterization of substances, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, that exert their effect in the sympathetic autonomic nervous system and agents that are chemically similar to these substances. (ashp.org)
Define the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and its divisions, the parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic nervous systems (PANS and SANS, respectively). (ashp.org)
This includes chronically implanted neural and neuromuscular modulators, used to modulate the afferent neurons of the sympathetic nervous system to induce satiety. (patsnap.com)
A method for the treatment of obesity or other disorders, by wireless electrical activation or inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system. (patsnap.com)
This activation or inhibition can be accomplished by wirelessly stimulating the greater splanchnic nerve or other portion of the sympathetic nervous system using a wireless electrode inductively coupled with a radiofrequency field. (patsnap.com)
Key points Evidence suggests insulin centrally activates the sympathetic nervous system, and a chemical stimulus to tissue. (cn1699.cn)
Abstract The autonomic nervous system regulates cardiac function by balancing the actions of sympathetic and parasympathet. (cn1699.cn)
The ANS is a component of the peripheral nervous system that uses both afferent (sensory) and efferent (effector) neurons, which control the functioning of the internal organs and involuntary processes via connections with the CNS. (lecturio.com)
The sympathetic nervous system regulates cardiac output, blood pressure (BP), heart rate and volume, electrolyte balance and composition of body fluids. (icrjournal.com)
Sympathetic nervous system outflow is coordinated by the nucleus tractus solitarius, located in the midbrain. (icrjournal.com)
2 However, the kidney also has an extensive network of afferent unmyelinated fibres that transmit important sensory information to the central nervous system. (icrjournal.com)
Most of the brainstem regions involved in cardiovascular control including the hypothalamus receive inputs from the renal afferents, which carry information to the central nervous system from renal chemo- and mechano-receptors. (icrjournal.com)
Renal nerves contain sensory afferent fibres, which enable communication with the central nervous system. (icrjournal.com)
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is an important regulator of immune cell function during homeostasis and states of inflammation. (biomed.news)
1. Either of two types of groups of nerve cells (sympathetic ganglion, parasympathetic ganglion) in the autonomic nervous system. (unboundmedicine.com)
A ganglion of postganglionic autonomic neurons in the peripheral nervous system that are surrounded by a capsule of loose connective tissue. (unboundmedicine.com)
Any of several ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. (unboundmedicine.com)
When a strong enough signal is sent from our nervous system , called an action potential , that signal transmits through the motor neuron (neuron firing). (vitalscend.com)
Read on to learn more about the numbered and named cranial and spinal nerves, as well as what neurons are composed of, and some fun facts about your nervous system. (healthline.com)
The general visceral afferent (GVA) fibers conduct sensory impulses (usually pain or reflex sensations) from the internal organs, glands, and blood vessels to the central nervous system. (darkskiesfilm.com)
the sympathetic nervous system may be involved (causing sympathetically maintained pain). (msdmanuals.com)
the sympathetic nervous system is anti-erectile (except for the nocturnal erection, see above). (urology-textbook.com)
The autonomic nervous system can then be subdivided further into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. (teachmephysiology.com)
Inhibition of sympathetic nervous system by acupuncture. (bvsalud.org)

At doses known to produce behavior al effects, LSD and mescaline (both 5-10 mg/kg)routinely enhanced sympathetic discharges in cats whether evoked reflexly by stimula-lion of spinal afferent fibers or directly by intraspinal stimulation of descending NE excitatory pathways The effects of LSD or mescaline could not be attributed to block of inhibitory 5-HT receptors although some blockade may have occurred. (erowid.org)
Nociceptive information is transmitted through thinly myelinated Aδ-afferent and unmyelinated C-afferent fibers from the periphery to the spinal cord, especially substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons, 5,6 where the information is modulated. (silverchair.com)
Furthermore, this includes neuromuscular stimulation of the stomach to effect baseline and intermittent smooth muscle contraction to increase gastric intraluminal pressure, which induces satiety, and stimulate sympathetic afferent fibers, including those in the sympathetic trunk, splanchnic nerves, and greater curvature of the stomach, to augment the perception of satiety. (patsnap.com)
Some unmyelinated afferent (C) fibers have been shown to enter the spinal cord via the ventral nerve (motor) root, accounting for obser-vations that some patients continue to feel pain even after transection of the dorsal nerve root (rhizotomy) and report pain following ventral root stimulation. (brainkart.com)
As afferent fibers enter the spinal cord, they segre-gate according to size, with large, myelinated fibers becoming medial, and small, unmyelinated fibers becoming lateral. (brainkart.com)
Pain fibers may ascend or descend one to three spinal cord segments in Lissauer's tract before synapsing with second-order neurons in the gray matter of the ipsilateral dorsal horn. (brainkart.com)
The efferent nerve fibers that terminate in the endocrine, vascular, and visceral structures coordinate the inner workings of the body in response to several afferent inputs. (lecturio.com)
What are general somatic afferent fibers? (darkskiesfilm.com)
What is the difference between somatic afferent fibers and visceral afferent fibers? (darkskiesfilm.com)
The somatic and visceral afferent fibers of the oropharynx are supplied by a plexus derived from the vagus, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. (darkskiesfilm.com)
Where are the cell bodies of somatic and visceral afferent sensory fibers located? (darkskiesfilm.com)
Although general visceral afferent fibers are part of the ANS, they are not classified as part of the sympathetic or parasympathetic system. (darkskiesfilm.com)
Afferent nerve fibers run from the receptors via the dorsal penile nerve and pudendal nerve into the spinal cord. (urology-textbook.com)

The bodies of its preganglionic sympathetic afferent neurons are located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
This complex system is mediated by two major efferent pathways, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which obtain afferent signals from different parts of the body, neurons in the spinal cord and cerebral autonomic centres primarily in the hypothalamus, midbrain and brainstem. (bmj.com)
Sympathetic ganglia comprises the thousands of afferent and efferent nerve cell bodies that run along either side of the spinal cord, connecting major organ systems, such as the renal system, to the spinal cord and brain. (nih.gov)
This 'flight or fight' response enhances a cat's sympathetic nervous input down the spinal cord to the urinary bladder. (veterinarypracticenews.com)
Isolated myelin from adult rat spinal cord was adsorbed to polylysine-coated culture dishes and tested as a substrate for peripheral neurons, neuroblastoma cells, or 3T3 cells. (nih.gov)
The actions of norepinephrine (50 microm) on glutamatergic transmission were examined by using the whole cell patch clamp technique in substantia gelatinosa neurons of an adult rat spinal cord slice with an attached dorsal root. (silverchair.com)
Outside the brain, norepinephrine is used as a neurotransmitter by sympathetic ganglia located near the spinal cord or in the abdomen , as well as Merkel cells located in the skin. (wikipedia.org)
The cell bodies of primary afferent neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglia, which lie in the vertebral foramina at each spinal cord level. (brainkart.com)
Each neuron has a single axon that bifurcates, sending one end to the peripheral tissues it innervates and the other into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. (brainkart.com)
The majority of first-order neurons send the proximal end of their axons into the spinal cord via the dorsal (sensory) spinal root at each cervical, thoracic, lum-bar, and sacral level. (brainkart.com)
Somatic afferent neurons are unipolar neurons that enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root & their cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglia. (darkskiesfilm.com)
The spinal cord contains the preganglionic neurons that innervate the penile vessels. (urology-textbook.com)

The preganglionic sympathetic neurons leave the spinal gray matter at the level of the first and second thoracic vertebrae (T1- T2). (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
They receive preganglionic sympathetic axons via the thoracic splanchnic nerves. (unboundmedicine.com)
they receive preganglionic sympathetic innervation primarily from the greater thoracic splanchnic nerves. (unboundmedicine.com)

Following peripheral nerve injury there is a very significant upregulation in the expression of a wide variety of proteins in the dorsal root ganglion and thus the axon and terminals of the injured primary afferent. (asra.com)

It probably formed by the union of four sympathetic ganglia of the cervical spinal nerves C1-C4. (wikipedia.org)
General physicochemical properties of myelin were not responsible for this effect, since myelin from rat sciatic nerves favored neuron adhesion and neurite growth as well as spreading of 3T3 cells. (nih.gov)
a mass of neuron bodies (nerves). (ashp.org)
Further feedback is provided by nutrient receptors in the upper small bowel and neural signals indicating distention of the stomach's stretch receptors, which are primarily conveyed by the vagal afferent and sympathetic nerves to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in the brainstem. (medscape.com)
They then traverse the cervical sympathetic nerves and enter the superior cervical ganglion and synapse. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
The proximal axonal processes of the first-order neurons in these ganglia reach the brainstem nuclei via their respective cranial nerves, where they synapse with second-order neurons in brainstem nuclei. (brainkart.com)
Afferent and efferent sympathetic nerves of the kidney located in the adventitia of the renal artery are involved in the regulation of blood pressure and play a pathophysiological role in the progression and maintenance of hypertension. (icrjournal.com)
Renal sympathetic nerves regulate kidney function, volume homeostasis, cardiac output and BP control. (icrjournal.com)
2,3 Afferent fibres from the kidney have been shown to travel along with the sympathetic nerves at the level of the kidney and then enter the dorsal roots and project to neurons at both spinal and supraspinal levels. (icrjournal.com)
2,3 Direct electrical stimulation of the renal afferent nerves in animals can produce both sympathoinhibitory and sympathoexcitatory reflexes, illustrating the diverse functional nature of various populations of renal receptors. (icrjournal.com)
Activation of renal afferent nerves itself elevate sympathetic nervous outflow to the kidney and other downstream organs (see Figure 1 ). (icrjournal.com)
The messages are sent by chemical and electrical changes in the cells, technically called neurons , that make up the nerves. (healthline.com)
While no one knows exactly, it's safe to say humans have hundreds of nerves - and billions of neurons! (healthline.com)
However, these visceral sensory nerves often colocalize within sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. (darkskiesfilm.com)

The SCG provides sympathetic innervation to structures within the head, including the pineal gland, the blood vessels in the cranial muscles and the brain, the choroid plexus, the eyes, the lacrimal glands, the carotid body, the salivary glands, and thyroid gland. (wikipedia.org)
This connection regulates the production of the hormone melatonin, which regulates sleep and wake cycles, however the influence of SCG neuron innervation of the pineal gland is not fully understood. (wikipedia.org)
The SCG provides sympathetic innervation to the eye and lacrimal gland, regulating vasoconstriction in the iris and sclera, pupillary dilation, widening of the palpebral fissure, and the reduced production of tears. (wikipedia.org)
Precise extrinsic afferent (visceral sensory) and efferent (sympathetic and parasympathetic) innervation of the gut is fundamental for gut-brain cross talk. (jneurosci.org)
Visualization with characterized intrinsic markers revealed that visceral sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic axons arise from different anatomic locations, project in close association via the gut mesentery, and form distinctive innervation patterns within the gut from embryonic day (E)10.5 to E16.5. (jneurosci.org)

5. Staras K, et al: "Resetting of sympathetic rhythm by somatic afferents causes post-reflex coordination of sympathetic activity in the rat. (insightcla.com)
The somatic afferents conduct impulses received from outside the body or produced by movements of the muscles and joints, those from the muscles and joints also being known as proprioceptive fibres. (darkskiesfilm.com)

the space between the axon terminal of a neuron and the dendrite body of another neuron where a functional connection between them occurs. (ashp.org)
In the dorsal horn, the pri-mary afferent neuron synapses with a second-order neuron whose axon crosses the midline and ascends in the contralateral spinothalamic tract to reach the thalamus. (brainkart.com)
Thus, in the periphery after an acute mechanical injury of the peripheral afferent axon, there will be an initial dying back (retrograde chromatolysis) that proceeds for some interval at which time the axon begins to sprout sending growth cones forward. (asra.com)
Single unit recording from the afferent axon has indicated that the origin of the spontaneous activity in the afferent arises from the neuroma and from the dorsal root ganglia of the injured axon. (asra.com)
Each preganglionic autonomic axon usually synapses on the dendrites of many ganglionic neurons. (unboundmedicine.com)

Postganglionic parasympathetic, sympathetic neurons, and the somatic sensory afferents can all be blocked by an SPG block. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
Activity in sensory afferents originates after an interval of days to weeks from the lesioned site (neuroma) and from the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the injured nerve. (asra.com)

The evidence of bulbospinal control of sympathetic preganglion ic neurons (SPGN) by excitatory norepinephrine (NE) and inhibitory serotonin (5-HT) pathways prompted the use of this system as a model for studying the effects of hallucinogenic drugs on central monoaminergic transmission. (erowid.org)
The easy answer is that acute or chronic stress from any source may increase norepinephrine biosynthesis in the pontine locus coeruleus in the brain, leading to increased sympathetic autonomic outflow. (veterinarypracticenews.com)
Norepinephrine did not affect the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic current and of a response of substantia gelatinosa neurons to AMPA, indicating that its action on evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents is presynaptic in origin. (silverchair.com)
By binding to α2 receptors in the CNS, clonidine can modulate the release of norepinephrine, resulting in a decrease in sympathetic outflow and ultimately leading to a decrease in heart rate. (proprofs.com)
Clinical trials of renal sympathetic denervation have shown signicant reduction in blood pressure, which was associated with a reduction in local renal norepinephrine spillover as well as a reduction of whole body sympathetic activation in resistant hypertensive patients. (icrjournal.com)
This has been studied in depth using the spontaneously hypertensive rat, an animal model of genetic essential hypertension, where larger neuronal calcium transients, increased release and impaired reuptake of norepinephrine in neurons of the stellate ganglia lead to a significant tachycardia even before hypertension has developed. (ox.ac.uk)

a neuron carrying nerve impulses toward an effector organ. (ashp.org)

This decrease in afferent firing is interpreted in the CNS cardiovascular control center ( alpha2-receptors ) as a signal to increase sympathetic outflow and decrease parasympathetic outflow. (labsoft.com)
Increased sympathetic outflow will cause increased firing rate of preganglionic neurons and increased firing of sympathetic postganglionic neurons ( ganglionic N1-nicotinic receptors ). (labsoft.com)
The increased sympathetic outflow releases NE at alpha1-adrenergic receptors in the arterioles causing contraction of smooth muscle and vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure. (labsoft.com)
Increased sympathetic outflow also causes increased heart rate ( beta1-receptors ), vasodilation of bronchial smooth muscle ( beta2-receptors ), and decrease of intestinal motility ( M1/M3-muscarinic receptors ). (labsoft.com)
Stimulation of the adrenal medulla by the sympathetic outflow causes release of epinephrine into the blood producing vasodilation and increase contractility of skeletal muscle ( beta2-receptors ). (labsoft.com)

Their axons enter the SCG to synapse with postganglionic neurons whose axons then exit the rostral end of the SCG and proceed to innervate their target organs in the head. (wikipedia.org)
Genetic ablation of visceral sensory trajectories results in the erratic extension of both sympathetic and parasympathetic axons, implicating that afferent axons provide an axonal scaffold to route efferent axons. (jneurosci.org)
Coculture assay further confirmed the attractive effect of sensory axons on sympathetic axons. (jneurosci.org)
Here, with characterized intrinsic markers targeting vagal sensory, spinal sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic axons, respectively, we comprehensively traced the spatiotemporal development of extrinsic axons to the gut during embryonic development in mice. (jneurosci.org)
Once in the dorsal horn, in addition to synapsing with second-order neurons, the axons of first-order neurons may synapse with interneurons, sympathetic neurons, and ventral horn motor neurons. (brainkart.com)
and iii) followed over time by the development of a measurable level of spontaneous afferent traffic in both myelinated and unmyelinated axons. (asra.com)
These ganglia are a meshwork of visceral afferent, sympathetic, and parasympathetic axons that coat the lower part of the trachea, its bifurcation, the aorta, the pulmonary trunk, and the coronary arteries. (unboundmedicine.com)
Microscopically, the peripheral processes of dorsal root ganglion neurons look identical to axons. (unboundmedicine.com)

The first six laminae, which make up the dorsal horn, receive all afferent neural activity and represent the principal site of modulation of pain by ascending and descending neural pathways. (brainkart.com)
WDR neurons are the most prevalent cell type in the dorsal horn. (brainkart.com)
Although they are found throughout the dorsal horn, WDR neurons are most abundant in lamina V. During repeated stimulation, WDR neurons characteristically increase their firing rate exponentially in a graded fashion ("wind-up"), even with the same stimulus intensity. (brainkart.com)
and ii) an exaggerated response of dorsal horn neurons to normally innocuous afferent input. (asra.com)

To study the interaction of neurons with CNS glial cells, dissociated sympathetic or sensory ganglion cells or fetal retinal cells were plated onto cultures of dissociated optic nerve glial cells of young rats. (nih.gov)
It is comprised of two group of cells, glial cells and neurons. (teachmephysiology.com)
Glial cells work to support, nourish, insulate neurons and remove waste products. (teachmephysiology.com)

The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) is the upper-most and largest of the cervical sympathetic ganglia of the sympathetic trunk. (wikipedia.org)

The sympathetic and parasympathetic neural circuits coordinate stress responses and relaxation responses, respectively. (lecturio.com)

Then acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter is released from the motor neuron. (vitalscend.com)

Aδ fibres are myelinated afferent sensory nerve fibres which conduct pain, cold temperature and touch sensation, and C fibres are nonmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic fibres which conduct pain, warm temperature and touch sensation. (ispub.com)
Activation of renal efferent sympathetic nerve fibres increases sodium and water retention, reduces renal blood flow and elevates renin release from juxtaglomerular apparatus, regulating BP. (icrjournal.com)
What are visceral afferent fibres? (darkskiesfilm.com)

These collated signals act on two distinct subsets of neurons that control food intake in the ARC, which act as an accelerator and a brake respectively. (medscape.com)
The afferent signals to the brain are regulated by mechanosensitive baroreceptors, volume sensors and chemoreceptors located in the vessels and in many other organs, particularly in the heart, kidney, lung, brain and muscles. (icrjournal.com)
1 Efferent sympathetic signals regulate BP, heart rate and cardiac output through beta (β)-adrenergic receptors, and regulate peripheral resistance by vasoconstriction through alpha (α)-adrenergic receptors. (icrjournal.com)
Afferent signals pass via the pudendal nerve to the sacral erection center, and efferent signals reach via the inferior hypogastric plexus the erectile tissue. (urology-textbook.com)

He further posited that neurons function as information processing units, using electrical impulses to communicate within functional networks. (nih.gov)
an elongated protrusion of the neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell. (ashp.org)
Your neurons work to conduct nerve impulses. (healthline.com)

Overall, the brain receives input via afferent pathways that ascend from the bladder and provide feedback on how full the bladder is. (medscape.com)

The results may partially explain the sympathetic stimulation caused by LSD and mescaline in man. (erowid.org)
However, psilocybin 0.4-0.8 mg/kg routinely depressed evoked sympathetic discharges, possibly by stimulation of inhibitory 5-HT receptors on SPGN. (erowid.org)
It alters cellular metabolism and may eventually lead to serious pathologic changes…Sustained, exaggerated sympathetic stimulation may, over a period of time, lead to chronic circulatory changes in target tissues and visceral organs which can, of course, impair their function and even threaten their survival. (insightcla.com)
Furthermore, stimulation of mechanoreceptors and nociceptors in the intervertebral motion segment by chiropractic adjustments may "reset" the oscillatory network, synchronizing sympathetic neuron firing. (insightcla.com)

Both types of afferent fibre project centrally from cell bodies in dorsal-root ganglia. (darkskiesfilm.com)
The cell bodies for the general somatic afferent (GSA) (sensory) neurons are located in the trigeminal ganglion within the trigeminal canal. (darkskiesfilm.com)

In 1994, a consensus group of pain medicine experts gathered by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) agreed on diagnostic criteria for reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and causalgia, and renamed them complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) types I and II, respectively. (medscape.com)

Horner's syndrome is a disorder resulting from damage to the sympathetic autonomic nervous pathway in the head. (wikipedia.org)

chemical compounds produced by the body (" endogenous ") that relay, amplify, and/or modulate signal transmission between two neurons or between neurons and other cells. (ashp.org)

High threshold, NPY-positive neurons are vasoconstrictor neurons, which innervate the iris and pineal gland. (wikipedia.org)

The SCG receives pre-ganglionic sympathetic afferents from the ciliospinal center which synapse in the ganglion. (wikipedia.org)

A ganglion located in the coccygeal plexus and found at the inferior junction of the sympathetic trunks. (unboundmedicine.com)

The SCG is connected with vestibular structures, including the neuroepithelium of the semicircular canals and otolith organs, providing a conceivable substrate for modulation of vestibulo-sympathetic reflexes. (wikipedia.org)

Visceral afferents transmit conscious sensations (e.g., gut distention and cardiac ischemia) and unconscious visceral sensations (e.g., blood pressure and chemical composition of the blood). (darkskiesfilm.com)

There are a number of neuron types in the SCG ranging from low threshold to high threshold neurons. (wikipedia.org)
The neurons with a low threshold have a faster action potential firing rate, while the high threshold neurons have a slow firing rate. (wikipedia.org)
Immunostaining allows the classification of SCG neurons as either positive or negative for neuropeptide Y (NPY), which is found in a subgroup of high-threshold neurons. (wikipedia.org)
High threshold, NPY-negative neurons are vasomotor neurons, innervating blood vessels. (wikipedia.org)
This ability of light touch evoking this anomalous pain state is de facto evidence that the peripheral nerve injury has led to a reorganization of central processing, i.e. it is not a simple case of a peripheral sensitization of otherwise high threshold afferents. (asra.com)

In many instances they communicate with second-order neurons through interneurons. (brainkart.com)

The psychophysics of this state clearly emphasize that the pain is evoked by the activation of low threshold mechano-receptors (Aß afferents). (asra.com)

More specifically, the lab is actively investigating the central and peripheral mechanisms mediating the abnormal alterations in sympathetic nerve activity, blood pressure and skeletal muscle blood flow with the pathogenesis of disease. (utsouthwestern.edu)

support neurons structurally and metabolically (regulate pH, ion concentrations) e.g. (assignguru.com)
They relay information between individual neurons, and ultimately regulate a wide range of bodily functions. (teachmephysiology.com)

Renal sympathetic denervation is a potent and safe catheter-based therapeutic approach for the treatment of patients with resistant hypertension. (icrjournal.com)
2 Renal sympathetic activation results in volume retention, sodium reabsorption, reduction of blood flow and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation. (icrjournal.com)

Peripheral cardiac sympathetic hyperactivity in cardiovascular disease: role of neuropeptides. (ox.ac.uk)

Whereas astrocytes favored neuron adhesion and neurite outgrowth, oligodendrocytes differed markedly in their properties as neuronal substrates. (nih.gov)

Second-order neu-rons are either nociceptive-specific or wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons. (brainkart.com)
They also have large receptive fields compared with nociceptive-specific neurons. (brainkart.com)

The neurotransmitters of these first neurons are Oxytocin, melanocortin, and dopamine. (urology-textbook.com)

Anatomy80

Organisms13

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes31

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science1

Health Care1

Nervous system31

Fibers13

Spinal cord12

Preganglionic sympathetic3

Primary afferent1

Nerves14

Innervation5

Somatic afferents2

Axon5

Sensory afferents2

Norepinephrine6

Effector1

Outflow5

Axons8

Dorsal horn4

Glial cells3

Ganglia of the sympathetic1

Neural1

Motor neuron1

Fibres3

Signals4

Impulses3

Pathways1

Stimulation4

Cell bodies2

Reflex sympathet1

Autonomic nervous1

Modulate1

Innervate1

Synapse1

Plexus1

Modulation1

Transmit1

High-threshold5

Interneurons1

Receptors1

Skeletal1

Regulate2

Renal2

Cardiac sympathetic1

Astrocytes1

Nociceptive2

Neurotransmitters1