Swine avian flu subtype influenza a virus h2n2 subtype. Medical search. Frequent questions

Flu vaccines are based on predicting which "mutants" of H1N1, H3N2, H1N2, and influenza B will proliferate in the next season. (wikipedia.org)
In the past ten years, H3N2 has tended to dominate in prevalence over H1N1, H1N2, and influenza B. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005. (wikipedia.org)
A 2007 study reported: "In swine, three influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2) are circulating throughout the world. (wikipedia.org)
The 'Spanish' influenza H1N1 pandemic of 1918-1919 killed an estimated 50-100 million people worldwide 5 . (cdc.gov)
Although the virus was not isolated during 1918-1919, when the technology was available the genetic sequence was later determined to be an avian-like H1N1 virus. (cdc.gov)
This H2N2 virus was comprised of three different genes from an H2N2 virus that originated from an avian influenza A virus, including the H2 hemagglutinin and the N2 neuraminidase genes, and genes from the human seasonal H1N1 virus 10 . (cdc.gov)
The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
Unlike the avian H5N1 flu, the H1N1 swine flu is capable of being transmitted easily from person to person. (bcm.edu)
Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
Although the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not turn out to be as deadly as initially feared, the next pandemic flu virus could emerge at any time, and we must remain vigilant. (bcm.edu)
Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
They are now known to represent 3 different antigenic subtypes of influenza A virus: H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2, respectively. (cdc.gov)
The Asian influenza viruses which circulated in man from 1957 to 1968 were H2N2 and the viruses preceding Asian influenza (including the lethal Spanish influenza of 1918) were H1N1, as was the swine influenza pandemic of 2009. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
In 2006, 657 influenza isolates from Australia were antigenically analysed: 402 were A(H3N2), 24 were A(H1N1) and 231 were influenza B viruses. (health.gov.au)
Continued antigenic drift was seen with the A(H3N2) viruses from the previous reference strains (A/California/7/2004 and A/New York/55/2004) and drift was also noted in some of the A(H1N1) strains from the reference/vaccine strain A/New Caledonia/20/99, although very few A(H1N1) viruses were isolated in Australia in 2006. (health.gov.au)
Electron microscope beeʼiilkid, Tsʼííh honiigaah H1N1 influenza virus. (wikipedia.org)
Swine Flu / H1N1", 2009 biyihahgo éí Méhigoʼdi bílaʼashdlaʼí yiitsʼą́ą́dę́ę́ʼ adein nidaʼhaazlį́į́ʼ. (wikipedia.org)
The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918/19 claimed over 40 million lives, and was almost certainly caused by adaptation of an avian H1N1 strain to humans [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, the predominant influenza virus subtype was an H3N2, in contrast to dominance by H1N1 subtypes in recent past years. (medscape.com)
We examined the M splicing of human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses by comparing three H1N1 and H3N2 strains, respectively, through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
We randomly selected M sequences of human H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 viruses isolated from 1933 to 2020 and examined their phylogenetic relationships. (biomedcentral.com)
To explore the physiological role of the various levels of M2 protein in pathogenicity, we challenged C57BL/6 mice with the H1N1 WSN wild-type strain, mutant H1N1 (55T), and chimeric viruses including H1N1 + H3wt and H1N1 + H3mut. (biomedcentral.com)
Consequently, herboxidiene treatment dramatically decreased both the H1N1 and H3N2 virus titers. (biomedcentral.com)
However, a lower M2 expression only attenuated H1N1 virus replication and in vivo pathogenicity. (biomedcentral.com)
This attenuated phenotype was restored by M replacement of H3N2 M in a chimeric H1N1 virus, despite low M2 levels. (biomedcentral.com)
not only did it emerge on the ` wrong ' continent, it came from the `wrong' host ( pigs ), and was of the ` wrong ' subtype ( H1N1 ). (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Here's an interesting heading: "Inovio Biomedical H1N1 Influenza DNA Vaccines Demonstrate 100% Responses Against Swine Flu in Vaccinated Pigs. (medicineandtechnology.com)
We are pleased to report our H1N1 preclinical results using pigs, a more natural model for the current influenza pandemic. (medicineandtechnology.com)
In this study, scientists immunized pigs with consensus H1N1 influenza DNA vaccine candidates on day 0, day 14, and day 28. (medicineandtechnology.com)
Sera collected on day 28 and day 42, after two or three doses of vaccine, respectively, showed hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers above the protection threshold in 100% of the vaccinated animals against a swine H1N1 virus previously isolated from pigs. (medicineandtechnology.com)
On-going additional animal studies are testing the ability of Inovio's SynCon™ human H1N1 and swine H1N1 based vaccines to cross-protect from currently circulating human and swine H1N1 viruses as well as the new influenza A/H1N1 of swine origin. (medicineandtechnology.com)
In a similar collaborative study with scientists from the National Microbiology Laboratory of the Public Health Agency of Canada and the University of Pennsylvania, Inovio previously demonstrated that mice immunized with Inovio's SynCon™ H1N1 DNA vaccine provided 100% protection in a lethal challenge study against an unmatched H1N1 virus that caused the 1918 Spanish flu, which killed over 40 million people worldwide. (medicineandtechnology.com)
Inovio has created SynCon™ DNA vaccines based on influenza HA, NA, and NP proteins that are common to strains H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, and H5N1, which make up the majority of seasonal and pandemic influenza. (medicineandtechnology.com)
Let's hope that we have enough H1N1 vaccine to go around the world so that we don't suffer mass fatalities from this swine flu pandemic. (medicineandtechnology.com)
The history of influenza pandemics began with the H1N1 "Spanish Flu" strain of 1918-1919 that killed an estimated fifty million people [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This was followed by other less severe strains, the H2N2 "Asian influenza" of 1957-1958, H3N2 "Hong Kong flu" of 1968-1969, and H5N1 "bird flu" in 2006-2007, and recently the H1N1 "swine flu" of 2009-2010. (biomedcentral.com)
Is there a difference between being diagnosed with Influenza A and H1N1? (virology.ws)
Burioni, Roberto title: A Non-VH1-69 Heterosubtypic Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Mice against H1N1 and H5N1 Viruses date: 2012-04-04 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034415 sha: 6b51562f63de5739f2b7ebf5f9c34365ac6ee545 doc_id: 807 cord_uid: fcffl6m4 Influenza viruses are among the most important human pathogens and are responsible for annual epidemics and sporadic, potentially devastating pandemics. (distantreader.org)
Furthermore, we describe its protective activity in mice after lethal challenge with H1N1 and H5N1 viruses suggesting a potential application in the treatment of influenza virus infections. (distantreader.org)
Subtypes which have in the past caused pandemics include the influenza A H1N1, H2N2, H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses, while the H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses continue to cause epidemics as seasonal influenza viruses. (health.govt.nz)
Reacts with NP of all influenza A viruses so far tested, including seasonal H2N2, H3N2(A/Sydney/5/1997), and H5N1(A/crow/Kyoto53/2004), H5N1 (A/duck/Egypt/D2br10/07), H5N1(A/duck/HK/342/78), H5N2(A/crow/Kyoto/53/04), H9N1, H9N2 (A/Turkey/Wisconsin/1/66) and H1N1 (seasonal: A/New Caledonia/20/99. (abcam.com)
After the 1918 pandemic, H1N1 variants circulated for 39 years before being replaced by an H2N2 virus in 1957. (atrainceu.com)
In 2009, a new strain of H1N1 influenza emerged and caused a worldwide pandemic in which an estimated 280,000 people died. (atrainceu.com)
A) H1N1 indicates virus with hemagglutinin subtype 1 and neuraminidase subtype 1. (atrainceu.com)
The 1918 influenza pandemic, caused by an H1N1 influenza subtype came on suddenly in March of 1918 and spread rapidly throughout the world. (atrainceu.com)
A sudden emergence of Influenza A Virus (IAV) infections with a new pandemic H1N1 IAV is taking place since April of 2009. (biomedcentral.com)
IAV H3N2 viruses have been the predominant strains during the last 20 years, with the exception of the 1988-1989 and 2000-2001 seasons where H1N1 infections dominated [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Initial testing of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 IAV strains found the viruses to be susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). (biomedcentral.com)
Treatment of mice infected with a lethal inoculum of pandemic A/CA/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 (pdmCa09) with 4'-FlU alleviated pneumonia. (bvsalud.org)
The two influenza A virus subtypes have cocirculated in human populations since 1977: influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2). (cdc.gov)
Reassortment between influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) viruses resulted in the circulation of A (H1N2) virus during the 2001-02 and 2002-03 influenza seasons. (cdc.gov)
In April 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-which was different from currently circulating influenza A (H1N1) viruses-emerged and its subsequent spread resulted in the first pandemic of the 21st century. (cdc.gov)
Does the H1N1 Virus Still Exist? (influenzavirusnet.com)
[12] Nalika sasi April 2009 sawijining galur virus flu anyar ngalami évolusi kang ngandhut campuran gen saka flu manungsa , babi , lan unggas , kang ing awalé diarani " flu babi " lan uga ditepungi minangka influenza A/H1N1 , kang muncul ing Mèksiko , Amérikah Sarékat , lan sapérangan nagara liya. (wikipedia.org)

Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (A/H3N2) is a subtype of viruses that causes influenza (flu). (wikipedia.org)
H3N2 viruses can infect birds and mammals. (wikipedia.org)
H3N2 is a subtype of the viral genus Influenzavirus A, which is an important cause of human influenza. (wikipedia.org)
Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of proteins on the surface of its coat, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). By reassortment, H3N2 exchanges genes for internal proteins with other influenza subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
Seasonal H3N2 flu is a human flu from H3N2 that is slightly different from one of the previous year's flu season H3N2 variants. (wikipedia.org)
An analysis of 13,000 samples of influenza A/H3N2 virus that were collected across six continents from 2002 to 2007 by the WHO's Global Influenza Surveillance Network showed the newly emerging strains of H3N2 appeared in East and Southeast Asian countries about six to nine months earlier than anywhere else. (wikipedia.org)
however, since late August 1998, H3N2 subtypes have been isolated from pigs. (wikipedia.org)
Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses. (wikipedia.org)
Avian influenza virus H3N2 is endemic in pigs in China, and has been detected in pigs in Vietnam, contributing to the emergence of new variant strains. (wikipedia.org)
H3N2 evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift and caused the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 and 1969 that killed up to 750,000 humans. (wikipedia.org)
The dominant strain of annual flu in humans in January 2006 was H3N2. (wikipedia.org)
The Hong Kong Flu was a flu pandemic caused by a strain of H3N2 descended from H2N2 by antigenic shift, in which genes from multiple subtypes reassorted to form a new virus. (wikipedia.org)
Both the H2N2 and H3N2 pandemic flu strains contained genes from avian influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
The deadly H3N2 virus has raised its ugly head again and is on a killing spree, it has killed more than 120 people including two below 18 yrs of age till February 2018 that is in just a month of outbreak. (atomictherapy.org)
H3N2 is strain of influenza A virus, the orthomyxoviridae family - these are simgle stranded segmented RNA-Virus and they have numerous subtypes which are named by numbers based on type of Heamagglutinin "H number" and "N number" for type of Neuraminidase. (atomictherapy.org)
Hong Kong Flu virus H3N2 is desendent of H2N2 through antigenic shift, a process in which genes from various subtypes make up a new virus sub type. (atomictherapy.org)
Examples are the Hong Kong virus strain A/England/102/72 (H3N2). (csiropedia.csiro.au)
Type A virus that caused the 1968 Hong Kong flu epidemic has type 3 H protein molecules and Type 2 N protein molecules and is called A (H3N2). (vetcos.com)
since 1968, most seasonal influenza epidemics have been caused by H3N2 (an influenza A virus). (msdmanuals.com)
Flu strains are named after their types of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface proteins, so they will be called, for example, H3N2 for type-3 hemagglutinin and type-2 neuraminidase. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The H2N2 virus was prevalent for only 11 years until 1968, when it was replaced by an H3N2 virus (Palese & Wang, 2011). (atrainceu.com)
H2N2 and H3N2 indicate viruses with hemagglutinin subtype 2 and neuraminidase subtype 2 and hemagglutinin subtype 3 and neuraminidase subtype 2, respectively. (atrainceu.com)

Seasonal influenza viruses flow out of overlapping epidemics in East Asia and Southeast Asia, then trickle around the globe before dying off. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza A viruses cause seasonal epidemics of human flu worldwide and, much more rarely, flu pandemics. (cdc.gov)
Although these yearly flu epidemics can be fatal in some people, such as the elderly, young children, and people with certain underlying heath conditions, flu is generally not a life-threatening disease in healthy individuals. (bcm.edu)
Not classified as true pandemics are 3 notable epidemics: a pseudopandemic in 1947 with low death rates, an epidemic in 1977 that was a pandemic in children, and an abortive epidemic of swine influenza in 1976 that was feared to have pandemic potential. (cdc.gov)
Major influenza epidemics show no predictable periodicity or pattern, and all differ from one another. (cdc.gov)
After the influenza pandemic of 1918, influenza went back to its usual pattern of regional epidemics of lesser virulence in the 1930s, 1940s, and early 1950s. (cdc.gov)
Influenza C viruses are not known to cause serious symptoms or result in epidemics. (zovon.com)
It is characterised by an ability to constantly change its two surface proteins - haemagglutinin and neuraminidase - allowing the virus to cause successive epidemics every one or two years or more serious pandemics at irregular intervals. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
Their data showed conclusively that the emergence of new influenza virus epidemics was associated with the accumulation of point mutations in the virus coat proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
There are 3 general types of flu viruses distinguished with their capsid (inner membrane) proteins as Type A, B and C. Type A flu virus cause most serious flu epidemics in humans, other mammals and birds. (vetcos.com)
This is the main reason why seasonal influenza epidemics occur and vaccines need to be regularly updated. (health.gov.au)
Being associated with seasonal influenza (flu) epidemics, IAVs have caused several pandemics worldwide, including the 1918 Spanish flu, which resulted in 50 million deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In the case of influenza, seasonal outbreaks - or epidemics - are generally caused by subtypes of a virus that is already circulating among people. (corespirit.com)
Then, the virus subtype can circulate among humans for several years, causing occasional flu epidemics. (corespirit.com)
Influenza causes widespread sporadic illness yearly during fall and winter in temperate climates (seasonal epidemics). (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza B viruses may cause milder disease but often cause epidemics with moderate or severe disease, either as the predominant circulating virus or along with influenza A. (msdmanuals.com)
Most influenza epidemics are caused by a predominant serotype, but different influenza viruses may appear sequentially in one location or may appear simultaneously, with one virus predominating in one location and another virus predominating elsewhere. (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza virus Influenza history Historical records indicate flu-like epidemics throughout recorded history. (powershow.com)
Influenza epidemics occur each year. (health.govt.nz)
Influenza B has two lineages of viruses: B/Victoria and B/Yamagata, which are also associated with outbreaks and epidemics, and account for a significant proportion of the overall burden of influenza. (health.govt.nz)
The sharp rise in influenza-associated acute respiratory illnesses that occurs during annual seasonal epidemics results in increased numbers of visits to physicians' offices, walk-in clinics, and emergency departments. (cdc.gov)
Influenza viruses can be divided into 4 types: A, B, C, and D. Influenza type C viruses are not associated with severe disease, epidemics, or pandemics, and influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people, so neither will be discussed further here. (cdc.gov)

Pigs can carry human influenza viruses, which can combine (i.e. exchange homologous genome subunits by genetic reassortment) with H5N1, passing genes and mutating into a form which can pass easily among humans. (wikipedia.org)
The first HPAI A(H5N1) virus was isolated following an outbreak in chickens in Scotland. (cdc.gov)
About a decade ago, scientists and public health officials feared that we might be on the brink of a pandemic caused by the so-called avian or bird H5N1 flu that began circulating among poultry, ducks, and geese in Asia and spread to Europe and Africa. (bcm.edu)
H5N1- Avian Flu-Global influenza pandemic (mid-2000) - with fatality rate of 50% it becomes the most falat virus of all know Influenza virus that infect humans it also causes diarrhoea. (atomictherapy.org)
Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
In 2003, one person died from bird flu virus A (H5N1) in Asia out of two reported infection. (vetcos.com)
During 2003-05 period the A (H5N1) strain of bird flu virus infected 117 people out of which 64 died. (vetcos.com)
Public health officials remain concerned that the genes of Influenza A (H5N1) strain virus which is slightly infectious to human beings could yet mix with a human strain to create a new strain that could spread widely in human population. (vetcos.com)
Currently, there is concern that the avian A(H5N1) virus that has infected and killed millions of poultry in many countries will undergo such changes or naturally mutate to make it easily transmissible in humans and hence trigger a pandemic. (health.gov.au)
Avian strain / H5N1", 1990's biyihah yę́ędą́ą́ʼ bílaʼashdlaʼí bidaʼdeesnáʼ binaʼadaałtsoosí bikéyahdi. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, the signatures of human-infecting H5N1 isolates suggest that this avian subtype has low pandemic potential at present, although it presents more human adaptation components than most avian subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
Current widespread concern over the potential threat of a human pandemic caused by mutated H5N1 avian influenza viruses highlights the medical, social, and economic value of tools that enable correct assessment of the potential for transmissibility of avian flu viruses amongst human hosts [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Although the circulating H5N1 subtype has negligible potential for human-to-human transmission, there is a concern that it might acquire the necessary mutations for this capability. (biomedcentral.com)
Between 2006 and 2008 the biggest pandemic threat was believed to be H5N1 from Asia, but as it turned out, we were blindsided by a North American origin flu pandemic in the spring of 2009. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Therapeutic oral 4'-FlU ensured survival of animals infected with HPAI A/VN/12/2003 (H5N1) and of immunocompromised mice infected with pdmCa09. (bvsalud.org)
Galur unggas kang diarani H5N1 wis nimbulaké kakuwatiran munculé pandemi influenza anyar, sawisé kamunculané ing Asia nalika taun 1990-an, nanging virus mau durung évolusi dadi wangun kang nyebar kanthi gampang saka manungsa-menyang-manungsa. (wikipedia.org)

Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. (medscape.com)
The CDC analyzes the vaccine subtypes each year and makes any necessary changes for the coming season on the basis of worldwide trends. (medscape.com)
Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
In the Northern Hemisphere, all persons aged 6 months or older should receive influenza vaccine annually by the end of October, if possible. (medscape.com)
Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)
Those with a history of egg allergy who have experienced only hives after exposure to egg should receive influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
There are 13 distinct H subtypes and 9 distinct N subtypes each of which require a different vaccine to protect against infection. (vetcos.com)
The B viruses isolated were predominately of the B/Victoria-lineage and similar to the reference/vaccine strain B/Malaysia/2506/2004. (health.gov.au)
As flu season begins, we look at how far we've come in fighting the viral infection, including promising work being done on a universal vaccine. (jnj.com)
These tools would soon become critical instruments enabling doctors to administer the influenza vaccine. (jnj.com)
Influenza vaccine development-a high priority for the U.S. military following the deaths of approximately one in every 67 soldiers from the flu during the 1918-1919 pandemic-took a major step forward when researchers at the UK's Medical Research Council were able to isolate the virus (shown at right) from humans. (jnj.com)
Virologist Patrick Laidlaw and his team were working with ferrets to develop a distemper vaccine when the animals caught the flu from Wilson Smith , one of the scientists in the laboratory. (jnj.com)
The team dubbed it the "W.S." virus, and their discovery made it possible to develop a vaccine. (jnj.com)
Dishjį́diʼ éí azee ąąh alʼįʼdiʼ jigáágo éí achʼąąʼ adáʼatsʼiʼ, azee éí "trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV)" wolyé. (wikipedia.org)
High-dose influenza vaccine appears to have the potential to prevent nearly one-quarter of all breakthrough influenza illnesses in seniors (≥65 y) compared with the standard-dose vaccine, according to results from a phase IIIb-IV double-blind, active-controlled trial. (medscape.com)
[ 3 , 4 ] A total of 31,989 participants were randomly assigned to receive either a high dose (IIV3-HD) (60 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) or a standard dose (IIV3-SD) (15 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) of a trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
We look forward to advancing our SynCon™ universal flu vaccine program toward clinical investigation. (medicineandtechnology.com)
Using a designer approach, Inovio can formulate these DNA plasmids together to rapidly develop a universal influenza vaccine potentially targeting all these strains. (medicineandtechnology.com)
The resulting vaccine could target seasonal as well as pandemic-potential influenza strains such as avian influenza and swine flu, which has already been designated pandemic status. (medicineandtechnology.com)
Significantly, being based on a common set of antigens derived from a broad range of flu strains, such a universal vaccine would have the potential to provide greater protection against evolving, unmatched flu strains. (medicineandtechnology.com)
The influenza vaccine should be given annually to everyone aged ≥ 6 months who does not have a contraindication. (msdmanuals.com)
Consequently the seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine contains an influenza B virus component. (virology.ws)
There is no vaccine against influenza C virus. (virology.ws)
Antigenic shift is contrasted with antigenic drift , which is the natural mutation over time of known strains of influenza (or other things, in a more general sense) which may lead to a loss of immunity, or in vaccine mismatch. (influenzavirusnet.com)
There may be a small increased risk of fever and febrile convulsions with concomitant delivery of PCV13 and influenza vaccine in children aged 6 months to under 5 years. (health.govt.nz)
Children aged under 5 years are more likely than older children or adults to have a febrile reaction to influenza vaccine. (health.govt.nz)
Because of this ongoing antigenic drift, seasonal influenza virus vaccine formulations are reviewed by the WHO bi-annually. (health.govt.nz)
This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. (mdpi.com)
Antigenic changes also necessitate frequent updating of influenza vaccine components to ensure that the vaccine is matched to circulating viruses. (cdc.gov)
[15] Vaksin kanggo manungsa kang paling asring dipigunakaké ya iku vaksin influenza trivalen ( trivalent influenza vaccine [TIV]) kang ngandhut antigen kang wis dimurnèkaké lan diinaktivasi marang telung galur virus. (wikipedia.org)

Influenza virus is a pleomorphic, enveloped virus with two coat proteins on its surface, the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). (csiropedia.csiro.au)
Bird flu virus is an RNA virus, which resembles a short rod studded with two kinds of protein spikes such as the Haemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N). (vetcos.com)
The Neuraminidase (N) help the daughter virus break free of host cell once the virus Replication is completed. (vetcos.com)
The surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) involved in receptor binding and virus release are used to classify IAVs. (biomedcentral.com)
For example, if a pig was infected with a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus at the same time, an antigenic shift could occur, producing a new virus that had most of the genes from the human virus, but a hemagglutinin or neuraminidase from the avian virus. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The resulting new virus would likely be able to infect humans and spread from person to person, but it would have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) not previously seen in influenza viruses that infect humans, and therefore to which most people have little or no immune protection. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The current therapeutic regimen for influenza A viruses is limited to two classes of drugs: the adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) and the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). (distantreader.org)
The virus contained a subtype 1 hemagglutinin protein (H1) and a subtype 1 neuraminidase protein (N1). (atrainceu.com)
Oseltamivir carboxylate binds to highly conserved, essential amino acids in the catalytic site of neuraminidase (NA), preventing virus release from infected cells and subsequent virus spread [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on surface proteins called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
[7] There are 16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes that circulate in a variety of avian species, and a restricted subgroup of these have infected other animals, such as pigs, horses, cats, ferrets, dogs, and marine mammals (seals and whales). (cdc.gov)

Flu pandemics are typically caused by the introduction and spread of an animal (avian, swine, or combination) influenza A virus with an HA subtype that is new (novel) to human populations 6 . (cdc.gov)
Evidence suggests that true pandemics with changes in hemagglutinin subtypes arise from genetic reassortment with animal influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
There have been four major pandemics of flu since 1990 - The Spanish flu (1918-1919), the Asian flu (1957-1958), the Hong Kong flu (1968-1969) and the Swine flu (2009) - with Swine flu being the least deadly pandemic out of the four. (zovon.com)
WHO reports flu pandemics can be expected to occur three or four times every 100 years. (vetcos.com)
Viral recombination of this type seem to have been responsible for the past three major flu pandemics. (vetcos.com)
Mortality associated with the Asian and Hong Kong influenza pandemics was less severe, with the highest mortality rates being in the elderly and people with chronic diseases. (health.gov.au)
Evolutionary timelines derived from signatures of early human influenza isolates suggest that characteristic variants emerged rapidly, and remained remarkably stable through subsequent pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
Pandemics, on the other hand, are generally caused by novel subtypes. (corespirit.com)
Influenza has a history as one of the world's most serious pathogens, with yearly regional infections and episodic global pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
A major complication is the occurrence of global pandemics resulting from the emergence of highly infectious subtypes of the virus, particularly those capable of human-to-human transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza B viruses cause the same spectrum of disease as influenza A. However, influenza B viruses do not cause pandemics. (virology.ws)
New influenza A virus subtypes emerge periodically that have caused pandemics in humans. (health.govt.nz)
At least four influenza pandemics occurred in the nineteenth century, followed by three more in the twentieth century and one in this century. (atrainceu.com)
Antigenic shift occurs when the virus acquires an HA of a different IAV subtype via reassortment of one or more gene segments and is thought to be the basis for the more devastating influenza pandemics that occurred several times in the last century [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In the case of the 2 that occurred within the era of modern virology (1957 and 1968), the hemagglutinin (HA) antigen of the causative viruses showed major changes from the corresponding antigens of immediately antecedent strains. (cdc.gov)
Hemagglutinin (H) is a glycoprotein on the influenza viral surface that allows the virus to bind to cellular sialic acid and fuse with the host cell membrane. (msdmanuals.com)
The major influenza C virus envelope glycoprotein is called HEF (hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion) because it has the functions of both the HA and the NA. (virology.ws)
The humoral immune response plays an important role in the defense against these viruses, providing protection mainly by producing antibodies directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. (distantreader.org)

The new subtypes arose in pigs coinfected with avian and human viruses and were soon transferred to humans. (wikipedia.org)
However, other hosts appear capable of similar coinfection (e.g., many poultry species), and direct transmission of avian viruses to humans is possible. (wikipedia.org)
There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
In Richard Shope's Harvey lecture of 1936 ( 2 ), he reviews evidence that in the late summer or early autumn of 1918, a disease not previously recognized in swine, and closely resembling influenza in humans, appeared in the American Middle West. (cdc.gov)
Epidemiologic-epizootiologic evidence strongly suggested that the causative virus was moving from humans to swine rather than in the reverse direction. (cdc.gov)
In the spring of 1918, influenza in humans spread rapidly all over the world and was prevalent from Canton, China, to the most northern parts of Manchuria and from Shanghai to Szechuan. (cdc.gov)
Thus, epidemiologic evidence, fragmentary as it is, appears to favor the spread of virus from humans to swine, in which it remained relatively unchanged until it was recovered more than a decade later by Shope in the first isolation of influenza virus from a mammalian species. (cdc.gov)
Influenza is considered as one of the deadliest diseases of humans. (zovon.com)
Influenza D viruses infect cattle and are not known to cause any illness in humans. (zovon.com)
Following are known subtypes of Influenza A virus that can infect humans and are listed as per number of known pandemic human deaths. (atomictherapy.org)
Type B and C viruses are restricted to humans and cause only mild infections. (vetcos.com)
The bird flu virus, which passed to humans directly from bird, is with Type 5 H protein and type 1 N protein. (vetcos.com)
The ancestral hosts for influenza A viruses are aquatic birds, however, it has also been established in some mammals, such as humans and pigs. (health.gov.au)
The natural host for types B and C is humans, although influenza C has been isolated from pigs. (health.gov.au)
This virus has limited zoonotic potential: only four influenza subtypes have been known to circulate amongst humans, while at least 100 subtypes have been observed in birds. (biomedcentral.com)
However, occasional transmissions of influenza A to humans can have a tremendous impact. (biomedcentral.com)
Our findings provide insights into virus adaptation processes in humans and highlights splicing regulation as a potential antiviral target. (biomedcentral.com)
A pandemic is usually caused by a new virus strain or subtype that becomes easily transmissable between humans, or by bacteria that become resistant to antibiotic treatment. (corespirit.com)
Humans may have little or no immunity against a new virus. (corespirit.com)
Some viruses are present in animals but rarely spread to humans. (corespirit.com)
The survival properties include virus escape from the immune responses of humans previously infected or immunized with an earlier virus strain. (biomedcentral.com)
It is simply a matter of chance that the mutations responsible for the infectivity and pathogenicity of a particular influenza virus in animals does not include the ability to efficiently infect humans with human-to-human transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
This property may be a consequence of the limited host range of the virus - humans and seals - which limits the generation of new strains by reassortment. (virology.ws)
So, flu B jumped from birds to humans 4000 years ago, I read. (virology.ws)
Flu C 8000 years ago and then they kept in humans. (virology.ws)
Viruses are also transmitted between pigs and humans, and from poultry to humans. (powershow.com)
Antigenic drift occurs in all types of influenza including influenza virus A, influenza B and influenza C. Antigenic shift, however, occurs only in influenzavirus A because it infects more than just humans. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Influenza B and C principally infect humans, minimizing the chance that a reassortment will change its phenotype drastically. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Because pigs are susceptible to avian, human and swine influenza viruses, they potentially may be infected with influenza viruses from different species (e.g., ducks and humans) at the same time. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Other possible mechanisms for the emergence of new influenza viruses are through the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to infect humans and the re-assortment of the genomic segments of multiple viruses (ie, human, avian and pig influenza viruses). (health.govt.nz)
The OIE is developing influenza surveillance guidelines that encompass birds, domestic mammals, wildlife, and humans. (nationalacademies.org)
surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
In summary, the replication kinetics and pathobiological characteristics of ICV in guinea pigs agree with the clinical manifestation of ICV infection in humans, and hence guinea pigs could be used to study these distantly related influenza viruses. (bvsalud.org)

Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
In influenza A viruses there are 8 segments of RNA coding for eight viral proteins and two non-structural proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
Virus strains are named according to influenza virus type, the place where first isolated, the isolate number and the year of isolation as well as the nature of the two surface proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
The reason for this is not a poor immune response, rather it is the fact that the influenza virus continues to change its coat proteins so that the new infecting variants are no longer recognised and destroyed by the immune response generated against the earlier infection. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
There are 3 types of influenza-A, B and C-which are classified according to their distinct internal proteins. (health.gov.au)
On the surface of the virus are HA proteins and NA proteins. (corespirit.com)
Influenza viruses are classified as type A, B, or C by their nucleoproteins and matrix proteins. (msdmanuals.com)
Proliferation of influenza A is predominantly in avian hosts with very rapid mutation, resulting in a "quasispecies" [ 4 ], a vast number of viruses that are genetically related but differ in the amino acid sequences of the viral proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
The enveloped influenza A virions have three membrane proteins (HA, NA, M2), a matrix protein (M1) just below the lipid bilayer, a ribonucleoprotein core (consisting of 8 viral RNA segments and three proteins: PA, PB1, PB2), and the NEP/NS2 protein. (virology.ws)
Influenza B virions have four proteins in the envelope: HA, NA, NB, and BM2. (virology.ws)
Like the influenza A and B viruses, the core of influenza C viruses consists of a ribonucleoprotein made up of viral RNA and four proteins. (virology.ws)
Influenza A and B viruses both undergo gradual, continuous change in the HA and NA proteins, known as antigenic drift. (cdc.gov)

Swine were considered the original "intermediate host" for influenza, because they supported reassortment of divergent subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
Last June, in Eurosurveillance: Genetic Tuning Of Avian H7N9 During Interspecies Transmission , researchers working for China's National and Provincial CDCs, announced that the genetic diversity of the H7N9 virus was even greater than previously described, and that continual reassortment with the H9N2 virus, along with passage through a variety of host species, appears to be influencing its ongoing evolution. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Last year, in EID Journal: Predicting Hotspots for Influenza Virus Reassortment , we looked at research that ranked eastern China as one of the globe's top breeding grounds for new flu strains. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
I showed that the influenza C virus genome consists of 7 RNA segments, and demonstrated reassortment among different influenza C virus strains. (virology.ws)
Reassortment among the three influenza types (A, B, C) does not occur. (virology.ws)
[8,9] However, these viruses were shown to be incompetent for reassortment with other influenza A viruses, a hallmark of the species, indicating that they are not true influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)

In October 1918, a disease diagnosed as influenza appeared in Russian and Chinese pigs in the area surrounding Harbin. (cdc.gov)
Pigs can be infected with both human and avian influenza viruses in addition to swine influenza viruses. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The goal of this study was to understand the replication kinetics, tissue tropism, and pathogenesis of human ICV (huICV) in comparison to the swine influenza D virus (swIDV) in guinea pigs. (bvsalud.org)

All 3 have been informally identified by their presumed sites of origin as Spanish, Asian, and Hong Kong influenza, respectively. (cdc.gov)
Hong Kong Flu Epidemic is Back And Is On A Killing Spree It Has Killed More Than 100 In Just A Month In 2018. (atomictherapy.org)
in Hong Kong the virus infected population of 5lacs and the epidemic density in the region was 500 infected people per acre, and had infected 15% of USA population. (atomictherapy.org)
In homoeopathy there is treatment for Hong Kong Flu and medicines differs from patient to patient. (atomictherapy.org)
antigenic drift which occurs within influenza virus subtypes and antigenic shift to new subtypes such as the emergence of Asian influenza in 1957 and Hong Kong influenza in 1968. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
In 1999 a different strain of bird flu virus identified as A (H9N2) infected two people in Hong Kong. (vetcos.com)
Influenza viruses which have undergone antigenic shift have caused the Asian Flu pandemic of 1957 , the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 , and the Swine Flu scare of 1976. (influenzavirusnet.com)

The gold standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. (medscape.com)
Influenza is an acute self-limiting viral disease of the upper respiratory tract. (health.gov.au)
Influenza refers to illness caused by the influenza viruses, but the term is commonly and incorrectly used to refer to similar illnesses caused by other viral respiratory pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)
Antigenic shift is important for the emergence of new viral pathogens as it is a pathway that viruses may follow to enter a new niche (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)
For this reason, seasonal vaccines need to be annually reformulated based upon the forecasting of viral strains that will circulate in the coming influenza season. (distantreader.org)
the partners plan to exchange scientific information on avian influenza, share viral isolates, and may eventually manufacture human vaccines against avian viral strains. (nationalacademies.org)
A comparative analysis of tropism and pathogenesis of these two related seven-segmented influenza viruses revealed that swIDV-infected animals exhibited broad tissue tropism with an increased rate of shedding on 3, 5, and 7 dpi and high viral loads in the lungs compared to huICV. (bvsalud.org)
IMPORTANCE Similar to influenza A and B, ICV infections are seen associated with bacterial and viral co-infections which complicates the assessment of its real clinical significance. (bvsalud.org)
Having previously identified oral efficacy of the nucleoside analog 4'-Fluorouridine (4'-FlU, EIDD-2749) against SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), we explored activity of the compound against seasonal and highly pathogenic influenza (HPAI) viruses in cell culture, human airway epithelium (HAE) models, and/or two animal models, ferrets and mice, that assess IAV transmission and lethal viral pneumonia, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
[3] Flu sok-sok bisa nimbulaké pneumonia viral kanthi langsung uga nimbulaké pneumonia bakterial sékundhèr. (wikipedia.org)

Present vaccination strategies for swine influenza virus (SIV) control and prevention in swine farms typically include the use of one of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
5, 6] For the 2021-2022 influenza season, all flu vaccines are expected to be quadrivalent. (medscape.com)
Fifteen years before the deadly 1918 flu pandemic swept the world, Johnson & Johnson recognized that injectable medications and vaccines would become a crucial tool for rapidly delivering treatments into the bloodstream and began selling hypodermic needles that fit a standard syringe (shown at right). (jnj.com)
Dr. Niranjan Sardesai, Senior VP, Research & Development, presented the data at the Annual Conference of DNA Vaccines in Asia 2009 held in Beijing, China, July 9-10, 2009, in a presentation entitled, "Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza DNA Vaccines Delivered Via Electroporation. (medicineandtechnology.com)
Dr. J. Joseph Kim, Inovio's CEO, said, "Our innovative SynCon™ technology has the potential to protect people from influenza strains not exactly like the ones that make up the existing vaccines. (medicineandtechnology.com)
This is a clear advantage for our universal flu program over conventional influenza vaccines. (medicineandtechnology.com)
However, their high genetic variability allows the virus to evade the host immune response and the potential protection offered by seasonal vaccines. (distantreader.org)
Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)

The influenza virus occurs as three types A, B and C which correspond to three genera of the family Orthomyxoviridae . (csiropedia.csiro.au)
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the Orthomyxoviridae family infect various species, including mammals and birds. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a member of the family Orthomyxoviridae and contains eight segments of a single-stranded RNA genome with negative polarity [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza , kang luwih ditepungi kanthi sebutan flu, wujud lelara nular kang disebabaké déning virus RNA saka famili Orthomyxoviridae (virus influenza), kang nyerang unggas lan mamalia . (wikipedia.org)

So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)

There are four types of influenza viruses, namely, A, B, C and D. Human influenza viruses, A and B cause seasonal flu every year. (zovon.com)

Preventive vaccination has historically been the most efficient measure of influenza control, but this approach presents important limitations due to the accumulation of antigenic mutations in the virus, known as antigenic drift. (distantreader.org)
This 'antigenic drift' leads to the emergence of new antigenic variants or virus strains. (health.govt.nz)

It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
To the degree that secondary bacterial infection may contribute to influenza death rates, it should at least be partially controllable by antimicrobial agents, as indeed was the case in 1957. (cdc.gov)
Influenza, commonly known as flu, refers to a respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. (zovon.com)
In the U.S. alone, flu infection is known to claim about 36,000 lives every season, while the average cost of hospitalizations and outpatient doctor visits due to flu amounts to approximately 10 billion USD. (zovon.com)
People with compromised immune system such as those suffering from HIV infection or patients who are on immune suppressing agents, like those suffering from cancer, are at a higher risk of catching flu. (zovon.com)
This phenomenon of successive infections by the influenza virus is in marked contrast to the situation with viruses like measles, mumps or small pox where exposure to a single infection induces lifelong immunity. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
First human case of bird flu infection occurred in May 1997, in a 3 year old boy who died of the disease. (vetcos.com)
Influenza C virus infection does not cause typical influenza illness and is not discussed here. (msdmanuals.com)
they occur in a random fashion and the variant viruses that have the best genetically endowed combination of efficient infection, rapid replication, and greatest survival become the dominant populations. (biomedcentral.com)
It thus appears inevitable that, without means to prevent influenza infection, another pandemic will occur within the foreseeable future. (biomedcentral.com)
The resistance to zanamivir is rare [17] , but its use is limited to patients who can actively inhale it, which often excludes young children, impaired older adults or patients with underlying airway disease [14] , that is the groups of patients most vulnerable to serious influenza infection complications. (distantreader.org)
1 ] Influenza C is associated with mild cases of upper respiratory infection. (health.govt.nz)
Once-daily oral treatment of ferrets with 2 mg/kg 4'-FlU initiated 12 hours after infection rapidly stopped virus shedding and prevented transmission to untreated sentinels. (bvsalud.org)
Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection with influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
Complications of influenza infection include secondary bacterial pneumonia and exacerbation of underlying chronic health conditions. (cdc.gov)
[1-5] Aspirin and other salicylate-containing medications are contraindicated for children and adolescents with influenza-like illness, as their use during influenza infection has been associated with the development of Reye syndrome. (cdc.gov)
As a result of these antigenic changes, antibodies produced to influenza viruses as a result of infection or vaccination with earlier strains may not be protective against viruses circulating in later years. (cdc.gov)

Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but can be categorized into lineages and strains. (zovon.com)
The currently circulating Influenza B virus lineages are: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria. (zovon.com)
Maximum clade credibility trees revealed a rapid diversification of NA genes in different genetic lineages, all of them containing Oseltamivir-resistant viruses of very recent emergence. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but are further broken down into 2 lineages: Yamagata and Victoria. (cdc.gov)

This theory was based on the asymmetric nature of the antigenic cross reactions observed between parent viruses and their mutants selected in the presence of neutralising antibodies. (csiropedia.csiro.au)

This Influenza virus is infectious to all species of animals and birds: Human Influenza, Swine Influenza, Equine Influenza, Avian Flu etc are the different names. (vetcos.com)
Influenza B and C are human viruses do not infect birds. (powershow.com)
Wild aquatic birds are the main reservoir of influenza A viruses. (powershow.com)
Affected species include other mammals and birds, giving influenza A the opportunity for a major reorganization of surface antigens. (influenzavirusnet.com)
This chapter focuses on the global phenomenon of avian influenza, its impact on the poultry industry, and potential means to control influenza transmission among birds and mammals. (nationalacademies.org)

Lasting just over a year, the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic stands as a lasting reminder of what happens when governments and their citizens fail to meet a crisis head on. (atrainceu.com)
The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I, at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. (atrainceu.com)
Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe," the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster. (atrainceu.com)

Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
Flu and cold are both respiratory illnesses but are caused by different groups of organisms. (zovon.com)
Although respiratory infections can be classified by the causative virus (eg, influenza), they are generally classified. (msdmanuals.com)
Nearly all adults have been infected with influenza C virus, which causes mild upper respiratory tract illness. (virology.ws)
That's correct - influenza C causes mild upper respiratory tract infections with cold-like symptoms. (virology.ws)
Typical features of influenza include abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough (usually nonproductive), sore throat, and coryza, as well as systemic symptoms such as headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. (cdc.gov)

We compared over 3,000 PB2 protein sequences of human-transmissible and avian isolates, to produce a catalogue of sites involved in adaptation to human-to-human transmission. (biomedcentral.com)

New strains of flu virus arise not through mutation but through recombination of genes. (vetcos.com)
Do viruses ever reassort across these lines-like influenza A and C exchanging HA genes or something? (virology.ws)
If this happens, it is possible for the genes of these viruses to mix and create a new virus (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)

In contrast, the stem region of HA, formed mostly by the HA2 subunit, is relatively conserved among different influenza A subtypes [19] and indeed could represent an universal target for the development of cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. (distantreader.org)

Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for people who are at increased risk of complications from the disease, such as those aged 65 years or older, and people with conditions such as cardiovascular disease and lung conditions which predispose them to severe influenza, and others with impaired immunity. (health.gov.au)
In addition to vaccination, other public health measures are also effective in limiting influenza transmission in closed environments. (medscape.com)

Influenza A was the predominant type notified (71%), however influenza B activity continued to increase as a proportion of reported cases. (health.gov.au)

Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
Though it didnt claim all those who were infected as the fatality index of epidemic by this virus is low 0.5% and falls in category 2 of pandemic severity index and also its seen that every subsequent outbreak is milder as it seems that people in affected region develops some immunity towards N2 at every outbreak. (atomictherapy.org)
The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
The second wave occurred with an outbreak of severe influenza in the fall of 1918 and the final wave hit in the spring of 1919. (atrainceu.com)

The Spanish flu was responsible for about 100 million deaths. (zovon.com)
The Spanish Flu is estimated to have caused as many as 40 million deaths worldwide, with unusually high mortality among young adults. (health.gov.au)
Díí éélkidígíí éí Spanish flu átʼé. (wikipedia.org)
This analysis identified 17 characteristic sites, five of which have been present in human-transmissible strains since the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
A relatively recent plague-like event was the 1918 flu pandemic, better known as Spanish flu, which caused an estimated 50 million deaths worldwide (some say even 100 million). (dnx.news)
Frank Macfarlane Burnet, who won his Nobel Prize for immunology but who spent most of his life studying influenza, estimated the Spanish flu death toll as probably 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million. (dnx.news)
The Spanish flu was the worst pandemic in history, killing 100 million people. (corespirit.com)
The Spanish flu pandemic, from 1918 to 1920, claimed 100 million lives. (corespirit.com)

One type of pandemic is that which that can emerge when a type of influenza virus, known as the influenza A virus, changes suddenly, resulting in a virus that is different from any virus that already exists. (corespirit.com)

The emergence of a new strain of influenza virus are responsible for a pandemic. (zovon.com)

The cause (etiology) of HPAI in domestic poultry was identified as a virus, though Influenza viruses were not isolated until the 1930s. (cdc.gov)
Domestic poultry and some mammals, particularly swine, are also hosts to a limited number of influenza A subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
While we can't know what this fall holds in store for the H7N9 virus, studies released earlier this year (see EID Journal: H7N9 As A Work In Progress ), show that the H7N9 avian virus continues to reassort with local H9N2 viruses , introducing new clades of the virus into China's poultry population. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
And indeed, over the past two years we've seen the emergence of no less than four new subtypes ( H7N9, H10N8, H5N8, H5N6 ) from this region that pose significant risks to poultry or human health. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
While avian influenza is an uncommon disease of poultry in the United States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recognizes the international importance of the disease and has developed considerable animal health policies to detect, prevent, and control avian influenza. (nationalacademies.org)

Influenza poses a major threat to worldwide public health because of its ability to spread rapidly through populations. (health.gov.au)
It can be used for a detailed characterization of the composition and incidence of mutations present in the proteomes of influenza viruses from animal and human host populations, for a better understanding of host tropism. (biomedcentral.com)

In the spring of 2009, a different influenza virus - one that had never been seen before - suddenly appeared. (bcm.edu)

The symptoms of flu tend to start more suddenly, are more serious and can result in complicated health conditions, such as pneumonia, bacterial infections or hospitalizations. (zovon.com)
In April 2003, a Dutch veterinarian working in a farm infected with bird flu virus of H7 strain died of pneumonia. (vetcos.com)
Influenza C virus (ICV) is increasingly associated with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children and its disease severity is worse than the influenza B virus, but similar to influenza A virus associated CAP. (bvsalud.org)

However, the observations of trained observers at that time are worth noting because they may bear on later genomic analysis of the recently resurrected 1918 virus nucleotide fragments ( 1 ) and the abortive "swine flu" epidemic of 1976. (cdc.gov)
If you are infected with the virus or have flu like symptoms after travel history to epidemic region then isolate yourself so that you dont spread the virus to others and get properly diagnosed and treated. (atomictherapy.org)
Johnson & Johnson played a key role in helping to prevent the spread of the virus by introducing the epidemic mask, made from sterile gauze. (jnj.com)
While outbreaks of influenza may be traced as far back as 412 B.C.E. , the first pandemic , or worldwide epidemic, that clearly fits the description of influenza occurred in 1580. (atrainceu.com)
The effect of the influenza epidemic was so severe that the average lifespan in the United States was depressed by 10 years (Billings, 2005). (atrainceu.com)

Influenza surveillance in Australia is based on laboratory isolation of influenza viruses, sentinel general practitioner reports of influenza-like illness, and absenteeism data from a major national employer. (health.gov.au)
Isolation of influenza C virus recombinants. (virology.ws)

Preliminary in-season burden estimates for the 2022-2023 flu season were updated for the final time this season on May 26, 2023. (medscape.com)
An estimated 19,000 to 58,000 deaths have been attributed to influenza since October 2022. (medscape.com)
The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 5,000 to 14,000 deaths during the 2021-2022 season. (medscape.com)

Influenza causes significant loss of workdays, human suffering, and mortality. (medscape.com)
But occasionally happens with a sudden change in genotype of the virus which is unfamiliar to human immune system to resist. (vetcos.com)
The Vet did not take any medication against bird flu or human flu. (vetcos.com)
The method presented was applied to an analysis of influenza A PB2 protein sequences, with the objective of identifying the components of adaptation to human-to-human transmission, and reconstructing the mutation history of these components. (biomedcentral.com)
The association between M segment splicing and pathogenicity remains ambiguous in human influenza A viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we aimed to investigate M splicing in various human influenza A viruses and characterize its physiological roles by applying the splicing inhibitor, herboxidiene. (biomedcentral.com)
The discrepancy in M2-dependence emphasizes the importance of M2 in human influenza A virus pathogenicity, which leads to subtype-specific evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
g-FLUA2H is a web-based application focused on the analysis of the dynamics of influenza virus animal-to-human (A2H) mutation transmissions. (biomedcentral.com)
Human infections by influenza A viruses commonly occur yearly, with a seasonal peak incidence [ 6 ], usually as a mild disease, but for some, as a more severe illness that may be fatal. (biomedcentral.com)
Sequence change (mutation) events can transform an animal-origin virus into a human virus, with varying levels of fitness to survive in the new host [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It could occur with primate viruses and may be a factor for the appearance of new viruses in the human species such as HIV. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Because the human immune system has difficulty recognizing the new influenza strain, it may be highly dangerous. (influenzavirusnet.com)
One increasingly worrying situation is the possible antigenic shift between avian influenza and human influenza. (influenzavirusnet.com)
In this study, we describe a human monoclonal antibody (PN-SIA49) that recognizes a highly conserved epitope located on the stem region of the HA and able to neutralize a broad spectrum of influenza viruses belonging to different subtypes (H1, H2 and H5). (distantreader.org)
To address the threat that avian influenza (AI) poses to human health, it is necessary to recognize its broader agricultural and economic implications and to integrate this knowledge into disease control strategies. (nationalacademies.org)
In the twentieth century, the most devastating example of a new influenza subtype emerging in the human population occurred in 1918. (atrainceu.com)
B) Antibody response in the human population, which the authors propose to have contributed to the elimination of existing seasonal influenza virus strains. (atrainceu.com)

The sequence data was used also by Don Wiley (Harvard University) and colleagues in their landmark determination of the 3D structure of the influenza virus haemagglutinin, published in Nature in 1981. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
Haemagglutinin (H) protein aids the virus in gaining access to the host cell Interior. (vetcos.com)

More than 20 strains of Influenza A viruses are identified, based on their difference in protein spikes. (vetcos.com)
The C55T substitution significantly reduced both M2 mRNA and protein levels regardless of the virus subtype. (biomedcentral.com)
Like the M2 protein of influenza A virus, the BM2 protein is a proton channel that is essential for the uncoating process . (virology.ws)
The M1 protein lies just below the membrane, as in influenza A and B virions. (virology.ws)
When two different strains of influenza infect the same cell simultaneously, their protein capsids and lipid envelopes are removed, exposing their RNA, which is then transcribed to mRNA. (influenzavirusnet.com)

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), influenza is responsible for nearly 500,000 annual deaths globally. (zovon.com)
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the flu was responsible for an estimated 38,000 deaths in the United States alone during the 2016-2017 flu season, and an even greater number were hospitalized with the illness. (jnj.com)
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that seasonal influenza is responsible for an average of more than 20,000 deaths annually. (medscape.com)

These strategies are presented, along with background information on the biology, ecology, and epidemiology of avian influenza, by David Swayne and David Suarez of the USDA. (nationalacademies.org)

The emergence of resistance to antiviral drugs in recent years further limits the options available for the control of influenza. (distantreader.org)
Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. (mdpi.com)

Since influenza A viruses contain eight separate segments of RNA, genetic re-assortment can occur when cells are infected simultaneously by two or more influenza viruses resulting in progeny viruses that contain some (1, 2, 3 or 4) RNA segments from one parent virus and the remaining (7, 6, 5 or 4) RNA segments from the second virus. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
Influenza infections are seasonal in temperate climates, more commonly occurring in the colder months (June to September in the Southern Hemisphere and December to April in the Northern Hemisphere) but may occur year-round in tropical regions. (health.gov.au)
If this new virus causes illness in people and can be transmitted easily from person to person, an influenza pandemic can occur. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Pandemic influenza results from the emergence of a new influenza A virus to which the population possesses little or no immunity and that can occur at any time of year. (atrainceu.com)

The virus causes significant morbidity: in the US in 2008, approximately one-third of all laboratory confirmed cases of influenza were caused by influenza B (as shown on the first graph on this CDC page) . (virology.ws)
In the United States the first reports came from public health officials in Haskell County, Kansas, who reported "18 cases of influenza of a severe type. (atrainceu.com)

1 The health and economic impact of influenza largely arise from related complications. (health.gov.au)

This report provides an analysis of influenza surveillance data in Australia during 2006. (health.gov.au)

Three worldwide (pandemic) outbreaks of influenza occurred in the 20th century: in 1918, 1957, and 1968. (cdc.gov)

Most patients with flu recover within a few days, but some people develop complications. (zovon.com)
Complications from influenza can result in increased hospitalisations and mortality. (health.gov.au)
Persons 65 years of age and older, young children, pregnant women, and persons of any age with certain underlying health problems are at increased risk for complications of influenza and hospitalization. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy16

Organisms93

Diseases22

Chemicals and Drugs39

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment29

Phenomena and Processes50

Disciplines and Occupations3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Named Groups1

Health Care13

Geographicals3

H1N155

H3N222

Epidemics23

H5N117

Vaccine30

Neuraminidase11

Pandemics14

Hemagglutinin4

Humans34

Proteins12

Reassortment6

Pigs3

Hong Kong7

Viral10

Vaccines8

Orthomyxoviridae4

H1N21

Types of influenza1

Antigenic drift2

Infection17

Lineages4

Neutralising antibodies1

Birds5

1918-19193

Respiratory6

Isolates1

Genes3

Among different influenza1

Vaccination2

Predominant1

Outbreak4

Spanish Flu8

Type of influenza virus1

Strain of influenza virus1

Poultry5

Populations2

Different influenza virus1

Pneumonia3

Epidemic5

Isolation of influenza2

20223

Human17

Haemagglutinin2

Protein5

Deaths3

Epidemiology1

Control of influenza2

Occur4

Cases of influenza2

Impact of influenza1

Analysis of influenza1

Outbreaks of influenza1

Complications3