• Accordingly, 10-times-lower VSV inocula elicited specific neutralizing-antibody responses, a replication-based effect not observed with inactivated virus or after immunization with recombinant VSV glycoprotein. (ox.ac.uk)
  • ZMapp), anti-sense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMO AVI-6002), lipid nanoparticle small interfering RNA (LNP-siRNA: TKM-Ebola), and an EBOV glycoprotein-based vaccine using live-attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV-EBOGP) or a chimpanzee adenovirus (rChAd-EBOGP)-based vector. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To circumvent the need for BSL-3 laboratories, an alternative assay was developed that avoids live virus and instead uses a recombinant VSV expressing luciferase and possesses the full length or truncated spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Experiments using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing the EKV-1 envelope glycoprotein indicate EKV-1 has very broad tropism and can efficiently enter nearly all types of human cells. (wikimili.com)
  • Experiments using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing the EKV-2 envelope glycoprotein indicate EKV-2 has very broad tropism similar to EKV-1. (wikimili.com)
  • To investigate further the oncolytic capacity of the Raccoonpox virus, we have generated a thymidine kinase (TK)-deleted recombinant Raccoonpox virus expressing the suicide gene FCU1 . (oncotarget.com)
  • In human colon cancer xenograft model, a single intratumoral inoculation of the recombinant Raccoonpox virus, in combination with 5-fluorocytosine administration, produced relevant tumor growth control. (oncotarget.com)
  • Mucosal Shipping associated with Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Computer virus Vectors Revealing Package Healthy proteins of Respiratory system Syncytial Computer virus Induces Protective Defenses within 100 % cotton Rats. (pkc-signal.com)
  • In this study, we reported on the construction and preclinical testing of a recombinant MVA vaccine obtained using this system. (bvsalud.org)
  • We obtained recombinant MVA expressing the unmodified full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein containing the D614G amino-acid substitution (MVA-Sdg) and a version expressing a modified S protein containing amino-acid substitutions designed to stabilize the protein a in a pre-fusion conformation (MVA-Spf). (bvsalud.org)
  • Replication of both viruses is blocked at temperatures above 31°C, suggesting that the viruses are unlikely to infect mammals ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
  • No replication of GOLV and HEBV was detected, whereas vesicular stomatitis virus replicated to high concentrations ( Figure 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Like all viruses, the EBOV largely relies on host cell factors and physiological processes for its entry, replication, and egress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To combat such an unprecedented global public-health crisis before these experimental agents are available, alternative available interventions that can target different steps in the replication cycle of the EBOV should be explored in the management of the human EBOV infection as contingency preparation for the international dissemination of the EBOV outbreak in West Africa. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus it inhibits replication of parainfluenza virus, feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), flock house virus (FHV) etc. (turmericforhealth.com)
  • Enveloped viruses contain a protective envelope like structure which protects the material required for replication by the virus. (turmericforhealth.com)
  • In HHV-1 and HHV-2 oral infections, viral replication within the oral epithelium may cause lysis of epithelial cells, with vesicle formation. (medscape.com)
  • Many potent inhibitors, which play roles in suppressing the virus-host interaction and membrane fusion, restraining viral replication and translation, or disturbing autophagy, have been explored and identified in vitro and in vivo. (datexis.com)
  • In eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. (lookformedical.com)
  • [9] EKV-1 was present in her blood at 4.5 million RNA copies/mL suggesting robust replication. (wikimili.com)
  • [10] EKV-1 could not be isolated from the patient's blood sample and live replication-competent virus is not available. (wikimili.com)
  • [9] EKV-2 was present in her blood at 45,000 RNA copies/mL suggesting modest replication. (wikimili.com)
  • The partners in this collaborative research project consortium have long-term expertise in studying HIV-1/SIV replication and pathogenesis. (europa.eu)
  • HIV persistence may arise from ongoing residual virus replication and/or from latently-infected cells defined as the cellular reservoir in which long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells harbouring an integrated but transcriptionally silent provirus represent the largest pool in the blood (Chomont et al. (europa.eu)
  • Algae-derived materials such as for example polysaccharides and Dexamethasone Phosphate disodium lectins have known capability to block the entry or replication of enveloped viruses. (enmd-2076.com)
  • Oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) can be delivered intravenously to target primary and metastatic lesions, but the interaction between human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and VSV remains poorly understood. (karger.com)
  • Ulcers may appear as single or multiple lesions, and they are easily distinguished from primary or secondary viral infections, bacterial infections (eg, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis), dermatologic conditions (lichen planus, cicatricial pemphigoid, pemphigus), and traumatic injuries (contusions, lacerations, burns) by the healthy appearance of adjacent tissues and the lack of distinguishing systemic features. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with a history of major recurrent aphthous ulcers (canker sores) often have residual scarring in the oral mucosa from previous lesions. (medscape.com)
  • 3 mm in diameter), tightly clustered lesions. (medscape.com)
  • They are not related to herpes simplex infections and do not present as or develop into vesicular lesions. (medscape.com)
  • Confusion may arise if the lesions coalesce into a large lesion resembling major aphthous stomatitis. (medscape.com)
  • The disease is characterized by fever and blisterlike lesions followed by erosions on the tongue and lips, in the mouth, on the teats, and between the hooves. (someinfos.com)
  • Signs and lesions are generally similar in the various species. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Concerns about this infection have resulted in the cancellation of several horse shows and some equine ranches have closed their facilities to outside horses until the current outbreak abates. (abcplus.biz)
  • In Minnesota there are reports an outbreak of equine herpesvirus-1, or EHV-1. (abcplus.biz)
  • The recent outbreak of the human Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) epidemic is spiraling out of control in West Africa. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The recent outbreak of the human Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) infection starting in West African countries has resulted in 15,351 infected patients, as of 18th of November 2014. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Researchers from Harvard , Yale , and Emory compared the estimated excess deaths in New York during the peak of the 1918 influenza pandemic with above-average deaths during the early period of the COVID-19 outbreak in a new research letter published in JAMA Network Open. (bio-itworld.com)
  • During the peak of the 1918 H1N1 influenza outbreak in New York City, a total of 31,589 all-cause deaths occurred among 5,500,000 residents, yielding an incident rate of 287.17 deaths per 100,000 person-months. (bio-itworld.com)
  • During the early period of the COVID-19 outbreak in New York City, 33,465 all-cause deaths occurred among 8,280,000 residents, yielding an incident rate of 202.08 deaths per 100,000 person-months. (bio-itworld.com)
  • In the absence of any failsafe prevention, the burden is on owners, show organizers and veterinarians to make responsible decisions when moving horses around, and when an outbreak takes place in or near their own back yards. (horsesport.com)
  • Multiple factors contribute to every outbreak, which makes it very difficult to identify a single factor in any situation. (horsesport.com)
  • If an outbreak of FMD occurred, the virus could spread rapidly throughout Canada, due to routine livestock movements. (canada.ca)
  • Marburg virus (MARV) is the causative agent of Marburg virus disease (MVD) in humans, with a case fatality rate ranging from 23 to 90%, depending on the outbreak [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, in 1999 an outbreak was identified in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where multiple spillover events into the human population are thought to have taken place over the course of 2 years. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Outbreaks have continued to pop up since 2005, with a 2007 outbreak in Uganda, two instances in 2008 that involved tourists visiting Uganda returning home to the United States and Netherlands with MVD, and outbreaks in Uganda in 2012, 2014, and 2017 [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If an outbreak occurred in the United States, this disease could spread rapidly to all sections of the country by routine livestock movements unless it was detected early and eradicated immediately. (someinfos.com)
  • Vaccines for FMD are available, but must be matched to the specific type and subtype of virus causing the outbreak. (someinfos.com)
  • The Southwestern United States experienced a vesicular stomatitis outbreak from May 1998 through January 1999. (insurehorses.com)
  • an outbreak in western india. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • UNITED NATIONS: With more than one million people affected by the current Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the WHO has warned that there is "no early end in sight" to the severe health crisis and called for "extraordinary measures" to stop the transmission of the disease. (blogspot.com)
  • More than 110,000 people die from this disease each year, predominantly in areas of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia with limited access to safe water and sanitation. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, the H58 Typhi variant, which is often drug-resistant, has spread rapidly through Asia and Eastern and Southern Africa, but is less common in other regions. (cdc.gov)
  • Resistance to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin was widespread and accounted for over 85% of cases in South Africa. (cdc.gov)
  • Following its discovery, MARV cases were sporadically identified in Africa. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Various types of FMD virus have been identified in Africa, South America,Asia, and some parts of Europe. (someinfos.com)
  • A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. (lookformedical.com)
  • Yatapoxviruses include tanapox and yabapox viruses, which are primarily found in Africa. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Both EBL and SBL occur in southern Africa. (anipedia.org)
  • Bovine leukosis virus has a worldwide distribution, but the prevalence of infection is higher in certain regions such as eastern Europe, North and South America, Africa, and Australasia. (anipedia.org)
  • Unfortunately, in their haste to limit exposure by killing flies and avoiding other animals owners often fail to ask the question - "Why is my horse more susceptible to these diseases and what can I do to make my animals more resistant? (abcplus.biz)
  • Bacterial infections are the most important infectious diseases. (turmericforhealth.com)
  • Immune responsiveness declines in the elderly as a consequence of alterations in the distribution and function of immune cells with age and changes induced by chronic viral infections (such as cytomegalovirus) and inflammatory diseases ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In the past decade, new diseases such as West Nile virus and vesicular stomatitis have caused their share of damage and anxiety in the horse world. (horsesport.com)
  • Horses that are stressed from travel or intense performance schedules are also more susceptible to all diseases. (horsesport.com)
  • Vesicular diseases in swine are identical clinically. (wikisource.org)
  • The importance of vesicular diseases in today's world-trade environment remains high. (wikisource.org)
  • Because FMD is extremely contagious and has such a dramatic economic impact, vesicular diseases must be properly diagnosed, reported, and controlled. (wikisource.org)
  • The characteristics of the viruses that cause vesicular diseases are shown in Table 25.2 . (wikisource.org)
  • In Canada, confirmatory testing for FMD is done at the CFIA 's National Centre for Foreign Animal Diseases in Winnipeg. (canada.ca)
  • FMD can be confused with several similar but less harmful diseases, such as vesicular stomatitis, bluetongue, bovine viral diarrhea, foot rot in cattle, and swine vesicular disease. (someinfos.com)
  • The most common human diseases are caused by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) causing ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infection (necatoriasis, ancylostomiasis), followed by schistosomiasis and lymphatic filariasis [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HHV-4, also known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), causes the primary infection infectious mononucleosis , and it is implicated in various diseases, such as African Burkitt lymphoma , other immunoproliferative disorders, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE. (lookformedical.com)
  • A general term for diseases produced by viruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • None of the tibroviruses, except for Bas-Congo virus, have been associated with any diseases. (wikimili.com)
  • In two other incidents, animals were inadvertently infected with contagious diseases that would have posed significant threats to livestock industries if they had spread. (blogspot.com)
  • They have complementary skills in the fields of molecular and cellular virology, immunology, and physiopathology of infectious diseases. (europa.eu)
  • Originally, viruses were known as the cause of human diseases, including some cancers [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The contribution of human AMs (HAMs) to pulmonary diseases remains poorly understood due to the difficulty in accessing them from human donors and their rapid phenotypic change during in vitro culture. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Horse publication indicates a recent study at Washington State tested 130 hospitalized horses for the corona virus at a teaching hospital and that half of the horses were at the hospital for a gastrointestinal illness while the other half had other diseases or were there for some elective surgery. (vin.com)
  • In some cases, vaccines infect patients with the very diseases that they were meant to offer protection from, because they utilize live viral strains. (birthofanewearthblog.com)
  • Neither virus encodes NS proteins, nor do the viruses infect vertebrate cells or cause disease in mice that have been intracerebrally inoculated with the viruses ( 5 - 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • We report that palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1), which catabolizes lipid-modified proteins in neurons, is highly expressed in cDC1s. (bvsalud.org)
  • The cellular promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) associates with the proteins of several viruses and in some cases reduces viral propagation in cell culture. (ox.ac.uk)
  • There are four structural viral proteins, of which VP1 has been shown to elicit protective immunity in cattle ( Bachrach 1977 ). (wikisource.org)
  • The neutralization antibody test (NT) for serum using live SARS-CoV-2 is a method in which inhibition of the serum upon viral infection is observed in the presence of neutralizing antibodies against proteins involved in viral binding and penetration in the serum. (biomedcentral.com)
  • I mean there are a lot of assumptions about it that have never really been checked out, like it's not really completely clear why proteins stick to the plastic the way they do, and then once they're stuck the question is, well, how similar are they to the actual proteins that are interacting with the immune system in a living body? (nih.gov)
  • Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)
  • These proteins have been implicated in control of viral transcription and may possibly serve as the "glue" that binds the nucleocapsid to the appropriate membrane site during viral budding from the host cell. (lookformedical.com)
  • The genome encodes for the typical five proteins found in all rhabdoviruses: nucleocapsid (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix (M), glycoprotein (G), and polymerase (L). However, there are three additional genes, U1-U3, that encode for proteins of unknown function. (wikimili.com)
  • The researchers used SARS-CoV-2 spike-expressing vesicular stomatitis virus particles. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • The pseudoviruses were made using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) particles. (jameslyonsweiler.com)
  • The expelling of virus particles from the body. (lookformedical.com)
  • Omicron mutations enhance infectivity and reduce antibody neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles ' by Syed, A., et al. (asm.org)
  • In 1906, Paschen created a staining method for viral particles and demonstrated the elementary bodies (Paschen bodies) in smallpox lesion smears. (microbiologynote.com)
  • 50, 62 Using electron microscopy, they succeeded in detecting retrovirus-like particles in short-term cultures of lymphocytes derived from cattle with persistent lymphocytosis and stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin. (anipedia.org)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) has considered that it is ethically acceptable to offer unproven interventions that have shown promising results in laboratory and animal models, but have not yet been evaluated for safety and efficacy in humans as potential sources of treatment or prevention [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The application of whole-genome sequencing showed that the virus was acquired from humans. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • The virus in farmed mink has a different genomic composition compared to that in humans, chiefly a deletion of 69/70 in the N-terminal domain of the spike protein, and a combination of Y453F in the RBD, with I692V, M1229I, and S1147L in various parts of the spike protein. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • They inhibit the growth of infections caused by different microbes in humans and are likely to use the same mechanism of action in microbial infections in dogs too. (turmericforhealth.com)
  • FMD is an animal disease and not related to a disease in humans caused by the Coxsackie virus called Hand, Foot and Mouth disease. (canada.ca)
  • The family , known as filoviruses, contains several viruses that are known to cause hemorrhagic, often lethal disease in humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs) all of which are within the Marburgvirus or Ebolavirus genera. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cuevavirus, Striavirus, and Thamnovirus are not known to cause disease in humans or NHPs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • SARS-CoV-2 is highly pathogenic in humans and is classified as a biosafety level (BSL)-3 pathogen, which makes manipulating it relatively difficult due to its infectious nature. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The finding that COVID-2 has especially strong binding capacity to ACE2 is consistent either with recent adaptation for living in humans, or for older adaptation in the wild to a mammal that has ACE2 structures that resemble humans. (jameslyonsweiler.com)
  • Taken together, our results indicate that LV vectors can serve to design pDC-based vaccines in humans, and they are also useful in vitro to evaluate the immunogenicity of the vector preparations, and the specificity and safety of given promoters used in gene therapy protocols. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In humans, at least two subsets of DC are known in the blood, myeloid DC (also known as interstitial or dermal DC), and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) and Langerhans cells (LC) in the tissues [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Humans can also become infected with vesicular stomatitis when handling affected animals. (insurehorses.com)
  • Humans can contract vesicular stomatitis when handling affected animals if proper biosecurity methods are not followed. (insurehorses.com)
  • Prevalence of this disease in humans may be underreported because it may often go undetected or be misdiagnosed. (insurehorses.com)
  • Nonetheless, many other viral infections can affect the oral cavity in humans, either as localized or systemic infections. (medscape.com)
  • The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE , infecting B-cells in humans. (lookformedical.com)
  • [8] No anti-CPV antibodies have ever been detected in humans and no disease has been associated with CPV. (wikimili.com)
  • TIBV infection of humans has not been reported. (wikimili.com)
  • Parapoxviruses are viruses of ungulates that can occasionally cause illnesses in humans. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The genera Orthopoxvirus and Parapoxvirus contain the majority of poxviruses that cause illness in humans. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The virus that causes smallpox and the virus that causes molluscum contagiosum are particular human pathogens, but other poxviruses cause rare zoonotic illnesses in humans. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Most mammals are susceptible, but horses and humans appear to be the most sensitive of all species. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • In general, the occurrence of the bacteria in the soil and the frequency of tetanus in humans and horses are higher in the warmer parts of the various continents. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • We developed cell culture conditions that mimic the lung alveolar environment in humans using lung lipids, that is, Infasurf (calfactant, natural bovine surfactant) and lung-associated cytokines (granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, transforming growth factor-ß, and interleukin 10) that facilitate the conversion of blood-obtained monocytes to an AM-like (AML) phenotype and function in tissue culture. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although we are dealing with a corona virus pandemic in humans, horses can also get sick with a different corona virus. (vin.com)
  • Here we describe in vivo and in vitro assays to measure the function of antigen cross-presentation using cell-associated OVA. (bvsalud.org)
  • Methods This study used human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and in vitro co-culture of MM cells and BM stromal cells to recapitulate the resistant BM niche. (bmj.com)
  • Collectively, these in vitro and in vivo models were used to characterize the development of innate and adaptive antimyeloma immunity following reovirus treatment. (bmj.com)
  • nitrate and (or) ammonium salts were tested for their effect on the type of nitrogen metabolism found in diplodia maydis in vitro. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • However, there are no easily accessible in vitro models of HAMs, presenting a huge scientific challenge. (bvsalud.org)
  • Even if a person does get sick, having antibodies can protect them from getting severely ill because their body has some experience in fighting that disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ), the virus that causes COVID-19, can be detected in the blood of people who have recovered from COVID-19 or people who have been vaccinated against COVID-19. (cdc.gov)
  • It is important to remember that some people with antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 may become infected after vaccination (vaccine breakthrough infection) or after recovering from a past infection ( reinfection ). (cdc.gov)
  • As their antibodies wane, a person may become more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Even after a person's antibodies wane, their immune system may have cells that remember the virus and that can act quickly to protect the person from severe illness if they become infected. (cdc.gov)
  • Antibody tests can detect the presence of these antibodies in serum within days to weeks following acute infection or vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • Determine if a person has COVID-19 antibodies, which suggests past infection or vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • The current study sought to show whether the Y453F mutation causes changes in the spike protein expression, altered binding to the host cell receptor, and susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • Testing the blood for antibodies against the virus can confirm a previous infection but will be negative in new infections. (datexis.com)
  • In conclusion, the CRNT for COVID-19 is a convenient assay system that can be performed in a BSL-2 laboratory with high specificity and sensitivity for evaluating the occurrence of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Measuring the SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies is important for proper diagnosis, to study the serological epidemiology and determine infection control of SARS-CoV-2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • So first of all I'm going to say I have, for a long time now, been a virologist interested in antibodies and viruses, and I'm studying the influenza virus and now also SARS-CoV-2. (nih.gov)
  • I'm looking into how antibodies interfere with the virus, how they affect the evolution of the virus, and what can antibodies say about the architecture of the virus, structure of the virus, and other cool and interesting things. (nih.gov)
  • I came from a lab that made the first monoclonal viruses to antibodies. (nih.gov)
  • There is cross-reactivity in serum antibodies in people who are exposed to seasonal coronaviruses as we all are. (nih.gov)
  • Anti-BAV antibodies have been detected in a variety of animals, including cattle, throughout Florida and the Caribbean. (wikimili.com)
  • With the increasing recognition of the epidemiology and pathogenicity of ZIKV infection, it is urgent to develop potent therapies. (datexis.com)
  • Thus, PML is a contributor to innate immunity, defining host susceptibility to viral infections and to immunopathology. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Monocyte differentiation required infectious VSV, but loss of CD14+ cells was also associated with the presence of a cytokine/chemokine milieu produced in response to VSV infection. (karger.com)
  • Because EHV-1 is so common, the idea of screening animals for latent infection, such as is done with the Coggins test for equine infectious anaemia, is impractical. (horsesport.com)
  • Thermal degradation of foot-and-mouth disease virus into infectious ribonucleic acid. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • A comparison of the yields of infectious ribonucleic acid from heated and ultraviolet irradiated mouse encephalomyelitis virus (GD VII strain). (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses ( PROVIRUSES ) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL). (lookformedical.com)
  • The eradication of smallpox is the greatest success story in the fight against infectious disease, and it offers numerous significant lessons. (microbiologynote.com)
  • This study reveals the importance of alveolar space components in the development and maintenance of HAM phenotype and function and provides a readily accessible model to study HAM in infectious and inflammatory disease processes, as well as therapies and vaccines.IMPORTANCEMillions die annually from respiratory disorders. (bvsalud.org)
  • Tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus -Mycobacterium , is rare in the United States but is considered a re-emerging infectious disease. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Infection can cause systemic disease, including encephalitis or hemorrhagic fevers. (cdc.gov)
  • PML(-/-) mice exhibited accelerated primary footpad swelling reactions to very-low-dose LCMV, higher swelling peaks upon high-dose inoculation, and higher viral loads in the early phase of systemic LCMV infection. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The large (20C30 m) magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) send axonal projections to the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis), where they terminate in thousands of nerve endings that release oxytocin (OXT) or vasopressin (AVP) into systemic circulation. (health-e-nc.org)
  • Systemic delivery is a major goal in the field of oncolytic viruses. (karger.com)
  • Robinson et al first isolated the CVA 16 serotype in 1957 during a Canadian epidemic of exanthema and stomatitis. (medscape.com)
  • These results suggest the discovery of disease caused by these 2 novel viruses in a major livestock species. (cdc.gov)
  • Posted Thursday, August 21, 2014, 1:03:06 PM - Vesicular stomatitis (VS), a highly-contagious disease of horses and other livestock is spreading throughout Central Texas and Colorado. (abcplus.biz)
  • Livestock animals in this country are highly susceptible to FMD viruses. (someinfos.com)
  • Deer and other susceptible wildlife populations could become infected and potentially serve as a source for reinfection of livestock. (someinfos.com)
  • Helminth infections impact the health of hundreds of millions of persons globally and also cause important economic losses in livestock farming. (biomedcentral.com)
  • E) Rhabdoviral pseudotypes bearing the indicated S protein variants (equipped with a C-terminal HA-epitope tag) or no viral glycoprotein were subjected to SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and immunoblot in order to investigate S protein processing and particle incorporation. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • Additionally, 'some of the symptoms reported after COVID-19 might already have been present before COVID-19 and might even reflect a pre-existing susceptibility to COVID-19 itself, rather than being a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. (asm.org)
  • The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is thought to be a disease originally occurring in animals but transmitted across the species barrier to human beings, probably through an intermediate host. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was identified in late 2019 as the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused an unprecedented pandemic and global health crisis [ 1 ]. (nature.com)
  • In people, vesicular stomatitis causes an acute influenza-like illness with symptoms such as fever, muscle aches , headache, and malaise. (insurehorses.com)
  • HHV-6, which can produce acute infection in CD4 + T lymphocytes, causes roseola infantum , a febrile illness that affects young children. (medscape.com)
  • Similar to HAM, AML cells are particularly susceptible to both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. (bvsalud.org)
  • The World Health Organization has prequalified two vaccines that are highly effective in preventing typhoid fever and may also help limit the emergence and spread of resistant Typhi. (cdc.gov)
  • In low resource settings, public health officials must make difficult trade-off decisions about which new vaccines to introduce into already crowded immunization schedules. (cdc.gov)
  • Without field efficacy studies, researchers must rely on animal models of MARV infection to assess the efficacy of vaccines and treatments, with the limitations being the accuracy of the animal model in recapitulating human pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Understanding the biology of helminths using genomic and proteomic approaches could contribute to advances in understanding host-helminth interactions and lead to new vaccines, drugs and diagnostics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite all attempts, most vaccines against helminth infections remain trapped in early-stage development or are undergoing pre-clinical evaluation, and no human anti-helminth vaccine has yet been approved for widespread use [ 7 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Currently, there are no vaccines or therapeutic drugs approved to treat ZIKV infection, although great progress has been achieved. (datexis.com)
  • A single vaccine given to a 6 pound infant is the equivalent of giving a 180 lb. adult 30 vaccines in one day. (birthofanewearthblog.com)
  • This ingredient is used in vaccines as a tissue fixative, and as a preservative. (birthofanewearthblog.com)
  • These findings are merely for environmental exposure, and therefore, the dangers are much greater with the formaldehyde included in vaccines, since it is injected directly into the blood. (birthofanewearthblog.com)
  • To examine the role of PML in vivo, we compared immune responses and virus loads of PML-deficient and control mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). (ox.ac.uk)
  • These in vivo observations corroborated our results showing more virus production in PML(-/-) fibroblasts. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Our study aimed to assess the overall immunological consequences of ex vivo infection of PBLs with VSV. (karger.com)
  • Ex vivo infection of PBLs with VSV elicited upregulated expression of RIG-I, MDA-5, tetherin, IFITM3, and MxA . (karger.com)
  • Additionally, the 5TGM1-Kalw/RijHSD immunocompetent in vivo model was used to examine reovirus efficacy and characterize reovirus-induced immune responses in the BM and spleen following intravenous administration. (bmj.com)
  • Results Using the 5TGM1-Kalw/RijHSD immunocompetent in vivo model we have demonstrated that reovirus reduces both MM tumor burden and myeloma-induced bone disease. (bmj.com)
  • the nitrogen source available to diplodia maydis in vivo is reported to affect the severity of stalk rot in maize. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • The major breakthrough is the identification of a biomarker of HIV persistent cells in vivo. (europa.eu)
  • Selected compounds were formulated as solutions for nebulization and, after being characterized in terms of aerosolization performance and droplet size distribution, their efficacy was assessed in vivo using the K18 human (h)ACE2 transgenic mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • A recent report suggested that 2 novel bunyaviruses discovered in insects in Côte d'Ivoire caused lethal disease in swine in South Korea. (cdc.gov)
  • recently reported that, in 2013, GOLV and HEBV caused prevalent and lethal infections in swine in South Korea ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)
  • GOLV was isolated from swine serum in porcine kidney 15 cells. (cdc.gov)
  • We also tested 108 serum samples collected in 2011 from mosquito-exposed swine in Kumasi, Ghana, where mosquitoes were found to be infected with HEBV ( 6 ) and GOLV (S. Junglen, unpub. (cdc.gov)
  • They can be caused by infection with the viruses of foot-andmouth disease (FMD), vesicular stomatitis (VS), vesicular exanthema of swine (VES), and swine vesicular disease (SVD). (wikisource.org)
  • VS was recognized in horses and cattle in the United States during World War I ( Cotton 1927 ), but infection in swine was not reported until 1943 ( Schoening 1943 ). (wikisource.org)
  • Swine contribute more to airborne transmission because they excrete very large quantities of virus compared to other species. (canada.ca)
  • Vesicular stomatitis is a viral disease that primarily affects cattle, horses, swine and occasionally sheep and goats. (insurehorses.com)
  • The most common infections include bacterial infection affecting the skin and digestive tract. (turmericforhealth.com)
  • Other common bacterial infections include Streptococcal, Actinmycosis and Leptospirosis infections. (turmericforhealth.com)
  • Few bacterial infections that affect the digestive system include Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Salmonella infection. (turmericforhealth.com)
  • Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection that affects the dog's entire system. (turmericforhealth.com)
  • These properties of turmeric can aid in fighting various bacterial infection in dogs. (turmericforhealth.com)
  • Turmeric's anti-bacterial activity is efficacious in inhibiting various bacterial infection like Staph infection, H.pylori infection, Leptospirosis and Clostridium. (turmericforhealth.com)
  • Secondary bacterial infection, PFAPA syndrome, primary viral infection, or rheumatologic disorder may cause fever. (medscape.com)
  • Ery-Est, one of the macrolide antibiotics, is the lauryl sulfate ester of propionyl erythromycin (Ery) (Figure 1A), and it has commonly been used for clinical bacterial infections. (datexis.com)
  • A great in-hive eating research has been done beneath field-realistic circumstances to look at the consequence of T. thuringiensis (T. t.) about family advancement as well as the bacterial plethora in the central stomach microbiome (Bifidobacterium asteroids, Gilliamella apicola, the audience of Lactobacillus and Snodgrasella alvi) within Apis mellifera member of staff bees. (pkc-signal.com)
  • Apart from supportive care, neither a licensed vaccine nor a specific therapy is available for the treatment of the human EBOV infection [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two hundred and five elderly subjects of Chinese ethnicity in Singapore (mean age 73.3 ± 5.3 years, 128 females and 77 males) were administered the recommended trivalent inactivated 2013-14 seasonal influenza vaccine (Vaxigrip™) containing A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B strains. (frontiersin.org)
  • No statistically significant differences were observed between the frailty groups in vaccine-induced modulation of leukocyte populations, cytokine responses, and gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, elderly individuals above 65 years of age are considered to be at a greater risk of influenza infection and its complications, and it is hence recommended that they receive an annual administration of seasonal influenza vaccine ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • When a mutated form of the virus was discovered a few years ago, the veterinary community thought they had found the "magic bullet" that would lead them to a vaccine that would prevent the neurologic disease. (horsesport.com)
  • Identifying suitable protective antigens is one of the major challenges in vaccine design. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This blog began in 2007, focusing on anthrax vaccine, and later expanded to other public health and political issues. (blogspot.com)
  • This epic contains at least three "firsts": the first vaccine, the first disease eradicated entirely by immunisation, and the first virus infection against which treatment was clinically effective. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The objective of our study was to determine the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among health care workers in Yaounde. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our team previously developed a fast cloning system for the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccine platform. (bvsalud.org)
  • Staphylococcal infections can also affect the upper respiratory tract of dogs. (turmericforhealth.com)
  • Environmental factors expose dogs to fungal infections which enter the body through the skin or respiratory tract. (turmericforhealth.com)
  • According to an EHV-1 Consensus Statement prepared by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine in 2009, EHV-1 'is ubiquitous in most horse populations throughout the world, and causes disease in horses and extensive economic losses through frequent outbreaks of respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal foal death, and myeloencephalopathy. (horsesport.com)
  • For example, clarithromycin and the macrolide therapy have been utilized to treat respiratory syncytial virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection respectively, and ivermectin and azithromycin (Azi) were identified to effectively inhibit ZIKV infection. (datexis.com)
  • General spasms disturb blood circulation and breathing, which results in increased heart rate, rapid breathing, congestion of mucous membranes, and possible respiratory failure. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • And although this is a beta corona virus similar to COVID-19, it does not affect the respiratory system as COVID-19 does in people. (vin.com)
  • Bovine corona virus causes winter dysentery and respiratory disease in calves, so there are lots of corona viruses in animals and people, and testing for them is common. (vin.com)
  • Following a primary infection, the virus enters the nerves at the site of primary infection, migrates to the cell body of the neuron, and becomes latent in the ganglion. (datexis.com)
  • оперізувальний герпес Herpes zoster is infection that results when varicella-zoster virus reactivates from its latent state in a posterior dorsal root ganglion. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In some hosts, it becomes latent and may periodically recur as a common cold sore. (medscape.com)
  • Herpesviruses establish latent permanent infections in their hosts, although clinical signs of disease may not be detected. (medscape.com)
  • The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
  • Conversely, PPT1-deficient cDC1s enhance the priming of naive CD8+ T cells into tissue-resident KLRG1+ effectors and memory T cells, resulting in rapid clearance of tumors and Listeria monocytogenes Mechanistically, PPT1 protects steady state DCs from viruses by promoting antigen degradation and endosomal acidification via V-ATPase recruitment. (bvsalud.org)
  • Leptospirosis infection activates a protein named nuclear factor-kappaB which plays an essential role in inflammation and research proves that curcumin can attenuate this activity and prevent it from damaging kidney tissue. (turmericforhealth.com)
  • These findings suggest that a high infection rate by SARS-CoV-2 may lead to exaggerated cytokine responses, which may contribute to tissue damage and severe disease. (nature.com)
  • In fact, in patients suffering from severe COVID-19, massive infiltration of proinflammatory immune cells, including activated macrophages, was detected in infected lung tissue. (nature.com)
  • Infectivity of ribonucleic acid from mice and tissue culture infected with the virus of foot-and-mouth disease. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The tissue culture test for assaying the virus and neutralizing antibody of foot-and-mouth disease and its application to the measurement of immunity in cattle. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Growth and titration of the viruses of foot-and-mouth disease and vesicular stomatitis in kidney monolayer tissue cultures. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • It is believed to chronically persist in salivary gland tissue in some hosts, and oral shedding is the probable route of disease transmission. (medscape.com)
  • Viruses such as variola and vaccinia can be cultivated in tissue cultures of monkey kidney, HeLa, and chicken embryo cells. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Vaccinia virus creates plaques in chick embryo tissue cultures but not variola virus. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The toxin is produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani in dead tissue. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • The bacteria remain in the dead tissue at the original site of infection and multiply. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Experimental infections of cattle produced viremia, but no observable signs of illness. (wikimili.com)
  • 2012). This is due to the establishment, early after primary infection, of a viral reservoir that is responsible for the persistence of low levels of plasma viremia in patients under suppressive ART (Chun et al. (europa.eu)
  • Coxsackie A viruses (CVAs) are the primary etiologic agents of herpangina and hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) . (medscape.com)
  • BHK-21 cells are susceptible to human adenovirus D, reovirus 3, and vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana strain). (wikipedia.org)
  • MM cells co-cultured with BM stromal cells displayed resistance to reovirus-induced oncolysis and bystander cytokine-killing but remained susceptible to killing by reovirus-activated NK cells and MM-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. (bmj.com)
  • Curcumin and its derivative inhibit the growth of herpes simplex virus suggesting that it may show inhibitory activity against the canine herpes virus. (turmericforhealth.com)
  • Herpes simplex is a viral disease caused by the herpes simplex virus. (datexis.com)
  • Other disorders caused by herpes simplex include: herpetic whitlow when it involves the fingers, herpes of the eye, herpes infection of the brain, and neonatal herpes when it affects a newborn, among others. (datexis.com)
  • There are two types of herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). (datexis.com)
  • Herpes simplex viruses (human herpesviruses types 1 and 2) commonly cause recurrent infection affecting the skin, mouth, lips, eyes, and genitals. (msdmanuals.com)
  • HHV-1, also known as herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, causes primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, or oral herpes. (medscape.com)
  • A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • The first application of virotherapy with the engineered thymidine kinase (TK)-deficient herpes simplex viruses (HSV) was initiated in 1991 [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [11] TIBV appears to be widespread among cattle in Australia. (wikimili.com)
  • Cattle (Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds), sheep and also the South American capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), a rodent, are susceptible to natural BLV infection, 53 but experimentally nonruminants such as pigs, monkeys, rabbits, rats and chickens also seroconvert after BLV inoculation. (anipedia.org)
  • Most infections in horses are caused by Mycobacterium bovis and are likely acquired by close contact with infected cattle. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • 9 ). Human hepatocellular 7 carcinoma cells were also included because they are highly susceptible to virus infection, as are Vero cells and several other cell lines we used in earlier studies ( 5 , 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Background Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease and oncolytic viruses offer a well-tolerated addition to the therapeutic arsenal. (bmj.com)
  • Vaccinia virus, a member of the Poxviridae family, has been extensively used as an oncolytic agent and has entered late stage clinical development. (oncotarget.com)
  • In this study, we evaluated the potential oncolytic properties of other members of the Poxviridae family. (oncotarget.com)
  • Numerous tumor cell lines were infected with ten non-vaccinia poxviruses to identify which virus displayed the most potential as an oncolytic agent. (oncotarget.com)
  • The results demonstrated significant antitumoral activity of this new modified Raccoonpox virus armed with FCU1 and this virus could be considered to be included into the growing armamentarium of oncolytic virotherapy for cancer. (oncotarget.com)
  • Oncolytic virotherapy for cancer treatment utilizes naturally occurring or engineered viruses for selective infection and cancer cell death without any adverse effect on normal cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Numerous preclinical and clinical trials have been performed in a variety of cancer indications using several strains of oncolytic VACV including Wyeth, Western Reserve, Lister, and Copenhagen strains [ 2 - 6 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Like Pexa-Vec, most of the oncolytic VACVs reported to date encode mutations that inactivated the TK, a critical enzyme in the salvage pathway for nucleotide biosynthesis. (oncotarget.com)
  • Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a promising anti-tumor modality that utilizes oncolytic viruses (OVs) to preferentially attack cancers rather than normal tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • OVT has its unique advantages and prospects, because oncolytic viruses (OVs) preferentially infect and replicate in tumor cells and destroy them, while leaving healthy cells largely untouched [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We analyzed here, the transduction efficiency of a pDC cell line, GEN2.2, and of pDC derived from CD34+ progenitors, using lentiviral vectors (LV) pseudotyped with different envelope glycoproteins such as the vesicular stomatitis virus envelope (VSVG), the gibbon ape leukaemia virus envelope (GaLV) or the feline endogenous virus envelope (RD114). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The cells were derived in 1961 by I. A. Macpherson and M. G. P. Stoker. (wikipedia.org)
  • BHK cells are also used to study viral infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infection of cells with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Herbert virus (HEBV), and Gouléako virus (GOLV). (cdc.gov)
  • Three blind passages on fresh cells failed to yield virus. (cdc.gov)
  • The nature of mitochondrial behavior in tumor-infiltrating T cells remains poorly understood. (bvsalud.org)
  • Genetic ablation of Mfn2 in CD8+ T cells dampens mitochondrial metabolism and function and promotes tumor progression. (bvsalud.org)
  • In tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, MFN2 enhances mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact by interacting with ER-embedded Ca2+-ATPase SERCA2, facilitating the mitochondrial Ca2+ influx required for efficient mitochondrial metabolism. (bvsalud.org)
  • Elevating mitochondria-ER contact by increasing MFN2 in CD8+ T cells improves the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. (bvsalud.org)
  • Antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells is an important pathway to prime CD8+ T cells in infections, cancer, and other immune-mediated pathologies. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here we report that one such family member, monocyte chemotactic protein-induced protein 3 (MCPIP3, also named ZC3H12C or Regnase-3), promotes skin inflammation by simultaneously enhancing TNF in macrophages and repressing IL-6 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). (bvsalud.org)
  • Conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s) are inherently resistant to many viruses but, paradoxically, possess fewer acidic phagosomes that enable antigen retention and cross-presentation. (bvsalud.org)
  • The 2 2 and 3 subunits are only weakly recognized in additional cells, including mind (Wallner et al. (health-e-nc.org)
  • 2000). In contrast to the additional subunits, 4 is definitely highly expressed in mind and only weakly recognized in additional cells (Brenner et al. (health-e-nc.org)
  • VSV infection triggered rapid differentiation of blood monocytes into immature dendritic cells as well as their apoptosis, which depended on caspase 3/7 activation. (karger.com)
  • UC San Francisco scientists have devised a novel approach to halting the spread of SARS-CoV-2: a completely synthetic, production-ready molecule that straitjackets the crucial SARS-CoV-2 machinery that allows the virus to infect our cells. (bio-itworld.com)
  • Importantly, activated MDMs in turn mediate strong activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), leading to the secretion of high levels of IFN-α and TNF. (nature.com)
  • Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus was partially inactivated by several methods: incubation with dilute formaldehyde or acetylethylene-imine, ultraviolet (U.V.) irradiation, heating, or by mixing with type specific antiserum, trypsin or extracts from cells susceptible to the virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The decrease in viral infectivity when FMD virus was treated with formaldehyde or acetylethyleneimine, U.V., or heat at 25° or 37° was proportional to the loss of infective RNA, with little impairment of its serological properties or its ability to attach to susceptible cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the professional producers of IFN-I in response to many viruses, including all of the herpesviruses tested. (mdpi.com)
  • Gene modified dendritic cells (DC) are able to modulate DC functions and induce therapeutic immunity or tolerance in an antigen-specific manner. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found that efficient gene transfer into pDC can be achieved with VSVG-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors (LV) under the control of phoshoglycerate kinase (PGK) and elongation factor-1 (EF1α) promoters (28% to 90% of E-GFP + cells, respectively) in the absence of phenotypic and functional maturation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Multiple myeloma (MM) is a tumor of terminally differentiated plasma cells which expand in the bone marrow (BM). (bmj.com)
  • [ 5 , 6 ] In a localized primary infection, the virus penetrates the mucosal epithelium and invades the cells of the basal layer, where the viral DNA inserts into the host DNA. (medscape.com)
  • check the tag ADOLESCENCE HN - 2008 BX - Nutrition in Adolescence FX - Adolescent Nutrition Physiology MH - Peritoneal Stomata UI - D054048 MN - A01.047.025.600.700 MN - A10.810 MS - Natural openings in the subdiaphragmatic lymphatic plexus in the PERITONEUM, delimited by adjacent mesothelial cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • HN - 2008 BX - Von Ebner's Glands MH - Cumulus Cells UI - D054885 MN - A05.360.319.114.630.535.200.500 MN - A06.407.312.497.535.300.500 MN - A11.436.300.500 MS - The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. (bvsalud.org)
  • B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma . (lookformedical.com)
  • Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation. (lookformedical.com)
  • This TK-deleted Raccoonpox virus was notably attenuated in normal primary cells but replicated efficiently in numerous tumor cell lines. (oncotarget.com)
  • Its potency to preferentially infect and kill cancer cells has been proven for many years and advanced clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate this virus in human [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • With the understanding particularly in the characteristics of viruses and tumor cells, numerous innovative OVs have been engineered to conquer cancers, such as Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) and tasadenoturev (DNX-2401). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Meanwhile, these non-engineered viruses sometimes inevitably infect and spread to normal tissues, indiscriminately killed both tumor and normal cells, causing a series of unpredicted side effects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By the genetic recombination the viruses were conferred with high specificity against tumor cells without targeting normal tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, HSV engineered in gH of a scFv targeting the cancer-specific HER2 receptor, scFv-HER2-gH chimera, can enter, replicate and kill cancer cells efficiently [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • SARS-CoV-2 binding and entry in human cells involves interactions of its spike (S) protein with several host cell surface factors, including heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, we present a novel model for generating AML cells based on differentiating blood monocytes in a defined lung component cocktail. (bvsalud.org)
  • This model is non-invasive, significantly less costly than performing a bronchoalveolar lavage, yields more AML cells than HAMs per donor, and retains their phenotype in culture. (bvsalud.org)
  • They are found ubiquitously throughout the brain and are highly conserved in mammals. (health-e-nc.org)
  • 1 resistance determinant) is widespread across geographies and genotypes, with high-level ciprofloxacin resistance (3 determinants) reaching 20% prevalence in South Asia. (cdc.gov)
  • Azithromycin resistance mutations were detected at low prevalence in South Asia, including in two common ciprofloxacin-resistant genotypes. (cdc.gov)
  • With most subjects lacking previous history of influenza vaccination, the pre-vaccination titres were likely due to natural exposure and seen to match the pattern of influenza subtype prevalence in the time period of vaccination. (frontiersin.org)
  • Several bat species have been implicated in being a reservoir host for filoviruses [ 11 ], and there is strong evidence that Rousettus aegyptiacus , the Egyptian fruit bat, serves as a reservoir for MARV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS , but whose true origin is unknown. (lookformedical.com)
  • many species are usually Recognized as Safe and sound (GRAS) organisms because of the lack of human-related endotoxins, infections, or pathogens [30]. (enmd-2076.com)
  • 80 The natural transmission of BLV to sheep is of some relevance where the two species are kept in close contact. (anipedia.org)
  • All types may produce infection in host species other than their own. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • T-cell-mediated hepatitis and consequent mortality upon infection with a hepatotropic LCMV strain required 10- to 100-times-lower inocula despite normal cytotoxic T-lymphocyte reactivity in PML(-/-) mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It is estimated that 95-98% of abortion outbreaks in the US have been caused by the strain of EHV-1 that is also responsible for the majority of EHV-1 cases that become neurological. (horsesport.com)
  • Dr. Anderson explains that one problem with preventing the devastating neurologic version of EHV-1 is that there is not one specific strain of the virus that is wholly responsible for cases that develop neurological symptoms. (horsesport.com)
  • Consequently, colony experience of T. t. strain ABTS-1857 had a bad influence on generation growth below field-realistic conditions along with induced dysbiosis in the belly microbiome. (pkc-signal.com)
  • In severe cases, otherwise healthy animals will simply stop eating, sometimes for days at a time, requiring their owners to put them under quarantine for at least three weeks while they recover so as not to infect other animals. (abcplus.biz)
  • People with immature or suppressed immune systems, such as newborns, transplant recipients, or people with AIDS, are prone to severe complications from HSV infections. (datexis.com)
  • It causes severe losses in the production of meat and milk. (someinfos.com)
  • Oral inflammation and ulcers, known as stomatitis, may be mild and localized or severe and widespread. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Common severe infections include encephalitis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Severe weight loss usually follows, and in dairy cows, a severe drop in milk production commonly occurs. (insurehorses.com)
  • At the most severe level of felony classification, Class A, the maximum penalty can be life in prison without parole or the death penalty. (villatokat.com)
  • ZIKV was found to be associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome in the epidemics of French Polynesia, and further damage caused by ZIKV, including severe congenital malformation, optic nerve abnormality, and reproductive system injury, have been discovered in recent ZIKV outbreaks. (datexis.com)
  • Bas-Congo virus (BASV) was discovered in 2009 in the Democratic Republic of Congo in a blood sample collected from a 32-year-old male who survived a severe illness resembling hemorrhagic fever. (wikimili.com)
  • The subfamily Chordopoxvirinae encompasses viruses that infect vertebrate hosts and consists of eight genera, at least four of which cause human illness. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Genital herpes, often simply known as herpes, may have minimal symptoms or form blisters that break open and result in small ulcers. (datexis.com)
  • Depressive symptoms, socio-economic background, sense of control, and cultural factors in university students from 23 countries. (villatokat.com)
  • ZIKV was initially isolated from a sentinel rhesus monkey in Zika forest, Uganda in 1947, and had been perceived as a less harmful virus with sporadically infected human cases, which showed mild symptoms, including fever, malaise, rash, and conjunctivitis. (datexis.com)
  • Persistence of somatic symptoms after COVID-19 in the Netherlands: an observational cohort study ' by Ballering, A., et al. (asm.org)
  • While there is no formal definition of PASC, PASC most commonly refers to COVID-19 symptoms persisting 4 or more weeks after a primary SARS-CoV-2 infection has resolved. (asm.org)
  • As the study's authors note, many of the symptoms of PASC, such as headaches, fatigue and muscle pain, were common in the general population before the COVID-19 pandemic and may have worsened during the pandemic due to anxiety-induced stress. (asm.org)
  • From these participants, persistent symptoms in 4,231 individuals 90-150 days after COVID-19 diagnosis were matched to 8,462 controls. (asm.org)
  • The survey results show that individuals infected with COVID-19 are significantly more likely to experience symptoms than individuals in the general population, and that these symptoms are attributable to prior COVID-19 infection. (asm.org)
  • Additionally, this study will help define the core symptoms of PASC to assist researchers in identifying the biological causes of the phenomenon. (asm.org)
  • Nevertheless, the supportive or beneficial role in alleviating COVID-19 symptoms should be demonstrated. (enmd-2076.com)
  • It seems the fecal test for equine corona virus is a fairly accurate test if the horse has clinical symptoms. (vin.com)
  • Rates of HSV-1 are between 70% and 80% in populations of low socioeconomic status and 40% to 60% in populations of improved socioeconomic status. (datexis.com)
  • more than half of the grass root and soil samples collected in tropical countries (four african countries and brazil) contained abundant s. lipoferum populations, while less than 10% of the samples collected in temperate south brazil, kenya, and the u.s.a. contained the organism. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • METHODS: This is a meta-analysis of global genotype and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants extracted from previously sequenced genome data and analysed using consistent methods implemented in open analysis platforms GenoTyphi and Pathogenwatch. (cdc.gov)
  • The filovirus genome is packaged into a unique filamentous virion, approximately 790 to 970 nm in length and 80 nm in width [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Progress in helminth biology research has gone hand in hand with the advances in techniques for genome sequencing and proteome characterisation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The first generation (G1) of engineered OVs mainly focus on manipulating within virus genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 19 Further analysis of the BLV genome reveals a striking homology to HTLV-I in the gene arrangement, although their nucleotide sequence homology is limited. (anipedia.org)
  • Members of both genera of viruses encode a nonstructural (NS) protein that suppresses the antiviral interferon response of the vertebrate host ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Effects of promyelocytic leukemia protein on virus-host balance. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The third was spike protein bearing the mutations found in SARS-CoV-2 isolated from infected mink. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • The researchers found that all the mutations in the mink variant allowed the virus to incorporate and process the spike protein at the novel furin cleavage site, at the interface between the S1/S2 subunits of the spike. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • B) Summary of mink-specific S protein mutations found in human and mink SARS-CoV-2 isolates. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • C) Location of the mink-specific S protein mutations in the context of the 3-dimensional structure of the S protein. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • New insights into the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, a daily aerosol protectant, a look a death rates in 1918 and now, and a journal dedicated to publishing COVID-19 research with visible peer review. (bio-itworld.com)
  • The positively charged site allows strong bonding between the virus protein and the negatively charged human-cell receptors. (bio-itworld.com)
  • The study compared 316 transfused patients to controls and preliminary analysis showed a significant reduction in mortality within 28 days, specifically in patients transfused within 72 h of admission with plasma with an anti-spike protein receptor binding domain titer of ≥1:1350. (bio-itworld.com)
  • Viral RNA polymerase, a nonstructural protein, has been termed "virus infection associated antigen" (VIAA) for diagnostic purposes but is more accurately termed "FMDV nonstructural protein 3D. (wikisource.org)
  • Dissociation of foot-and-mouth disease virus into its nucleic acid and protein components. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The S protein is also important for induction of protective humoral and cellular immunity during infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • work on food, planned by the u.m. (use and management) section of the u.k. committe, was limited to sources of protein because we agreed that more problems calling for research were likely to arise in getting adequate supplies of protein than of other types of food. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • These viruses, which belong to the family Poxviridae, are a broad group of morphologically identical DNA viruses that share a nucleocapsid protein . (microbiologynote.com)
  • 78, 79 The BLV genes, their arrangement, the protein products and their functions are schematically shown in Figure Figure 58.2 . (anipedia.org)
  • In this paper we investigated the potential of sulphated Hyaluronic Acid (sHA), a HSPG mimicking polymer, to inhibit the binding of SARS-CoV-2 S protein to human ACE2 receptor. (bvsalud.org)
  • Antibody testing is not currently recommended to assess for immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following COVID-19 vaccination or to assess the need for vaccination in an unvaccinated person. (cdc.gov)
  • However, EUA indications do not preclude use of antibody tests in vaccinated individuals in certain situations. (cdc.gov)
  • Study: SARS-CoV-2 mutations acquired in mink reduce antibody-mediated neutralization. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • Statistical associations were evaluated between frailty status and pre- and post-vaccination antibody titres in sera measured by Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) assays. (frontiersin.org)
  • Purification of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease by fluorocarbon treatment and its dissociation from neutralizing antibody. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The neutralization values of the serum samples collected from hospitalized patients with COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative donors against the pseudotyped virus infection evaluated by the CRNT were compared with antibody titers determined from an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and immunochromatography utilize the principle of antigen-antibody reaction and were developed as serodiagnostic methods for SARS-CoV-2 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The disease occurs in all color types, but mink which are homozygous recessive for the Aleutian gene for light coat color are particularly susceptible. (nih.gov)
  • Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS . (lookformedical.com)
  • Vaccinia virus (VACV) is one of the best studied representative of the Orthopoxvirus genus. (oncotarget.com)
  • The variola and vaccinia viruses can be differentiated by their growth characteristics and host range. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Both vaccinia and variola viruses produce pocks in 48-72 hours on the CAM of 11- to 13-day-old chick embryos. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Age at onset should be noted because major recurrent aphthous ulcers (canker sores) begin after puberty, and herpetiform ulcers are uncommon in children. (medscape.com)
  • Aphthous ulcers (canker sores) occur on areas of the mouth in which the mucosa is nonkeratinized and loosely attached, particularly the buccal mucosa, the labial mucosa, the floor of the mouth, the ventral surface of the tongue, and the soft palate. (medscape.com)
  • Major recurrent aphthous ulcers (canker sores) can be 1-3 cm in diameter. (medscape.com)
  • It is induced by an exogenous bovine (ruminant) retrovirus, bovine leukaemia virus (BLV). (anipedia.org)
  • The elderly are often stratified according to frailty status where frail individuals are more susceptible to adverse health outcomes than their non-frail counterparts, however, it is not known whether immunity induced by influenza vaccination is impaired in the frail elderly. (frontiersin.org)
  • The immune systems of animals fed these crops suffer from the effect of mineral depletion and intestinal damage and thus they are very much more susceptible to any virus or bacteria they are exposed to. (abcplus.biz)
  • Through viral load suppression, we may be able to prolong a patient's survival in order to provide a better chance for the patient to develop natural immune defense against the EBOV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection that affects dogs especially when they have a weakened immune system. (turmericforhealth.com)
  • In all cases, HSV is never removed from the body by the immune system. (datexis.com)
  • For example, a phase 1 clinical trial using ultraviolet-attenuated Necator americanus larvae elicited an antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune response that resulted in reduced larval output in vaccinated participants [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The persistence of HIV in treated patients results from the establishment of a viral reservoir insensitive to ART and poorly visible to the immune system. (europa.eu)
  • At that time, the application of tumor treatment with the spontaneous viruses or wild type viruses which quite often being scavenged by immune system, merely induces a subtle inhibition to tumor progression in patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These studies revealed substantial morphological and also useful modifications in SB202190 aesthetic cortex and morphological adjustments to incomplete fall behind setting system regions of Wear immune system patients, which might provide insights in the procedure associated with perspective reduction and may even aid diagnosing and also treating Wear. (pkc-signal.com)
  • The analysis ended up being conducted with 3 referral university hospitals in between Come early july 2017 and also July 2018. (pkc-signal.com)
  • Animal studies show that curcumin reduces gastric inflammation and inhibits the growth of H.pylori infection. (turmericforhealth.com)
  • Myocarditis (inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart) and death, especially in newborn animals. (someinfos.com)
  • Cellular factors which play role in host defense mechanisms against HIV were identified and their role in HIV induced inflammation was established. (europa.eu)
  • Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid has become dominant in Pakistan (70% in 2020) but has not yet become established elsewhere. (cdc.gov)
  • Around 70% of Typhi from Pakistan were extensively drug-resistant in 2020, but these hard-to-treat variants have not yet become established elsewhere. (cdc.gov)
  • The first case of SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed mink on a Dutch farm was identified in April 2020. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • A team from Yale conducted a retrospective cohort study of 1827 patients with confirmed COVID‐19 who were hospitalized within the Yale‐New Haven Health System (YNHHS) between March 14, 2020 and April 23, 2020 and published their findings in Hepatology . (bio-itworld.com)
  • An online national survey of 4, 351 adolescents and young adults aged 13-24 years was conducted in May 2020 and used to assess relationships among COVID-19 and e-cigarettes and cigarettes. (bio-itworld.com)
  • So maybe in late November or December 2020, we got contacted by Dr. John Woodford with requests of "If you would be interested in this study. (nih.gov)
  • PPT1-deficient DCs are more susceptible to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection, and mice with PPT1 deficiency in cDC1s show impaired response to VSV. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, PML deficiency rendered mice 10 times more susceptible to lethal immunopathology upon intracerebral LCMV inoculation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Propagation of strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus in un-weaned white mice. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • It is believed the equine test is accurate in cases with a positive test result and clinical signs of equine corona virus, which include fever, decreased appetite, lethargy and diarrhea due to colitis. (vin.com)
  • Immunological responses across frailty strata were also studied in terms of leukocyte cellular distribution, cytokine levels and gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • gene expression data tell us that it plays a role in the regulation of cardiovascular and renal function, as well as fertility (Refseq). (jameslyonsweiler.com)
  • Surprisingly, promoters (desmin or synthetic C5-12) described as muscle-specific and which drive gene expression in single strand AAV vectors in gene therapy protocols were very highly active in pDC using VSVG-LV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • With the leap of gene cloning in the molecular virology, the scientists focus on improvement of their antitumor specificity and efficiency by manipulating the viral genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present invention provides a simple and robust human liver cell-based system in which persistent hepatitis C infection, persistent hepatitis B infection or ethanol exposure induces a clinical Prognostic Liver Signature (PLS) high-risk gene signature. (sumobrain.com)
  • SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that emerged in 2019 and is now classified in the genus Coronavirus with closely related SARS-CoV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Objective: To study the link between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination status and adherence to public health and social measures in Members of the Eastern Mediterranean Region and Algeria. (bvsalud.org)
  • Stomatitis may involve swelling and redness of the oral mucosa or discrete, painful ulcers (single or multiple). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Equine corona virus affects the intestinal tract of horses and causes colitis, diarrhea, fever, decreased appetite, and lethargy. (vin.com)
  • Extensive laboratory experience and mild nature of aerosol laboratory infections justifies Level 2. (cdc.gov)
  • More than 1,100 laboratory incidents involving bacteria, viruses and toxins that pose significant or bioterror risks to people and agriculture were reported to federal regulators during 2008 through 2012, government reports obtained by USA TODAY show. (blogspot.com)
  • The virus survives in lymph nodes and bone marrow at neutral pH, but is destroyed in muscle when pH is less than 6.0, i.e., after rigor mortis. (someinfos.com)
  • Infection may be found in the liver, abdominal lymph nodes, lungs, and other sites. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • The first four have been found to occur together in one variant called the cluster 3 variant. (justbalancinghealth.com)
  • More serious disorders occur when the virus infects and damages the eye (herpes keratitis), or invades the central nervous system, damaging the brain (herpes encephalitis). (datexis.com)
  • Transmission by direct contact can occur when animals infected with the virus have direct contact with other susceptible animals. (canada.ca)
  • Vesicular stomatitis is most likely to occur during warm months in the Southwest, particularly along riverways and in valleys. (insurehorses.com)
  • It is known to be an endemic disease in the warmer regions of the Western Hemisphere, but outbreaks of the disease occasionally occur in temperate geographic areas. (insurehorses.com)
  • Flies are thought to be involved in the transmission of this disease. (abcplus.biz)
  • It's a good thing to avoid exposure to infected animals in these sorts of disease outbreaks. (abcplus.biz)
  • The spread of vesicular stomatitis (VS), a highly-contagious disease that usually requires quarantines in order to be mitigated, has resulted in the cancellation of several horse shows, as well as major economic losses for some ranchers. (abcplus.biz)
  • It turns out some viruses that didn't have the DNA mutation were also causing the neurological disease, though it's more likely with the DNA mutation. (horsesport.com)
  • The ACVIM Consensus Report admits that there is very limited knowledge of the disease in many respects. (horsesport.com)
  • Adding to the problem is the fact that EHV-1 is not a reportable disease in Canada or the US, (although it has been made a reportable disease in some individual states), which means the government cannot prevent the movement of horses that have been exposed or even infected. (horsesport.com)
  • In Italy in 1546, Fracastorius made what is probably the first report of a vesicular disease ( Bulloch 1927 ). (wikisource.org)
  • Over time, episodes of active disease decrease in frequency and severity. (datexis.com)
  • HSV infection has also been associated with cognitive deficits of bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease, although this is often dependent on the genetics of the infected person. (datexis.com)
  • [ 6 ] Two years later, Alsop et al used the term hand-foot-and-mouth disease to describe a similar eruption in England. (medscape.com)
  • The disease is currently present in many areas of the world. (canada.ca)
  • The technique of complement fixation in foot-and-mouth disease research. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Application of agar gel precipitin tests to the study of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Studies with infective ribonucleic acid from tissues and cell cultures infected with the virus of foot-and-mouth disease. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • This review will compare various animal models to the available descriptions of human pathogenesis and aims to evaluate their effectiveness in modeling important aspects of Marburg virus disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because the disease occurs in many parts of the world, there is always a chance of its accidental introduction into the United States. (someinfos.com)
  • World Health Organization (WHO) has renamed the virus SARS-CoV-2, and the disease it causes COVID-2019. (jameslyonsweiler.com)
  • See Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Disease and Cutaneous Manifestations of Hepatitis C for information on these viral infections. (medscape.com)
  • These types have different disease patterns in their hosts. (medscape.com)
  • HHV-2, also known as HSV-2, causes genital herpes and occasionally causes oral disease that is clinically similar to that of HHV-1 infection. (medscape.com)
  • HHV-3, also known as varicella-zoster virus (VZV), causes the primary infection chickenpox and the secondary reactivation disease herpes zoster. (medscape.com)
  • [7] There is no evidence of human infection or any disease associated with BAV. (wikimili.com)
  • TIBV is an orphan virus and not associated with any disease. (wikimili.com)
  • In another incident, a cow in a disease-free herd next to a research facility studying the bacteria that cause brucellosis, became infected due to practices that violated federal regulations, resulting in regulators suspending the research and ordering a $425,000 fine, records show. (blogspot.com)
  • Major advances in HIV/AIDS treatment regimens have fundamentally altered the natural history of the disease and sharply reduced HIV-related morbidity and mortality in countries where such treatments are accessible. (europa.eu)
  • A slow progressive disease of mink caused by the ALEUTIAN MINK DISEASE VIRUS . (nih.gov)
  • As the disease progresses, the reflexes increase in intensity and the animal is easily excited into more violent, general spasms by sudden movement or noise. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • The cellular model system for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)/cirrhosis development and progression may be used in the screening of compounds useful in the treatment and/or prevention of cirrhosis and/or HCC as well as in the identification biomarkers for the prediction of liver disease (especially cirrhosis) progression and HCC. (sumobrain.com)
  • As with other retroviral infections, the disease is characterized by a long incubation period that may terminate in the development of persistent lymphocytosis and lymphosarcoma. (anipedia.org)
  • Enzootic bovine leukosis should be distinguished from sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL), which occurs mainly in young animals aged between four months and two years and presents as juvenile multicentric, thymic or skin forms of the disease. (anipedia.org)
  • Results indicated only one horse was positive in the feces for corona virus, and that horse was admitted for a gastrointestinal disease. (vin.com)
  • Texas Animal Health Commission has announced that outbreaks of VS have occurred in at least 21 different locations in eight Texas counties, 27 equines were affected, including 22 in Texas and five in Colorado. (abcplus.biz)
  • An announcement issued by the Texas Animal Health Commission on July 25 explains that outbreaks of VS have occurred in at least 21 different locations in eight Texas counties, including in Austin's Travis County. (abcplus.biz)
  • The large number of horses moving around to horse shows is indisputably doing its share in causing outbreaks. (horsesport.com)
  • Although generally less well known than its cousin Ebola virus (EBOV), MARV was the first filovirus discovered following outbreaks in Germany and Yugoslavia (now Serbia) in 1967 [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, since 2007, the threat to public health from ZIKV has steadily increased due to outbreaks in varying places, such as Yap Island, French Polynesia, and Micronesia. (datexis.com)
  • More recently, unexpected outbreaks of ZIKV infection have occurred in Brazil and rapidly spread from South America to Central-American and Asian countries, involving millions of residents. (datexis.com)
  • Airborne transmission occurs when infected animals exhale large amounts the virus into the air. (canada.ca)
  • Secondary infection occasionally occurs, especially in immunocompromised patients. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although tetanus occurs worldwide, there are some areas, such as the northern Rocky Mountain section of the United States, where the organism is rarely found in the soil and where tetanus is almost unknown. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Particularly in cancer, cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens is crucial for an effective antitumor CTL response. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nuclear antigens encoded by VIRAL GENES found in HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4. (lookformedical.com)