• A series of industrial lasers were developed at XMR, Inc in Santa Clara, California between 1980 and 1988. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1988. Threshold limit values and biological exposure indices for 1988-1989. (cdc.gov)
  • Maintenance of the ocular surface is dependent on the complex interplay of the lids, lacrimal gland, tear film, conjunctiva, cornea, and neural network. (touchophthalmology.com)
  • Although multifactorial in etiology, severe ocular surface disorders (OSDs) commonly result in progressive inflammation, vascularization, scarring, and/or loss of visual function, often refractory to conservative medical therapy. (touchophthalmology.com)
  • METHODS The stability of essential components (EGF, vitamin A, and TGF-β) in preserved serum were examined following preservation at 4°C and −20°C. In a primary clinical trial, 12 patients with Sjögren's syndrome were treated with autologous serum (diluted to 20% with sterile saline) for 4 weeks, and vital staining of the ocular surface was compared before and after treatment. (bmj.com)
  • CONCLUSION Autologous serum application is a safe and efficient way to provide essential components to the ocular surface in the treatment of dry eye associated with Sjögren's syndrome. (bmj.com)
  • 1-5 Accumulated knowledge in the past decade has demonstrated the importance of tear components such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vitamin A in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of the ocular surface epithelium. (bmj.com)
  • In non-SS dry eye, tear components are supplied to the ocular surface through occasional reflex tears. (bmj.com)
  • Thus, the problems associated with the complete depletion of essential tear components are not as expected in non-SS dry eye, where only a slight alteration of the ocular surface is observed. (bmj.com)
  • 12 However in SS dry eye, tear components are lacking to the extent that the integrity of the ocular surface is compromised, resulting in the disruption of the ocular surface epithelium. (bmj.com)
  • 14 Our recent experience with frequent use of autologous serum in the reconstruction of the ocular surface in severe dry eye such as ocular pemphigoid or Stevens-Johnson syndrome supports the concept that the lack of biologically active tear components can be replaced by autologous serum application. (bmj.com)
  • An excimer laser typically uses a combination of a noble gas (argon, krypton, or xenon) and a reactive gas (fluorine or chlorine). (wikipedia.org)
  • The limitations of interfacing electrodes including low charge injection limits, mechanical mismatch and foreign body response can be addressed through the use of organic electrode coatings which typically provide a softer, more roughened surface to enable both improved charge transfer and lower mechanical mismatch with neural tissue. (frontiersin.org)
  • 2001. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. (cdc.gov)
  • 1982. Acute inhalation toxicity of ammonia in rats with variable exposure periods. (cdc.gov)
  • An excimer laser, sometimes more correctly called an exciplex laser, is a form of ultraviolet laser which is commonly used in the production of microelectronic devices, semiconductor based integrated circuits or "chips", eye surgery, and micromachining. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although less commonly used, the proper term for such is an exciplex laser. (wikipedia.org)
  • For their pioneering work on strained-layer laser structures. (rankprize.org)
  • Drexhage, K. H. (1973) Structures and properties of laser dyes. (photochemcad.com)
  • For the application of excimer laser surgery to refractive correction of the cornea. (rankprize.org)
  • aspects of Pt electrical, mechanical, and biological performance remain as limiting factors which prevent the application of high-density microelectrode arrays for neural interfacing. (frontiersin.org)
  • One major problem encountered was degradation of the optical windows due to carbon build-up on the surface of the CaF window. (wikipedia.org)
  • INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENT HEALTH CRITERIA 23 LASERS AND OPTICAL RADIATION This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. (inchem.org)
  • However, when in an excited state (induced by electrical discharge or high-energy electron beams), they can form temporarily bound molecules with themselves (excimer) or with halogens (exciplex) such as fluorine and chlorine. (wikipedia.org)
  • While electron-beam pumped excimer lasers can produce high single energy pulses, they are generally separated by long time periods (many minutes). (wikipedia.org)
  • Most of the lasers produced were XeCl, and a sustained energy of 1 J per pulse at repetition rates of 300 pulses per second was the standard rating. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (TransPRK) and femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (Femto-LASIK) were performed on Wavelight-Allegretto200, MEL-80, and WaveLight-EX500 excimer laser systems and also VisuMax and WaveLight-FS200 femtosecond lasers. (bvsalud.org)
  • citation needed] The wavelength of an excimer laser depends on the molecules used, and is usually in the ultraviolet range of electromagnetic radiation: Excimer lasers, such as XeF and KrF, can also be made slightly tunable using a variety of prism and grating intracavity arrangements. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lasers are characterized according to their wavelength in a vacuum. (handwiki.org)
  • Most "single wavelength" lasers produce radiation in several modes with slightly different wavelengths. (handwiki.org)
  • An excimer laser, sometimes more correctly called an exciplex laser, is a form of ultraviolet laser which is commonly used in the production of microelectronic devices, semiconductor based integrated circuits or "chips", eye surgery, and micromachining. (wikipedia.org)
  • Under the appropriate conditions of electrical stimulation and high pressure, a pseudo-molecule called an excimer (or in the case of noble gas halides, exciplex) is created, which can only exist in an energized state and can give rise to laser light in the ultraviolet range. (wikipedia.org)
  • All such devices operating at frequencies higher than microwaves are called lasers (including infrared lasers , ultraviolet lasers , X-ray laser , and gamma-ray laser ). (handwiki.org)
  • Here, we present annual observations of bioaerosol concentrations based on online ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence (UV-LIF) spectrometry from the World Meteorological Organization - Global Atmospheric Watch (WMO-GAW) Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory on São Vicente. (copernicus.org)
  • A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation . (handwiki.org)
  • Excimer laser was proposed in 1960 by Fritz Houtermans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since 1960s excimer lasers are widely used in high-resolution photolithography machines, one of the critical technologies required for microelectronic chip manufacturing. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, when in an excited state (induced by electrical discharge or high-energy electron beams), they can form temporarily bound molecules with themselves (excimer) or with halogens (exciplex) such as fluorine and chlorine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Laser beams can be focused to very tiny spots, achieving a very high irradiance , or they can have a very low divergence to concentrate their power at a great distance. (handwiki.org)
  • Some lasers are not single spatial mode and have light beams that diverge more than is required by the diffraction limit . (handwiki.org)
  • These groups include the Avco Everett Research Laboratory, Sandia Laboratories, the Northrop Research and Technology Center, the United States Government's Naval Research Laboratory, which also developed a XeCl Laser that was excited using a microwave discharge, and Los Alamos National Laboratory. (wikipedia.org)
  • While electron-beam pumped excimer lasers can produce high single energy pulses, they are generally separated by long time periods (many minutes). (wikipedia.org)
  • This presentation established the credible potential of developing high power lasers at short wavelengths. (wikipedia.org)
  • Observations of the long-range transport of biological particles in the tropics via dust vectors are now seen as fundamental to the understanding of many global atmosphere-ocean biogeochemical cycles, changes in air quality, human health, ecosystem impacts, and climate. (copernicus.org)
  • We argue that this hypothesis is supported from analysis of measurements also at Cabo Verde just prior to the long-term monitoring experiment where UV-LIF single particle measurements were compared with laser ablation aerosol particle time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LAAP-ToF) measurements. (copernicus.org)
  • Definitive evidence of a xenon excimer laser action at 173 nm using a high pressure gas at 12 atmospheres, also pumped by an electron beam, was first presented in March 1973, by Mani Lal Bhaumik of Northrop Corporation, Los Angeles. (wikipedia.org)
  • This laser used a high power thyratron and magnetic switching with corona pre-ionization and was rated for 100 million pulses without major maintenance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lasers can also have high temporal coherence, which allows them to emit light with a very narrow spectrum . (handwiki.org)
  • The word laser is an anacronym that originated as an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation . (handwiki.org)
  • A laser differs from other sources of light in that it emits light that is coherent . (handwiki.org)
  • Spatial coherence also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over great distances (collimation), enabling applications such as laser pointers and lidar (light detection and ranging). (handwiki.org)
  • Semiconductor lasers in the blue to near-UV have also been used in place of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to excite fluorescence as a white light source. (handwiki.org)
  • Lasers are distinguished from other light sources by their coherence . (handwiki.org)
  • Although temporal coherence implies some degree of monochromaticity, some lasers emit a broad spectrum of light or emit different wavelengths of light simultaneously. (handwiki.org)
  • All such devices are classified as "lasers" based on the method of producing light by stimulated emission. (handwiki.org)
  • Lasers are employed where light of the required spatial or temporal coherence can not be produced using simpler technologies. (handwiki.org)
  • A laser that produces light by itself is technically an optical oscillator rather than an optical amplifier as suggested by the acronym. (handwiki.org)
  • 1974. Biological handbooks: Biology data book. (cdc.gov)