Sulfur aerosols. Medical search. Frequent questions

On Sep 30, 2021, Nature Chemistry published a paper titled "Oxidation of sulfur dioxide by nitrogen dioxide accelerated at the interface of deliquesced aerosol particles" by associate Professor Tengyu Liu. (nju.edu.cn)
R esults indicate that SO 2 oxidation by NO 2 in aerosol particles may be an important source of sulfate aerosol under polluted haze conditions. (nju.edu.cn)
SO 2 oxidation by NO 2 in aerosol particles has been previously proposed to drive sulfate formation during haze events, but the aerosol pH values are required to be ~ 6 or higher for this chemistry to be environmentally important when literature values for the kinetics are used. (nju.edu.cn)
T he authors study the oxidation of SO 2 by NO 2 in atmospherically relevant NH 3 -buffered deliquesced aerosol particles in an environmental chamber. (nju.edu.cn)
An interfacial reaction at the surface of aerosol particles probably drives the very fast kinetics. (nju.edu.cn)
And sometimes, aerosols are produced from photochemical decomposition of COS (carbonyl sulfide), or when solid sulfates in the sea salt spray can react with gypsum dust particles). (wikipedia.org)
Acid Precipitation: Effects of Sulfur Dioxide and Sulfate Aerosol Particles on Human Health. (epa.gov)
The zeppelin has been loaded with heavy equipment, specially designed to absorb and analyse aerosols, tiny chemical particles that float in the atmosphere. (euronews.com)
The team will collect samples over various landscapes and environments, analysing aerosol particles of differing sizes and properties at several altitudes, pressures and temperatures. (euronews.com)
Air pollution from burning coal, oil and gas flaring and residues, power stations and nuclear station releases particles of ash, gases such as carbon dioxide and sulphur compounds to the air space as pollutants. (imechanica.org)
But we do know sulfur in the stratosphere can cause small particles called aerosols to form. (windows2universe.org)
Its laser scatters light to measure particles and aerosols in the air. (tsi.com)
Now, Environment Canada researchers, in a study published in Geophysical Research Letters , have put a number on the sea-ice melt that reduced emissions of sulfur dioxide (and certain other aerosols , tiny particles that are suspended in the atmosphere) are expected to cause: about 400,000 square miles or 1 million square kilometers. (adn.com)
Aerosols are small respiratory particles that can linger in the air and can disperse or travel over a distance of 2 meters under certain circumstances. (cdc.gov)
Aerosol is particles in a gas volume. (lu.se)
We teach and research on the topic of aerosols: how are the particles structured, what is the interaction with the gas-phase, what physicochemical properties do they have, and what effects do they have on nature and our health? (lu.se)
Aerosol particles are everywhere, in size from 1 nanometer up to some tenths of a mm. (lu.se)
Aerosol particles are not necessarily spherical, but can have a complex shape, surface structure and morphology (see image below). (lu.se)
Aerosol particles are used within nanotechnology (for instance solar cells), in health care (for instance the Turbuhaler®), but also have adverse health effects during deposition in our lungs and affect climate through the reflection and absorption of solar light and through cloud formation. (lu.se)
Fine dust particles or small liquid droplets may be suspended in the air as aerosols (smokes, fogs, mists, or fumes). (msdmanuals.com)
Hazardous anthropogenic aerosol particles constitute a major pollution component and cause a direct risk factor. (lu.se)
In the figure below, the part of the extinction coefficient that originates from aerosol particles is shown as a function of height and time for one measurement performed in a rural part of Sweden and one in an urban part of China. (lu.se)
Transmission occurs by dissemination of infectious particles of the varicella-zoster virus by the aerosol released from nasopharyngeal secretions or skin lesions, or by direct contact with lesions. (bvsalud.org)

To meet this need, a new method to estimate the contribution of the gas-phase reaction between hydroxyl radical (OH) and SO 2 to the sulfate aerosol is proposed and investigated. (copernicus.org)
Major volcanic eruptions have an overwhelming effect on sulfate aerosol concentrations in the years when they occur: eruptions ranking 4 or greater on the Volcanic Explosivity Index inject SO2 and water vapor directly into the stratosphere, where they react to create sulfate aerosol plumes. (wikipedia.org)
However, before the Industrial Revolution, dimethyl sulfide pathway was the largest contributor to sulfate aerosol concentrations in a more average year with no major volcanic activity. (wikipedia.org)
Such an increase in sulfate aerosol emissions had a variety of effects. (wikipedia.org)
Even though volcanic SO 2 emissions represent 15 % of the total annual sulfur emissions, the volcanic contribution to the tropospheric sulfate aerosol burden is 25 %, which is due to the higher altitude of emissions from volcanoes. (copernicus.org)
Sulfur dioxide emitted during volcanic eruptions, and introduced into the stratosphere, converts to sulfate aerosol, which can produce short-lived global cooling 6 . (nature.com)
As cloud droplets become less acidic, the chemical reaction that turns sulfur dioxide into sulfate aerosol gets more efficient. (washington.edu)

Sulfate aerosols can be anthropogenic (through the combustion of fossil fuels with a high sulfur content, primarily coal and certain less-refined fuels, like aviation and bunker fuel), biogenic from hydrosphere and biosphere, geological via volcanoes or weather-driven from wildfires and other natural combustion events. (wikipedia.org)
In the early 1990s, anthropogenic sulfur dominated in the Northern Hemisphere, where only 16% of annual sulfur emissions were natural, yet amounted for less than half of the emissions in the Southern Hemisphere. (wikipedia.org)
and sulphur dioxide (SO 2 , MtSO 2 /yr, bottom-right graph, contributing to anthropogenic aerosols in panel (b). (ipcc.ch)
and net cooling from other anthropogenic drivers ('aerosols and land use' bar: anthropogenic aerosols, changes in reflectance due to land-use and irrigation changes, and contrails from aviation) (see Figure SPM.2, panel c, for the warming contributions to date for individual drivers). (ipcc.ch)

Mineral dust serves as a significant source of sulfate aerosols by mediating heterogeneous sulfur dioxide (SO2) oxidation in the atmosphere. (bvsalud.org)

A lidar measures backscattered light from atmospheric targets e.g. aerosols including volcanic ash and Saharan dust, water droplets and ice crystals, using laser pulses transmitted at one or more given wavelengths (UV, visible or IR). (metoffice.gov.uk)
Tiny aerosol droplets of sulfuric acid then reformed high in the Earth's atmosphere. (earth.com)
The gas forms tiny droplets of sulfuric acid, also known as "volcanic aerosols," that can block sunlight. (time.com)

Stratospheric aerosol injection is a proposed method of solar geoengineering (or solar radiation modification) to reduce global warming. (wikipedia.org)
It appears that stratospheric aerosol injection, at a moderate intensity, could counter most changes to temperature and precipitation, take effect rapidly, have low direct implementation costs, and be reversible in its direct climatic effects. (wikipedia.org)
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concludes that it "is the most-researched [solar geoengineering] method, with high agreement that it could limit warming to below 1.5 °C (2.7 °F)." However, like other solar geoengineering approaches, stratospheric aerosol injection would do so imperfectly and other effects are possible, particularly if used in a suboptimal manner. (wikipedia.org)
The role of sulfur dioxide in stratospheric aerosol formation evaluated by. (nasa.gov)

Sulfate is among the major components of atmospheric aerosols or fine particulate matters. (copernicus.org)
Academy professor Markku Kulmala is the leading researcher of physics and chemistry of atmospheric aerosols and the most cited researcher in geosciences. (helsinki.fi)
Bryophytes (mosses) have long been used to determine the concentration of heavy metals as an alternative to the collection of atmospheric aerosols. (bvsalud.org)

Inhalation is the major route of exposure to sulfur dioxide. (cdc.gov)
Sulfur mustard can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, and eye contact. (cdc.gov)
However, mounting evidence suggests that the virus can be transmitted through the inhalation of virus-laden aerosols ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)

Toxic amounts of sulfur dioxide can be released from the preservative chemical metabisulfite in the presence of water and acid. (cdc.gov)

Various forms of sulfur have been shown to cool the planet after large volcanic eruptions. (wikipedia.org)
Research shows that large volcanic eruptions inject sulfur dioxide gas into the stratosphere. (time.com)

In a study appearing in the Journal of Climate in 2016, MIT researchers found that a high coal-use future-in which today's emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and black carbon aerosols from Asia's industry, energy and domestic sectors are set to twice their year-2000 values from 2030 to 2100-would produce significant local and global climate impacts. (mit.edu)
Yet, by that point, the global human-caused emissions of sulfur into the atmosphere became "at least as large" as all natural emissions of sulfur-containing compounds combined: they were at less than 3 million tons per year in 1860, and then they increased to 15 million tons in 1900, 40 million tons in 1940 and about 80 millions in 1980. (wikipedia.org)
Other causes include an unusually dormant solar cycle and an increase in Chinese emissions of sulfur dioxide, which seem to have the same cooling effect. (time.com)
That's the amount of ice melt, according to the study's calculation, that's likely to be attributable to reductions of human-caused emissions of sulfur dioxide and similar light-reflecting air pollutants by the end of the century. (adn.com)

People with asthma can experience increased airway resistance with sulfur dioxide concentrations of less than 0.1 ppm when exercising. (cdc.gov)
This dataset is from the Northern Ireland (NI) DELTA® Gas and Aerosol Monitoring Network, and consists of monthly atmospheric concentrations of inorganic, water-soluble, reactive gases and aerosols measured with the UKCEH DELTA® method at 4 sites across NI for the years 2019 to 2020. (data.gov.uk)
Well constrained volcanic emissions inventories in chemistry transport models are necessary to study the impacts induced by these sources on the tropospheric sulfur composition and on sulfur species concentrations and depositions at the surface. (copernicus.org)
If Legionella pneumonia is suspected, the organism can be cultured on charcoal-yeast agar, which contains the high concentrations of iron and sulfur required for growth. (medscape.com)

Aerosols loaded with sulfate result in low air quality, damage to ecosystems, and influences on climate change. (copernicus.org)
So by reducing sulphate-aerosols we run the risk of suppressing an effect which actually works against climate warming. (euronews.com)
Biosphere - aerosol - cloud - climate interactions. (helsinki.fi)
One of the exciting new datasets provided by the WDC06A ice core is the sulfur-based record of volcanism, supplemented by electrical conductivity and particle counter measurements, which, when integrated with a Greenland ice record, provide insight into volcanic forcing of climate fluctuations 7 . (nature.com)
Aerosols affect the ozone layer and climate . (windows2universe.org)
The cooling effects of volcanoes have inspired several ideas for purposely adding aerosols to slow climate warming. (adn.com)

Stratospheric aerosols (SAs) are a variable component of the Earth's albedo that may be intentionally enhanced in the future to offset greenhouse gases (geoengineering). (nasa.gov)
The impact caused sulfur-bearing gases to evaporate, the researchers said. (earth.com)

Earlier experiments using guinea pigs and other laboratory animals have shown that aerosols of sodium chloride potentiate the irritant effects of inhaled sulfur dioxide and formaldehyde. (cdc.gov)
Inhaled sulfur dioxide readily reacts with the moisture of mucous membranes to form sulfurous acid (H 2 SO 3 ), which is a severe irritant. (cdc.gov)

Sulfur mustard (military designation HD or H) is a blister agent (vesicant) that causes severe, delayed burns to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. (cdc.gov)
Sulfur dioxide is linked to respiratory problems in humans, as well as acid rain and other habitat degradation -- even crop failures . (adn.com)
Ask respiratory therapy personnel to assist the patient in obtaining an "aerosol-induced" specimen if the cough is not productive. (medscape.com)

It's dangerous because the aerosols produced by volcanoes are small enough to stay in the lungs. (tsi.com)
Volcanoes also pump some into the atmosphere, sometimes in significant levels, and wildfires are another natural source of sulfur dioxide emissions. (adn.com)
The laser radiation was sent upwards while the boat traversed the plume and thus the sulphur dioxide flux from different volcanoes in the Mediterranean Sea could be determined. (lu.se)

Overall, higher aerosol levels would result in more reductions in rainfall than increases, particularly in regions that are already water-stressed. (mit.edu)
So before we can understand what humans are doing to contribute to higher aerosol loadings, we also have to really understand the biogenic sources. (euronews.com)

Sulfate aerosols could originate from that directly emitted to the atmosphere and that produced by atmospheric physicochemical processes. (copernicus.org)
We know that aerosols affect cloud formation and by doing so they can contribute to the cooling of the atmosphere. (euronews.com)
Scientists are finding air pollution like black carbon, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides more than 20 miles above the surface of the Earth in the stratosphere layer of the atmosphere . (windows2universe.org)
And it's even more ironic: Volcano eruptions launch sulfur dioxide and aerosols into the atmosphere that reflect sunlight, and so they actually cool the Earth overall. (slate.com)
To protect human health and safeguard the environment, governments and utility companies around the world have worked -- successfully -- to reduce the amount of sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere. (adn.com)
Not all sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere is put there by humans. (adn.com)

This would introduce aerosols into the stratosphere to create a cooling effect via global dimming and increased albedo, which occurs naturally from volcanic winter. (wikipedia.org)
However, as of 2021, there has been little research and existing natural aerosols in the stratosphere are not well understood. (wikipedia.org)

Inorganic aerosols are mainly produced when sulfur dioxide reacts with water vapor to form gaseous sulfuric acid and various salts (often through an oxidation reaction in the clouds), which are then thought to experience hygroscopic growth and coagulation and then shrink through evaporation. (wikipedia.org)

1989. Oleum, sulfur trioxide, and sulfuric acid. (cdc.gov)
1975. Long-term exposure to sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid mist, fly ash, and their mixtures. (cdc.gov)

Aerosols: ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-), sulphate (SO42-), chloride (Cl-), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+) The network is operated jointly by Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) and the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), and funded by the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA), Northern Ireland. (data.gov.uk)

While sulfur dioxide is among the type of aerosols that reflect sunlight away from Earth, others, notably black carbon , absorb it and speed melt of ice and snow. (adn.com)

Biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and water. (helsinki.fi)
The selected particle is coloured according to red for carbon and green for sulphur. (lu.se)
Pollutants of major public health concern include PM, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. (who.int)

Persons exposed only to sulfur dioxide gas pose no risk of secondary contamination. (cdc.gov)
Sulfur dioxide gas is released primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels (75% to 85% of the industrial sources), the smelting of sulfide ores, volcanic emissions, and several other natural sources. (cdc.gov)

Warm, moist areas with thin skin, the moist linings of body passages and cavities (mucous membranes), and perspiration-covered skin are more sensitive to the blistering (vesicant) effects of sulfur mustard. (cdc.gov)

The Allied Powers in WWI referred to this agent as HS (Hun Stoffe), later shortened to H. Pure distilled sulfur mustard was given the name HD (Distilled Hun). (medscape.com)

Among them, sulfur dioxide ( SO 2 ) is a pollutant species known to affect both human health and the environment. (copernicus.org)

The latter is generated from sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) via oxidation either in the gas phase reactions or in the aqueous phase. (copernicus.org)
Our findings suggest that oxalate-assisted SO2 oxidation on iron minerals is one of the important contributors to secondary sulfate aerosols, especially during the nighttime with high relative humidity. (bvsalud.org)

This group includes inorganic sulfates (SO42-),HSO4- and H2SO4-: organic sulfur compounds are sometimes included as well, but are of lower importance. (wikipedia.org)

Additionally, the retention time for dissolved vapors is too short to permit the aerosol to transport the dissolved vapor for any appreciable distance. (cdc.gov)
Here it is pointed out that both sulfur dioxide and formaldehyde are hydrated in water solutions to compounds ( methylene hydroxide and sulfite, respectively) that have low vapor pressures and are known to decompose only very slowly in water solution. (cdc.gov)
Persons whose skin or clothing is contaminated with liquid sulfur dioxide can secondarily contaminate rescuers by direct contact or through off-gassing of vapor. (cdc.gov)
Indoor Air: Sulfur mustard can be released into indoor air as a liquid spray (aerosol) or as a vapor. (cdc.gov)
If sulfur mustard is released as a vapor, it is highly unlikely to contaminate agricultural products. (cdc.gov)

Multiple year-round (2006-2015) records of the bulk and size-segregated composition of aerosol were obtained at 15 the inland site of Concordia located in East Antarctica. (awi.de)

This weak non-biogenic sulfate level is discussed in the light of radionuclides (210Pb, 10Be, and 7Be) also measured on bulk aerosol samples collected at Concordia. (awi.de)

Moreover, a sensitivity study on passive degassing emissions, using the annual uncertainties of emissions per volcano, also confirmed the nonlinear link between tropospheric sulfur species content with respect to volcanic SO 2 emissions. (copernicus.org)

An evaluation against the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) SO 2 total column and MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) aerosol optical depth (AOD) observations shows the improvements of the model results with the updated inventory. (copernicus.org)

The role of tropospheric-sourced sulfur dioxide (SO2) in maintaining background SAs has been debated for decades without in situ measurements of SO2 at the tropical tropopause to inform this issue. (nasa.gov)

At room temperature, sulfur dioxide is a nonflammable, colorless gas that is heavier than air. (cdc.gov)
At room temperature, sulfur dioxide is a nonflammable, colorless gas with a very strong, pungent odor. (cdc.gov)

By far the best-studied are the various sulfur compounds collectively referred to sulfate aerosols. (wikipedia.org)
The physical chemistry associated with the formation of these compounds may provide the desired explanation for the observed potentiating effect of inhaled sodium chloride aerosols. (cdc.gov)

There is an instrument from our Swiss partner that measures the absorption of water in aerosols, a crucial element in cloud formation," said Dr Mentel. (euronews.com)

Ice core data from Greenland shows why air pollution is dropping more slowly than sulfur emissions reductions. (washington.edu)

1986. Coal combustion aerosols and SO: An interdisciplinary analysis. (cdc.gov)
Burning fossil fuels -- mostly coal -- accounts for human sources of sulfur dioxide, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and other organizations. (adn.com)
But worldwide, sulfur dioxide emissions from human sources increased for a few years after 2000 , a change attributed to coal-dependent China. (adn.com)

EEA-32 emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) have decreased by 76% between 1990 and 2009. (europa.eu)
The reduction in emissions since 1990 has been achieved as a result of a combination of measures, including fuel-switching in energy-related sectors away from high sulphur-containing solid and liquid fuels to low sulphur fuels such as natural gas, the fitting of flue gas desulphurisation abatement technology in industrial facilities and the impact of European Union directives relating to the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels. (europa.eu)
The reported change in sulphur dioxide emissions (SO2) for each country, 1990-2009, in comparison with the 2010 NECD and Gothenburg protocol targets. (europa.eu)
The European Union has also reduced sulfur dioxide emissions, reporting a 74 percent decrease between 1990 and 2011 . (adn.com)

For a long time, the aim was to reduce sulphur dioxide because it contributed to "acid rain", and we have been successful here in Europe and also in America in reducing these emissions," Dr Mentel told euronews. (euronews.com)

In addition, they may be exposed to higher levels than adults in the same location because of their short stature and the higher levels of sulfur dioxide found nearer to the ground and because they are slow to leave the site of an exposure. (cdc.gov)
However, odor is not a reliable indicator of sulfur mustard and should not be depended on to warn of sulfur mustard exposure. (cdc.gov)

Large exposures to sulfur mustard may be fatal. (cdc.gov)

2016 , 2017 ) , significant differences appear in the global sulfur budget, mainly in the free troposphere and in the tropics. (copernicus.org)

Water: Sulfur mustard liquid can contaminate water. (cdc.gov)
Agricultural: If sulfur mustard is released into the air as a liquid spray (aerosol), it has the potential to contaminate agricultural products. (cdc.gov)

Aerosol transmission through structural defects in floors and walls in this poorly ventilated hotel was the most likely route of virus transmission. (cdc.gov)
The World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have officially acknowledged that aerosol transmission might occur in crowded indoor settings and poorly ventilated spaces ( 7 , 8 ). (cdc.gov)

In this paper, the changes induced by the update of the volcanic sulfur emissions inventory are studied using the global chemistry transport model MOCAGE (MOdèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Échelle). (copernicus.org)
This study highlights the need for accurate estimates of volcanic sources in chemistry transport models in order to properly simulate tropospheric sulfur species. (copernicus.org)

A lidar is an optical remote-sensing instrument, which can be located on the ground, mounted on an aircraft or satellite-based, and can be used to observe the location and vertical profile of aerosols such as volcanic ash. (metoffice.gov.uk)
The lidar technique has over many years developed to become an important method to measure the aerosol particle concentration with the help of the backscattered light. (lu.se)
What is generally shown when the aerosol particle concentration is measured with lidar is the extinction coefficient as a function of height. (lu.se)

Then the relationship between sulfate concentration and the SO 2 -OH reaction is analyzed statistically to investigate the sources of sulfate in aerosols. (copernicus.org)
1973. Atmospheric sulfur dioxide and sulfate: Distribution of concentration at urban and nonurban sites in United States. (cdc.gov)

Environmental context: Sulphur dioxide is emitted when fuels containing sulphur are combusted. (europa.eu)
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is also monitoring aerosols around Kilauea with DustTrak installations. (tsi.com)

Anatomy4

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19904

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20171

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