Sulfur reductive oxidation reduction. Medical search. Frequent questions

The CdhAB-2 combines with acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS) [ 10 ] and operates in the acetyl-CoA pathway for complete oxidation of lactate to CO 2 [ 12 , 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
Fqo can be hypothesized to be operative during sulfate reduction with CO. The Fqo complex receives electrons from the reduced coenzyme F 420 (F 420 H 2 ), generated from the oxidative acetyl-CoA pathway, and transfers electrons to the membrane-bound respiratory chain by the reduction of menaquinone [ 16 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
The reductive acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) pathway, also known as the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, allows reduction and condensation of two molecules of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to build the acetyl-group of acetyl-CoA. (degruyter.com)

The energy metabolism of essential microbial guilds in the biogeochemical sulfur cycle is based on a DsrAB-type dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase that either catalyzes the reduction of sulfite to sulfide during anaerobic respiration of sulfate, sulfite and organosulfonates, or acts in reverse during sulfur oxidation. (bestitservice.be)
Sulfate reduction was dominated by hydrogen-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophic Desulfovibrionaceae sp. (biomedcentral.com)
and was identified in phyla not typically associated with sulfate reduction in novel lineages of Spirochaetota and Bacteroidota . (biomedcentral.com)
We detected Mars-relevant metabolisms including hydrogenotrophic sulfate reduction, sulfur reduction, and sulfide oxidation, which indicate the potential for microbial life in analogous S-rich brines on past and present Mars. (biomedcentral.com)

But success depends on the type of yeasts used and the redox potential (the likelihood of causing reduction) of a wine. (vinifero.ch)
Prevents reduction into lead button of those metals below lead in the redox potential series. (fireassay.eu)

Clement JC, Shrestha J, Ehrenfeld JG, Jaffe PR (2005) Ammonium oxidation coupled to dissimilatory reduction of iron under anaerobic conditions in wetland soils. (springer.com)

In addition, the presence of the enzymatic repertoire for formate and hydrogen oxidation in the Rifle clades A and B comammox genomes, respectively, suggest a broader distribution of these metabolic features than previously anticipated. (osti.gov)

Reduction is a chemical reaction whereby an element or compound gains electrons (reduction), while another loses them (oxidation), resulting in the production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), the most commonly known being hydrogen sulfide. (vinifero.ch)
The oxidation reduction potential (ORP) is a quantifiable measurement of the tendency of a molecule or ion to gain or lose electrons, and a measurement of the redox state. (gordonwalkerconsulting.com)
In the case of hydrogen sulfide, the compound undergoes oxidation to release electrons and hydrogen ions (referred to as protons given that they are separated from the compound and electrons and gain a positive charge). (microscopemaster.com)
[4] Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state. (wikipedia.org)
For example, in the rusting of iron , the oxidation state of iron atoms increases as the iron converts to an oxide , and simultaneously the oxidation state of oxygen decreases as it accepts electrons released by the iron. (wikipedia.org)
Ultimately, the meaning was generalized to include all processes involving the loss of electrons or the increase in the oxidation state of a chemical species. (wikipedia.org)
Substances that have the ability to reduce other substances (cause them to gain electrons) are said to be reductive or reducing and are known as reducing agents , reductants, or reducers. (wikipedia.org)
In the Class I apparatus, two electrons from NAD(P)H are transferred to the FAD-containing ferredoxin reductase (FdR) and then to P450 via the iron-sulfur cluster-containing ferredoxin (Fdx). (nature.com)

Biological processes influenced by MTRR include: sulfur amino acid metabolic process, DNA methylation, methionine metabolic process, methionine biosynthetic process, methylation, S-adenosylmethionine cycle, homocysteine catabolic process, folic acid metabolic process, oxidation-reduction process and negative regulation of cystathionine beta-synthase activity. (wikipedia.org)
The physiological effects of ROS include amino acid chain cleavage, DNA degradation and lipid oxidation, among others. (unl.pt)
The other sulfur-containing amino acid, methionine , cannot form disulfide bonds. (chemeurope.com)

However, this pathway is responsible for a minor role in reactivation, whilst MTRR remains a major contributor in this reductive reactivation. (wikipedia.org)
Although the presence of the metabolite 4-methylthiophenol was detected in certain biological systems, this reductive pathway is believed to be minor. (inchem.org)

It is an important element in the synthesis of iron-sulfur clusters which function as cofactors during the above-mentioned reactions. (nusl.cz)
nature of the iron-sulfur clusters. (degruyter.com)

This is the first report of biological U reduction that is not coupled to carbon oxidation. (springer.com)
Herein, we proposed a novel peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation system employing the single Fe atom supported on mesoporous N-doped carbon (FeSA-MNC, specific surface area = 1520.9 m2/g), which could accelerate the catalytic oxidation process via the surface-confinement effect. (bvsalud.org)
Genomic comparison revealed high conservation of key metabolic features in sublineage II Nitrospira , including respiratory complexes I-V and the machineries for nitrite oxidation and carbon fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. (osti.gov)
Carbon monoxide oxidation by Clostridium thermoaceticum and Clostridium formicoaceticum . (degruyter.com)

This study investigated the possibility of links between the biological immobilization of uranium (U) and ammonium oxidation under iron (Fe) reducing conditions. (springer.com)
This review aims to describe the structural characteristics of superoxide reductases (SORs) and mechanistic aspects of biological superoxide anion reduction. (unl.pt)

ORP is an effective indicator of yeast metabolism in fermentation and when it drops below a certain level, the fermentation enters a "reductive danger zone" where unwanted hydrogen sulfide (H2S) formation can occur. (gordonwalkerconsulting.com)
Paracoccus) oxidize such sulfur compounds as hydrogen sulfide (sulfides) thiosulfates and inorganic sulfur etc. (microscopemaster.com)
Despite low oxygen availability, sulfide oxidation was primarily attributed to aerobic chemolithoautotrophic Halothiobacillaceae . (biomedcentral.com)

During chemosynthesis, chemosynthetic bacteria, being non-photosynthetic, have to rely on energy produced by oxidation of these compounds (inorganic) in order to manufacture food (sugars) while nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas into nitrate. (microscopemaster.com)
Controlled exposure to oxygen allows the wine to undergo oxidation, which softens harsh tannins, enhances aromatic compounds, and promotes the development of desirable characteristics. (wineandshop.com)
Reduction can result in the formation of sulfur compounds, which may contribute to off-flavors and aromas, often described as "reductive" or "stinky. (wineandshop.com)

b) They transfer hydrogen from one substrate to another by oxidation-reduction reac-tion not involving a respiratory chain (shown in Fig. 12.4. (biologydiscussion.com)

Unwanted H2S levels that persist in wine are a concern as they can later bind with ethanol to produce mercaptans that are more difficult to remove, and can produce volatile sulfur aromas such as "onion," "rubber" or "skunk. (gordonwalkerconsulting.com)

Reactivation of this enzyme complex occurs through reductive remethylation by MTRR, utilizing S-adenosylmethionine as a methyl donor. (wikipedia.org)
Based on a DsrAB consensus phylogeny, we introduce an operational classification system for environmental dsrAB sequences that integrates established taxonomic groups with operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at multiple phylogenetic levels, ranging from DsrAB enzyme families that reflect reductive or oxidative DsrAB types of bacterial or archaeal origin, superclusters, uncultured family-level lineages to species-level OTUs. (bestitservice.be)
This is largely due to the fact that the enzyme used for oxidation purposes (Hydrogenase) functions effectively in anaerobic conditions. (microscopemaster.com)

Multiple CODHs are often present in carboxidotrophs potentially facilitating separate, CO oxidation and CO 2 -assimilation reactions [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Although oxidation reactions are commonly associated with the formation of oxides, other chemical species can serve the same function. (wikipedia.org)
The oxidation alone and the reduction alone are each called a half-reaction because two half-reactions always occur together to form a whole reaction. (wikipedia.org)

These autotrophic and mixotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria are believed to contribute substantially to the oxidative portion of the global sulfur cycle. (doe.gov)
Iron-based PAA activation process is a promising advanced oxidation process for water decontamination which depends on Fe(II) as the main reactive site for PAA activation, resulting in various reactive oxidative species (ROSs) generation. (bvsalud.org)

Barlett M et al (2012) Uranium reduction and microbial community development in response to stimulation with different electron donors. (springer.com)
Genome-resolved metagenomics and metatranscriptomics were utilized to describe an active microbial community containing novel metagenome-assembled genomes and dominated by sulfur-cycling Desulfobacterota and Gammaproteobacteria . (biomedcentral.com)
We identified a rare surficial chemolithoautotrophic, sulfur-cycling microbial community active in a unique anoxic, cold, hypersaline Arctic spring. (biomedcentral.com)

These results suggest that natural sites of active ammonium oxidation under Fe reducing conditions by Acidimicrobiaceae bacteria A6 could be hotspots of U immobilization by bioreduction. (springer.com)
Sulfur bacteria - These bacteria (e.g. (microscopemaster.com)

Stanforth, Stephen P. Oxidation of Alcohols by Modified Oxochromium(VI)-Amine Complexes: Luzzio, Frederick A. Retro-Diels-Alder Reaction. (dl-mirror-art-design.de)

Three sulfur atoms singly bonded in a sequence are sometimes called a trisulfide bond, although there are in fact two S-S bonds. (chemeurope.com)

The main difference is that reduction of aldehydes or ketones generally requires a much higher pressure of hydrogen gas. (organicchemistrytutor.com)

Summary The recently discovered comammox process encompasses both nitrification steps, the aerobic oxidation of ammonia and nitrite, in a single organism. (osti.gov)

The first type is switched by a structural change, for example, breaking a bond,[ 19 ]-[ 22 ] while the latter is switched by moving from one oxidation state to another, as for example from an uncharged molecule to an anion or a cation. (thieme-connect.com)

Raney Ni has a remarkably high affinity towards the S-containing substances and "rips" the sulfur off your molecule replacing it with H's. (organicchemistrytutor.com)

Methionine synthase eventually becomes inactive due to the oxidation of its cobalamin cofactor. (wikipedia.org)
Methionine synthase reductase regenerates a functional methionine synthase via reductive methylation. (wikipedia.org)
Methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) is primarily involved in the reductive methylation of homocysteine to methionine, utilizing methylcob(I)alamin as an intermediate methyl carrier. (wikipedia.org)
The Methionine Synthase Reductase (MTRR) gene primarily acts in the reductive regeneration of cob(I)alamin (vitamin B12). (wikipedia.org)

Reductive winemaking is the conscious effort to produce a wine with as little exposure to oxygen as possible with the aim of producing this positive characteristic, but it's not a guarantee. (vinifero.ch)
Oxidation originally implied a reaction with oxygen to form an oxide. (wikipedia.org)
The catalytic step that initiates formation of the ferric oxy-hydroxide mineral core in the central cavity of H-type ferritin involves rapid oxidation of ferrous ion by molecular oxygen (ferroxidase reaction) at a binuclear site (ferroxidase site) found in each of the 24 subunits. (unl.pt)
However, excessive oxygen exposure can lead to oxidation and spoilage, highlighting the importance of proper storage conditions. (wineandshop.com)
In some cases, the aging process can lead to reduction, a chemical reaction that occurs when wine lacks oxygen exposure. (wineandshop.com)

It can infiltrate wine through the grapes itself, winery equipment or barrels, but can be prevented by appropriate use of sulphur dioxide during the winemaking process. (vinifero.ch)
Huang S, Ruiz-Uriguen M, Jaffe PR (2015) Ammonium oxidation under iron reducing conditions: environmental factors characterization and process optimization. (springer.com)
Depending on the organism, or the type of sulfur compound being used, the oxidation process takes place in several stages. (microscopemaster.com)

Complex hydrides like lithium aluminum hydride or sodium borohydride are a perfect choice for the reduction of polar π-bonds like C=O. (organicchemistrytutor.com)

The cofactor flavin-mononucleotide (FMN) is bound non-covalently to the domain, which is functionally interchangeable with iron-sulfur constituted proteins regulating electron transfer or ferredoxins. (wikipedia.org)
This metal is essential for function of numerous proteins, particularly for iron-sulfur proteins in mitochondria. (nusl.cz)

The modular synthesis is based on Suzuki cross-coupling of the aryl substituents as boronic acid precursors with 5,8-dibromo-2-( tert -butyl)-4,9-dimethoxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-phenalen-1-one, and the subsequent transformation of the product to the desired 2,5-diaryl 6-hydroxyphenalenone in a reduction/deprotection sequence. (thieme-connect.com)

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor. (mcw.edu)
For the derivatives 1 and 2 suitable for single-molecule junctions, the corresponding oxophenalenoxyl radicals 1R and 2R were obtained by oxidation and analysed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. (thieme-connect.com)

c) They perform oxidation of metabolite uti-lizing several components of a respiratory chain (shown in Fig. 12.5). (biologydiscussion.com)

Thus, environmental releases of sulfur mustard may potentially occur near Army bases where this material is stored and destroyed. (cdc.gov)
By tracking ORP, Walker said, "I could predict accurately when reduction would occur. (gordonwalkerconsulting.com)
[6] The processes of oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously and cannot occur independently. (wikipedia.org)

But at low levels reduction can be positive, resulting in the struck match, flint character typically associated with Chardonnay. (vinifero.ch)
You'll typically have an acidic workup with these reductions to protonate the resulting alcoholate species. (organicchemistrytutor.com)

Additionally, the micro-oxygenation that occurs when wine interacts with the oak barrel allows for controlled oxidation, enhancing the wine's complexity. (wineandshop.com)

Multiple membrane-bound heterodisulfide reductase (DsrMK) could promote both energy-conserving and non-energy-conserving menaquinol oxidation. (hindawi.com)
For example, putidaredoxin (Pdx) and putidaredoxin reductase (PdR) from Pseudomonas putida represent the first discovered bacterial P450 RP system served as the native PR for P450cam (CYP101A1) in camphor oxidation 9 , 10 . (nature.com)

b) It catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to allantoin. (biologydiscussion.com)

Oxidants are usually chemical substances with elements in high oxidation states (e.g. (wikipedia.org)

However, because of the Army's efforts to mitigate exposure of the general population to sulfur mustard (as well as to other stockpile chemical agents), no releases of sulfur mustard have been reported beyond the confines of these storage locations. (cdc.gov)

Sulfur mustard is not a naturally occurring compound and its primary application is in chemical warfare. (cdc.gov)
Chemical agents, such as sulfur mustard, are extremely hazardous materials, which is why they were used as weapons. (cdc.gov)
However, the destruction of all chemical agents and munitions in the United States containing sulfur mustard is likely to continue for some unspecified time beyond this date. (cdc.gov)
During World War I with its use as a chemical warfare agent, sulfur mustard was released directly to the atmosphere in countries outside the United States. (cdc.gov)
From World War I until the 1970s, disposal of chemical weapons, such as sulfur mustard, at sea was accepted practice. (cdc.gov)
Other leaks of sulfur mustard have been identified from chemical munitions (e.g., 155-mm projectiles) as recently as October 16, 2002 (DOA 2003). (cdc.gov)

A methyl cobalt bond of the intermediary methyl carrier, methlycob(III)alamin is cleaved heterolytically producing cobalamin in its highly reactive oxidation state as cob(I)alamin. (wikipedia.org)

Prevents formation of ' Speiss ' (by oxidation of antimony and arsenic). (fireassay.eu)

Sulfur-oxidizing epsilonproteobacteria are common in a variety of sulfidogenic environments. (doe.gov)

Sulfur mustard has not been identified in air at any of the three NPL hazardous waste sites where it was detected in some environmental media (HazDat 2003). (cdc.gov)
This work provides novel and significant insights into the surface-confinement effect in Fenton-like chemistry and guides the design of superior oxidation systems for environmental remediation. (bvsalud.org)

Disulfide bonds are usually formed from the oxidation of sulfhydryl (-SH) groups , as depicted formally in Figure 1. (chemeurope.com)

The recently-identified Acidimicrobiaceae bacterium A6 (ATCC, PTA-122488) derives energy from ammonium oxidation coupled with Fe reduction. (springer.com)

Multiple cofactor binding sites assist in the maintenance of MTR activity via reductive remethylation. (wikipedia.org)

Highly abundant and active sulfur-reducing Desulfuromusa sp. (biomedcentral.com)

Walker found that when the ORP drops below about 200 mV, the fermentation enters a "reductive danger zone" where the elemental sulfur can be reduced to H2S. (gordonwalkerconsulting.com)

However, controlled levels of reduction can add complexity and depth to certain wine styles. (wineandshop.com)

Measurements of Fe(II) production and ammonium oxidation support this interpretation. (springer.com)

Huang S, Jaffe PR (2015) Characterization of incubation experiments and development of an enrichment culture capable of ammonium oxidation under iron-reducing conditions. (springer.com)

Organisms1

Chemicals and Drugs13

Phenomena and Processes1

Health Care1

Acetyl-CoA pathway3

Sulfate4

Redox potential2

Dissimilatory1

Hydrogen oxidation1

Electrons8

Amino3

Pathway2

Iron-sulfur c2

Carbon4

Biological2

Sulfide3

Compounds3

Substrate1

Volatile sulfur1

Enzyme3

Reactions3

Oxidative2

Microbial community3

Bacteria2

Alcohols1

Atoms1

Ketones1

Nitrification1

Uncharged molecule1

Affinity1

Methionine4

Oxygen5

Process3

Sodium1

Proteins2

Synthesis1

Electron2

Respiratory chain1

Occur3

Typically2

Occurs1

Reductase2

Catalyzes1

Substances1

EXPOSURE1

Chemical6

State1

Formation1

Environments1

Environmental2

Bonds1

Energy1

Activity1

Highly1

Found1

Levels1

Production1

Conditions1