ParticlesAcid aerosolsSulfur dioxideStratospheric aerosol injectionGEOS-ChemInorganicAtmosphericEmissionsHygroscopicityAmmoniumVolcanic eruptionsParticulateDepositionAnthropogenicCombustionConcentrationsHygroscopicClimate1986RadiationRespiratoryNitrateStratosphereAtmosphereDustCompositionDecreaseOrganicCloudSecondaryConcentrationReactionEstimateEffectsSourcesProfileMassHumanLevels
Particles7
- A tentative explanation is that sulfate particles are increasingly coated by organic material, retarding the uptake of ammonia. (nasa.gov)
- Alkylaminium sulfates originate from the neutralisation reaction between short-chained amines and sulfuric acid and have been detected in atmospheric aerosol particles. (uea.ac.uk)
- Their physicochemical behaviour is less well characterised than their inorganic equivalent, ammonium sulfate, even though they play a role in atmospheric processes such as the nucleation and growth of new particles and cloud droplet formation. (uea.ac.uk)
- as microscopic liquid droplets or fine (diameter of about 0.1 to 1.0 micrometre) sulfate solid particles in a colloidal suspension, with smaller particles at times coagulating into larger ones.The other major source are chemical reactions with dimethyl sulfide (DMS), predominantly sourced from marine plankton, with a smaller contribution from swamps and other such wetlands. (wikipedia.org)
- And sometimes, aerosols are produced from photochemical decomposition of COS (carbonyl sulfide), or when solid sulfates in the sea salt spray can react with gypsum dust particles). (wikipedia.org)
- In the eastern United States, sulfate particles were estimated to account for 25% or more of all air pollution. (wikipedia.org)
- An aerosol is a collection of particles suspended in a gas . (academickids.com)
Acid aerosols2
Sulfur dioxide2
- Inorganic aerosols are mainly produced when sulfur dioxide reacts with water vapor to form gaseous sulfuric acid and various salts (often through an oxidation reaction in the clouds), which are then thought to experience hygroscopic growth and coagulation and then shrink through evaporation. (wikipedia.org)
- 1973. Atmospheric sulfur dioxide and sulfate: Distribution of concentration at urban and nonurban sites in United States. (cdc.gov)
Stratospheric aerosol injection4
- Stratospheric aerosol injection is a proposed method of solar geoengineering (or solar radiation modification) to reduce global warming. (wikipedia.org)
- It appears that stratospheric aerosol injection, at a moderate intensity, could counter most changes to temperature and precipitation, take effect rapidly, have low direct implementation costs, and be reversible in its direct climatic effects. (wikipedia.org)
- The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concludes that it "is the most-researched [solar geoengineering] method, with high agreement that it could limit warming to below 1.5 °C (2.7 °F)." However, like other solar geoengineering approaches, stratospheric aerosol injection would do so imperfectly and other effects are possible, particularly if used in a suboptimal manner. (wikipedia.org)
- There are multiple potential approaches, with stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) being the most-studied method, followed by marine cloud brightening (MCB). (wikipedia.org)
GEOS-Chem2
- We implement a simple kinetic mass transfer limitation for ammonia uptake to sulfate aerosols in the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model and find that we can reproduce both the observed ammonium-sulfate aerosol ratios and the concurrent presence of gas-phase ammonia. (nasa.gov)
- On this page we provide information about the sulfate aerosol species in GEOS-Chem. (harvard.edu)
Inorganic4
- Production of total inorganic nitrate (gas-phase nitric acid and aerosol nitrate) in the model is computed from the ozone-NOx-hydrocarbon chemical mechanism. (harvard.edu)
- This group includes inorganic sulfates (SO42-),HSO4- and H2SO4-: organic sulfur compounds are sometimes included as well, but are of lower importance. (wikipedia.org)
- The non-refractory submicron aerosol mass (approximately PM 1.0) at the CENICA Supersite was comprised of about 2/3 organic carbon and 1/3 inorganic species. (cdc.gov)
- The main inorganic species were ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, with a smaller contribution of ammonium chloride. (cdc.gov)
Atmospheric4
- Sulfate is among the major components of atmospheric aerosols or fine particulate matters. (copernicus.org)
- Sulfate aerosols could originate from that directly emitted to the atmosphere and that produced by atmospheric physicochemical processes. (copernicus.org)
- Improved Representation of Atmospheric Aerosol Hygroscopicity. (uea.ac.uk)
- A lidar measures backscattered light from atmospheric targets e.g. aerosols including volcanic ash and Saharan dust, water droplets and ice crystals, using laser pulses transmitted at one or more given wavelengths (UV, visible or IR). (metoffice.gov.uk)
Emissions5
- If sulfate aerosol becomes more acidic as OA / sulfate ratios increase, then controlling SO2 emissions to decrease sulfate aerosol will not have the co-benefit of suppressing acidcatalyzed secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. (nasa.gov)
- Such an increase in sulfate aerosol emissions had a variety of effects. (wikipedia.org)
- Aerosol emissions have decreased, particularly in Europe and the US over the 1990s, largely due to clean air legislation. (realclimate.org)
- The aerosol size distribution was often bimodal (in Dva), with a smaller mode centered around 100 nm (characteristic of traffic emissions) and a larger accumulation mode around 400-600 nm. (cdc.gov)
- The combined AMS and SMPS data reveal two main sources of ultra fine aerosol in the city: sulfate-dominated new particle formation, and traffic emissions. (cdc.gov)
Hygroscopicity2
Ammonium7
- Inconsistency of ammonium-sulfate aerosol ratios with thermodynamic models in. (nasa.gov)
- 2− aerosol (S(VI) ≡ H2 SO4 (aq) + HSO− 4 + SO4 ) should take up available ammonia (NH3 ) quantitatively as ammonium (NH+ 4 ) until the ammonium sulfate stoichiometry (NH4 )2 SO4 is close to being reached. (nasa.gov)
- When ammonia is in excess, the ammonium-sulfate aerosol ratio R = [NH+ 4 ] / [S(VI)] should approach 2, with excess ammonia remaining in the gas phase. (nasa.gov)
- When ammonia is in deficit, it should be fully taken up by the aerosol as ammonium and no significant ammonia should remain in the gas phase. (nasa.gov)
- Here we report that sulfate aerosol in the eastern US in summer has a low ammonium-sulfate ratio despite excess ammonia, and we show that this is at odds with thermodynamic models. (nasa.gov)
- The ammonium-sulfate ratio averages only 1.04 ± 0.21 mol mol−1 in the Southeast, even though ammonia is in large excess, as shown by the ammonium-sulfate ratio in wet deposition and by the presence of gas-phase ammonia. (nasa.gov)
- this is incompatible with simple sulfate-ammonium thermodynamics. (nasa.gov)
Volcanic eruptions1
- Major volcanic eruptions have an overwhelming effect on sulfate aerosol concentrations in the years when they occur: eruptions ranking 4 or greater on the Volcanic Explosivity Index inject SO2 and water vapor directly into the stratosphere, where they react to create sulfate aerosol plumes. (wikipedia.org)
Particulate1
- Particulate sulfate is mostly advected to this site, rather than locally formed. (cdc.gov)
Deposition1
- Specifically, many days started with rapid nitrate and SOA formation and deposition onto the aerosol. (cdc.gov)
Anthropogenic3
- Sulfate aerosols can be anthropogenic (through the combustion of fossil fuels with a high sulfur content, primarily coal and certain less-refined fuels, like aviation and bunker fuel), biogenic from hydrosphere and biosphere, geological via volcanoes or weather-driven from wildfires and other natural combustion events. (wikipedia.org)
- Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic aerosols-those made by human activities-currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols in our atmosphere. (academickids.com)
- Aerosols, natural and anthropogenic, can affect the climate by changing the way radiation is transmitted through the atmosphere. (academickids.com)
Combustion2
Concentrations3
- However, before the Industrial Revolution, dimethyl sulfide pathway was the largest contributor to sulfate aerosol concentrations in a more average year with no major volcanic activity. (wikipedia.org)
- 1993. Chronic respiratory disease associated with long term ambient concentrations of sulfates and other air pollutauts. (cdc.gov)
- The AMS provided real-time information on mass concentrations of chemical species in/on submicron aerosols, as well as on chemically resolved size distributions, with 4-minute time resolution. (cdc.gov)
Hygroscopic1
- In this work, a comparative evaporation kinetics experimental technique using a cylindrical electrodynamic balance is applied to determine the hygroscopic properties of six short-chained alkylaminium sulfates, specifically mono-, di-, and tri-methylaminium sulfate and mono-, di-, and tri-ethyl aminium sulfate. (uea.ac.uk)
Climate3
- Aerosols loaded with sulfate result in low air quality, damage to ecosystems, and influences on climate change. (copernicus.org)
- Modern climate models attempting to deal with the attribution of recent climate change need to include sulphate forcing, which appears to account (at least partly) for the slight drop in global temperature in the middle of the 20th century. (academickids.com)
- The reasons for any particular 'micro-climate' can be hugely varied - going from topography effects (altitude, rain shadows from nearby hills/mountains), surface conditions (the surface albedo, amount of open water, soil mositure) as well as degrees of urbanization (amount of tarmac vs. trees, and relevant to this post, amount of local aerosols). (realclimate.org)
19861
- Aqueous-phase oxidation of SO2 by O3 and H2O2 in clouds to form sulfate is included using kinetic data from Jacob [1986] and assuming a pH of 4.5 for the oxidation by O3. (harvard.edu)
Radiation1
- Intense secondary aerosol formation was observed most days, which is consistent with the high levels of aerosol precursors, radiation, and of radicals (OH, HO2) measured by other researchers at the site. (cdc.gov)
Respiratory1
Nitrate1
- The gas-phase sulfur oxidation chemistry in the model includes DMS oxidation by OH to form SO2 and MSA, DMS oxidation by nitrate radicals (NO3) to form SO2, and SO2 oxidation by OH to form sulfate. (harvard.edu)
Stratosphere2
- This would introduce aerosols into the stratosphere to create a cooling effect via global dimming and increased albedo, which occurs naturally from volcanic winter. (wikipedia.org)
- However, as of 2021, there has been little research and existing natural aerosols in the stratosphere are not well understood. (wikipedia.org)
Atmosphere1
- No. The difference is that this is talking about the sunlight reaching the ground which is much more affected by what's in the atmosphere (clouds, aerosols etc.) than it is affected by the relatively small changes in the sun's output. (realclimate.org)
Dust1
- Some aerosols occur naturally, originating from volcanoes , dust storms , forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. (academickids.com)
Composition1
- Fast size-resolved aerosol composition measurements in Mexico City with an AMS. (cdc.gov)
Decrease1
- Thus relative to the 1980s there was probably an additional positive forcing from the aerosol decrease. (realclimate.org)
Organic1
- Indeed, the ratio of organic aerosol (OA) to sulfate in the Southeast increased from 1.1 to 2.4 g g−1 over the 2003-2013 period as sulfate decreased. (nasa.gov)
Cloud2
- The indirect effect (via the aerosol acting as cloud condensation nuclei, CCN , and thereby modifying the cloud properties) is more uncertain but is believed to be a cooling. (academickids.com)
- It is estimated that the cooling impact from SAI would cease 1-3 years after the last aerosol injection, while the impact from marine cloud brightening would disappear in just 10 days. (wikipedia.org)
Secondary1
- A case study day for secondary aerosol formation (April 9th, 2003) will be presented. (cdc.gov)
Concentration1
- Then the relationship between sulfate concentration and the SO 2 -OH reaction is analyzed statistically to investigate the sources of sulfate in aerosols. (copernicus.org)
Reaction1
- To meet this need, a new method to estimate the contribution of the gas-phase reaction between hydroxyl radical (OH) and SO 2 to the sulfate aerosol is proposed and investigated. (copernicus.org)
Estimate1
- Direct observations of the effects of aerosols are quite limited so any attempt to estimate their global effect necessarily involves the use of computer models. (academickids.com)
Effects2
- Sulphate aerosol has two main effects, direct and indirect. (academickids.com)
- Atropine sulfate blocks the muscarinic effects of acetylcholine that cause bronchorrhoea, hypersalivation, bronchoconstriction and bradycardia, thereby reducing these effects. (who.int)
Sources1
- Volcanic sulfate and wildfire smoke are two of the main sources of the stratospheric aerosol. (lu.se)
Profile1
- A lidar is an optical remote-sensing instrument, which can be located on the ground, mounted on an aircraft or satellite-based, and can be used to observe the location and vertical profile of aerosols such as volcanic ash. (metoffice.gov.uk)
Mass1
- An Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) was deployed to the CENICA Supersite in Mexico City during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA-2003) field study from March 29-May 4, 2003. (cdc.gov)
Human1
- Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and the alteration of natural surface cover, also generate aerosols. (academickids.com)
Levels1
- 2004) did not find doi:10.1289/ehp.9030 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 20 April 2006] any evidence of changes in GFAP levels in the brain after exposure to Mn sulfate or phos- phate. (cdc.gov)