SpecificityPeroxidaseReductaseConjugationTransferaseAntioxidantBroad substrate specificitiesSpecificitiesGenetic polymorphismsProteinPeroxidasesCysteineExtracellularGSTsTissuesSynthetaseBifunctionalLiverBody'sCellularEnzymeInhibitorsHydrogenDepletionReactionsHydroperoxidesConcentrationsReactiveMolecularLevelsAdditionFunctionsIncludeAnalysis
Specificity8
- Several isozymes of this gene family exist in vertebrates, which vary in cellular location and substrate specificity. (nih.gov)
- NADPH-dependent reductase with broad substrate specificity. (joplink.net)
- The binding models indicated that the deprotonation of the substrate rather than the hydride transfer is the specificity-determining step. (rcsb.org)
- A model of this "sister enzyme" derived from known homologous structures suggests that the reported L-substrate specificity and D-enantiomer inhibition are also determined by the location of the deprotonating base. (rcsb.org)
- Has a wide substrate specificity. (cusabio.com)
- Has broad substrate specificity. (nih.gov)
- Specificity depends on the levels of the endogenous substrates. (nih.gov)
- These systems therefore solve the specificity problem by possessing such broad substrate specificities that they metabolise almost any non-polar compound. (bionity.com)
Peroxidase7
- The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family, members of which catalyze the reduction of organic hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by glutathione, and thereby protect cells against oxidative damage. (nih.gov)
- In the resveratrol + As 2 O 3 -treated group, activities of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase, the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione, the total arsenic concentrations, and the percentage of methylated arsenic in urine were significantly increased. (springer.com)
- Glutathione peroxidase activities were, however, similar to the two tissues. (jci.org)
- Assay of glutathione peroxidase in the heart after 6 wk of selenium depletion with both hydrogen peroxide and cumene hydroperoxide as substrates revealed a >80% drop in enzyme activity and gave no indication that murine cardiac tissue contains nonselenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase. (jci.org)
- The selenium-deficient state, which was characterized by markedly decreased cardiac glutathione peroxidase levels, led to significantly enhanced doxorubicin toxicity at a dose of 15 mg/kg i.p. (jci.org)
- Epididymal (visceral) and subcutaneous adipose tissue, gastrocnemius muscle, and plasma samples were collected to measure oxidative stress markers (advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)), antioxidant system markers (ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities), and prooxidant enzymes (NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities, myeloperoxidase content). (hindawi.com)
- MGST1 protects cells (and mitochondria) by both conjugation and glutathione peroxidase functions. (cusabio.com)
Reductase1
- The functionally closely related 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine oxidase processing the L-enantiomer is sequence-related to the greater glutathione reductase family with quite a different chainfold. (rcsb.org)
Conjugation3
- In its reduced (non-oxidized) form, glutathione acts as a substrate in conjugation reactions. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
- Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. (cusabio.com)
- NAC is converted to cysteine, which replenishes glutathione stores, thus providing a substrate for conjugation with the toxic metabolite of APAP, N -acetyl- p -benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI). (medscape.com)
Transferase12
- Similarly, significant increase in Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) level while induced significant decreases in the activities of liver Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST). (scialert.net)
- The Ligandin (Non-Substrate) Binding Site of Human Pi Class Glutathione Transferase is Located in the Electrophile Binding Site (H-Site). (expasy.org)
- Differential expression of alpha, µ and pi classes of isozymes of glutathione S-transferase in bovine lens, cornea, and retina. (cdc.gov)
- The chemical structure, immunological relatedness, and substrate specificities of isozymes of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were examined in order to elucidate their structural and functional interrelationships. (cdc.gov)
- FosA, a glutathione S -transferase that inactivates fosfomycin, has been reported as the cause of enzymatic resistance to fosfomycin. (cdc.gov)
- Another mechanism is the production of FosA, a glutathione S -transferase that inactivates fosfomycin by addition of a glutathione residue. (cdc.gov)
- Significant association for germline variations only in the COX pathway (specifically in the antioxidant microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 [MGST1] gene), with risk for Barrett's esophagus and the combined outcome of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma was found. (cusabio.com)
- As an addition to the high-density SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) maps of 12 glutathione S-transferase and related genes reported earlier, a SNP map of the microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 (MGST1) gene is provided. (cusabio.com)
- Polymorphism in glutathione S-transferase P1 is associated with susceptibility to chemotherapy-induced leukemia. (qxmd.com)
- These reactions are catalysed by transferase enzymes such as glutathione S-transferases . (bionity.com)
- Increased N7-methyldeoxyguanosine DNA adducts after occupational exposure to pesticides and influence of genetic polymorphisms of paraoxonase-1 and glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1. (cdc.gov)
- DCEG investigators have evaluated the glutathione-S-transferase and cytochrome P-450 families of genes, both of which encode enzymes involved in the metabolism of solvents and other substrates. (cdc.gov)
Antioxidant6
- 1,4] Many factors can increase cellular exposure to oxidative insult, and therefore increase cellular consumption of nutrients - such as glutathione - that provide antioxidant activity. (prohealth.com)
- Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant that shields cells from oxidative damage. (martindalesnutrition.com)
- Additionally, this essential compound behaves like a scavenger of radicals when used as a substrate for antioxidant enzymes. (martindalesnutrition.com)
- The antioxidant functions of glutathione include recycling (reducing) the vitamins C and E as well as serving as a critical free radical scavenger to support antioxidant activity in all tissues, especially the liver and phase 2 detoxification reactions. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
- Aims This is an investigation of potential oxidative effects of AGE in response to the antioxidant glutathione in cultured human gingival fibroblasts, using radiolabelled steroids as substrates and their product 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone (DHT) as a marker of wound healing.Methods Confluent monolayer cultures of human gingival fibroblasts were incubated with 14C-Testosterone and 14C-4-androstenedione respect. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- The impact of the antioxidant glutathione (G) is investigated to clarify mechanisms involved, using 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone (DHT) as a hormone marker of healing.MethodsHuman gingival fibroblasts in confluent culture were incubated in Eagle s MEM, with 14C-testosterone / 14C-4-androstenedione an. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Broad substrate specificities1
- C. acetobutylicum GS had broad substrate specificities and synthesized several kinds of γ-glutamyltripeptide, γ-Glu-Cys-X aa . (elsevierpure.com)
Specificities2
- We revealed that in the γ-GCS activity, S. agalactiae γ-GCS-GS had different substrate specificities from those of Escherichia coli γ-GCS. (elsevierpure.com)
- Whereas the substrate specificities of γ-GCS domain protein and GS domain protein of S. agalactiae γ-GCS-GS were the same as those of S. agalactiae γ-GCS-GS. (elsevierpure.com)
Genetic polymorphisms1
- To investigate whether genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases ( GSTM1 , GSTT1 , and GSTO2 ) in relation to the work place contribute to the development of cataract. (molvis.org)
Protein1
- The human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) is a primary active transporter of reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione, as well as GSH-, glucuronate-, and sulfate-conjugated organic anions. (aspetjournals.org)
Peroxidases1
- therefore, by limiting H2O2 accumulation, glutathione peroxidases are also involved in modulating these processes. (nih.gov)
Cysteine1
Extracellular2
- With a gamma counter placed over rat perfused livers, we measured substrate concentrations in the extracellular space, hepatocytes, and bile canaliculi. (aspetjournals.org)
- Polar compounds cannot diffuse across these cell membranes and the uptake of useful molecules is mediated through transport proteins that specifically select substrates from the extracellular mixture. (bionity.com)
GSTs1
- Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) detoxify potentially mutagenic and toxic DNA-reactive electrophiles, including metabolites of several chemotherapeutic agents, some of which are suspected human carcinogens. (qxmd.com)
Tissues2
- Glutathione functions extensively in tissues and organs throughout the body. (prohealth.com)
- Glutathione concentration is in various tissues throughout the body. (martindalesnutrition.com)
Synthetase2
- Glutathione (GSH) is synthesized by γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) and glutathione synthetase (GS) in living organisms. (elsevierpure.com)
- T[SH] 2 is synthesized by a bifunctional trypanothione synthetase (TryS) that covalently attaches two molecules of glutathione (GSH) onto one molecule of spermidine (Spd) in a two-step process. (frontiersin.org)
Bifunctional1
- Subsequently, we coupled the glutathione bifunctional enzyme GshAB and ChPPKK81H-K103V based on this ATP regeneration system, and glutathione was produced by cell -free catalysis upon disruption of cells . (bvsalud.org)
Liver2
- In conclusion, our ex vivo model quantifies substrate compartmental distribution and transport across hepatocyte membranes and provides an additional understanding of substrate distribution in the liver. (aspetjournals.org)
- The study provides an additional understanding of substrate distribution in the liver. (aspetjournals.org)
Body's2
- Therefore I feel comfortable that it supplements the body's additional need for glutathione when it is under stress. (prohealth.com)
- 1,2 Solomon Snyder at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine not only has suggested that ergothioneine may be a vitamin, but also has concluded that for some purposes this would-be vitamin is as potent as glutathione, one of the body's most potent endogenous antioxidants and detoxifiers. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
Cellular1
- Nonlinear regression analysis of substrate accumulation in hepatocytes revealed that cellular efflux is measurable ∼4 minutes after the start of perfusion. (aspetjournals.org)
Enzyme4
- Increasing the ability of ChPPK enzyme to produce ATP can effectively enhance the conversion rate of substrate and reduce the catalytic cost , achieving high yield, high conversion rate and high economic value for glutathione production by cell -free catalysis . (bvsalud.org)
- The enzyme-substrate reaction is terminated by the addition of stop solution and the color turns yellow. (caslab.com)
- This observation was verified by modeling enzyme-substrate and enzyme-inhibitor complexes, which also showed the geometry of the catalyzed reaction. (rcsb.org)
- These enzyme complexes act to incorporate an atom of oxygen into nonactivated hydrocarbons, which can result in either the introduction of hydroxyl groups or N-, O- and S-dealkylation of substrates. (bionity.com)
Inhibitors2
- The actions of some drugs as substrates or inhibitors of enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism are a common reason for hazardous drug interactions . (bionity.com)
- If coadministration of lonafarnib (a sensitive CYP3A substrate) with weak CYP3A inhibitors is unavoidable, reduce to, or continue lonafarnib at starting dose. (medscape.com)
Hydrogen1
- This isozyme is the most abundant, is ubiquitously expressed and localized in the cytoplasm, and whose preferred substrate is hydrogen peroxide. (nih.gov)
Depletion1
- Finally, the nasal lesions associated with exposure to high concentrations of MeI in rats are best supported by a mode of action that involves glutathione (GSH) depletion in the nasal epithelial tissue. (cdc.gov)
Reactions1
- Polyphosphate kinases (PPK) can provide energy for ATP -consuming reactions due to their cheap and readily available substrate polyphosphate . (bvsalud.org)
Hydroperoxides1
- GPxs are members of a multiple-isozyme family that catalyze the reduction of H 2 O 2 or organic hydroperoxides to generate water or corresponding alcohols using reduced glutathione (GSH) as an electron donor [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Concentrations1
- Although glutathione is often almost totally depleted in the face of oxidative stress, ergothioneine concentrations tend to remain relatively stable. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
Reactive1
- In phase I a variety of enzymes act to introduce reactive and polar groups into their substrates. (bionity.com)
Molecular3
- By molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis , we rationally engineered the dual-substrate channel cavity of polyphosphate kinase to improve the catalytic activity of PPK. (bvsalud.org)
- These observations support the existence of molecular substrates that could at least partially account for these direct and inverse co-morbidity relationships. (nature.com)
- We propose that such deregulation could represent a molecular substrate for the inverse co-morbidity observed between these 2 diseases. (nature.com)
Levels2
- We also see that if glutathione levels go down, so do levels of immune cell function. (drweitz.com)
- Interestingly, research suggests that EMFs emitted by cell phones may lead to decreased levels of Glutathione in the brain tissue and blood. (martindalesnutrition.com)
Addition2
- This system produced (25.4±1.9) mmol/L glutathione in 6 h upon addition of 5 mmol/L ATP . (bvsalud.org)
- In addition, the transport of certain MRP1 substrates is stimulated by the presence of GSH. (aspetjournals.org)
Functions1
- 8 In this and a number of other functions, there is a clear overlap with glutathione. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
Include1
- substrates include glutathione, dithioerythritol and 2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propan-1-ol. (enzyme-database.org)
Analysis1
- We selected ChPPK from Cytophaga hutchinsonii for substrate profiling and tolerance analysis . (bvsalud.org)