Protein GP2 and 5a are produced by leaky scanning from the E and gp5 subgenomic mRNA respectively. (expasy.org)
The total length is approximately 25-30kb and they possess a complex replication mechanisms that includes the use of subgenomic mRNA, ribosomal frameshifting, and polymerase stuttering. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins3
Structural proteins are expressed as subgenomic RNAs. (expasy.org)
Synthesis of structural proteins encoded by subgenomic mRNAs. (expasy.org)
The Torovirus genome encodes for various structural proteins like spikes (S), membrane proteins (M), haemagglutininâesterase (HE) and nucleocapsid (N) which provides them the structural characterization necessary for infection and completing their life cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Murine3
A murine arterivirus, lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), was first described in 1960 and quickly became a promising model for understanding immune failure due to its unique ability to persist in immunocompetent adult mice. (bvsalud.org)
Expression of the murine homolog (mCD163) in otherwise mCD163-negative cell lines from mice and nonhuman primates enables productive LDV infection, creating the first immortalized cell-culture system. (bvsalud.org)
extract, quercetin, quercetrin and cinanserin on murine coronavirus and dengue virus infection, Asian Pac. (c19hcq.org)
Coronavirus2
The etiologic agent was initial- diagnosis since they rarely cause lower respiratory tract ly identified as a coronavirus by thin-section electron micro- infections in humans (9-11). (cdc.gov)
These findings show that infection with the SARS-associated coronavirus subsequently were corroborated by immunohistochemical, resulted in distinct ultrastructural features: double-mem- immunofluorescent, and serologic assays, by additional brane vesicles, nucleocapsid inclusions, and large granular culture isolates, and by a variety of molecular approaches, areas of cytoplasm. (cdc.gov)
Humans2
Toroviruses (ToV) are single-stranded RNA viruses that have a peplomer-bearing envelope that is often correlated with the enteric infections in cattle and possibly humans. (wikipedia.org)
Mostly torovirus infecting humans are probably closely related to BRV or BEV and relate to any previous history of some enteric disease or infection. (wikipedia.org)
Findings1
These findings advance LDV as a model of arterivirus infection and viral persistence while adding to a growing body of literature suggesting that CD163 utilization is a broad feature of arteriviruses.IMPORTANCEMouse models of viral infection play an especially large role in virology. (bvsalud.org)
PRRSV5
Another problem is that the PRRSV infection is very difficult to predict in swine since the virus shows much variation within infected swine. (kenyon.edu)
Since PRRSV uses sialic acids on its surface to bing to host cells, disrupting this event would decrease infection. (kenyon.edu)
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an arterivirus responsible for a widespread contagious disease of domestic pigs with high economic impact. (biomedcentral.com)
PRRSV belongs to the genus Arterivirus of the family Arteriviridae , along with equine arteritis virus (EAV), lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (LDV) of mice and simian haemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV) [ 12 , 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It is the most abundant viral protein produced during PRRSV infection, inducing early antibody responses that do however not correlate with protection [ 23 , 24 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Characterization2
Clinical Characterization of Host Response to Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Infection in Permissive and Refractory Hosts: A Model for Determining Mechanisms of VHF Pathogenesis. (nih.gov)
The Torovirus genome encodes for various structural proteins like spikes (S), membrane proteins (M), haemagglutininâesterase (HE) and nucleocapsid (N) which provides them the structural characterization necessary for infection and completing their life cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Replication1
This small molecule inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in various cell-based infection systems, with up to an ~1,000-fold reduction in virus titer. (bvsalud.org)
Clinical2
Many diagnostic techniques for torovirus infection in clinical specimens are now available such as hemagglutination (HA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immune electron microscopy, hemagglutination-inhibition tests (HA/HI), and nucleic acid hybridization. (wikipedia.org)
Clinical studies have previously linked SARS-CoV-2 infection to pathogenic intussusceptive angiogenesis in the lungs, involving the upregulation of angiogenic factors such as ANGPTL4. (bvsalud.org)
Host1
Cattle, pig, and horse serve as the natural host of Toroviruses and infection is thought to be via the faecal-oral route. (wikipedia.org)