• Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring with mapping techniques can help to certify the FT before sectioning. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Fluorescence-guided resection (FGR) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) exhibits a potential risk of permanent neurological deficits that can be minimized using intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM). (neurorgs.net)
  • Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) is a powerful technique that provides increased functional knowledge during surgical operation, which results in the safer removal of a radical tumor [9, 16]. (neurorgs.net)
  • Quantum Neuromonitoring offers hospitals and other healthcare providers an exciting medical/technical service that is conducted in the operating room and is known as intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM). (quantumneuromonitoring.com)
  • Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) is a real-time assessment of neurological function involving the spinal cord and related nerve structures during surgical procedures. (quantumneuromonitoring.com)
  • While SEPs can be elicited by mechanical stimulation, clinical studies use electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves, which gives larger and more robust responses. (medscape.com)
  • The stimulation sites typically used for clinical diagnostic SEP studies are the median nerve at the wrist, the common peroneal nerve at the knee, and the posterior tibial nerve at the ankle. (medscape.com)
  • Recordings of SEPs to stimulation of the ulnar nerves at the wrists are useful for intraoperative monitoring when the mid-cervical spinal cord or parts of the brachial plexus are at risk. (medscape.com)
  • These may include somato-sensory-evoked potentials, brainstem auditory-evoked potentials, visual-evoked potentials, intraoperative monitoring, and repetitive stimulation. (mhmedical.com)
  • Finally, we also studied the agreement with results of electrocortical stimulation (ECS) mapping from subsequent craniotomy, obtained while the patient was awake, if available. (ajnr.org)
  • The aim of this study was to establish optimal electric stimulation parameters for intraoperatively monitoring the bulbocavernosus reflexes (BCRs) in infants. (thejns.org)
  • Considering that an 8-pulse stimulation with 5-msec intervals may overlap the onset of the BCR, a biphasic 8-pulse stimulation with 2-msec intervals is recommended as the optimal stimulation paradigm to monitor intraoperative BCRs in infants. (thejns.org)
  • In one study, "The Usefulness of Electrical Stimulation for Assessing Pedicle Screw Placements," Journal of Spinal Disorders, Vol 13, No.4 (2000) no new neurological deficits were reported in a group of 662 monitored patients. (quantumneuromonitoring.com)
  • Evoked potentials tests measure the electrical activity in the brain in response to sensory stimulation such as sight, sound or touch. (archildrens.org)
  • In this study, we investigated the temporal characteristics of cortical hemodynamic responses following electrical, tactile, visual, and speech activation for different stimulation paradigms using Intraoperative Optical Imaging (IOI). (tu-dresden.de)
  • Pre-operative embolization was performed with osmotic agents under general anesthesia and with intra-operative monitoring (Figure 4). (nspc.com)
  • It is painful and monitored anesthesia care or general anesthesia is required. (nspc.com)
  • These factors make effective and safe anesthesia care challenging: blood loss can be rapid and profuse, and frequently utilized neurophysiologic monitoring requires adjustments in anesthetic technique, all of which usually occur during a variety of positions, usually the prone position. (renalandurologynews.com)
  • In order to explore the reliable clinical anesthesia effect, this paper uses experimental investigation methods to study the effect of dexmedetomidine in clinical surgery of replantation of severed fingers. (hindawi.com)
  • Sedative analgesics such as remifentanil and dexmedetomidine have been demonstrated in studies to improve the impact of local nerve block and extend the duration of analgesia and have therefore become important adjuvants during surgical anesthesia. (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, studies have shown that using general anesthesia for upper limb surgery increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis while simultaneously increasing the expense of general anesthesia. (hindawi.com)
  • In comparison to general anesthesia, brachial plexus block is easier to administer, requires less anesthetic medication, has a minimal effect on the entire body, maintains stable circulation, and provides prolonged postoperative analgesia compared to local infiltration anesthesia, and the analgesic effect and intraoperative treatment are superior. (hindawi.com)
  • Levobupivacaine 6 mg can be used safely for intrathecal anesthesia in obstetric patients providing a good hemodynamic stability, satisfactory intraoperative analgesia and rapid mobilization. (medscape.com)
  • Unintended intraoperative awareness is incredibly rare, affecting an estimated 1 in every 19,000 patients undergoing general anesthesia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Reduces blood loss: In total hip arthroplasty (THA), studies have demonstrated that both spinal and epidural anesthesia tend to have approximately a 30% reduction in intraoperative blood loss compared with general anesthesia , owing to lower arterial and venous pressures. (medscape.com)
  • Adding clonidine is providing early onset of sensory block, adequate sedation and prolonged postoperative analgesia. (ispub.com)
  • Dexmedetomidine has been confirmed as a drug that can improve postoperative cognitive dysfunction in some studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Careful intraoperative dissection and identification of the complication in the immediate postoperative period can prevent grave consequences. (jaccr.com)
  • Nerve injuries be it RLN or Superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) are often intraoperative complications diagnosed in immediate postoperative period [2]. (jaccr.com)
  • Strategies to ameliorate craniotomy pain demand interventions during all phases of patient care: preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative interventions. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • ERAS protocols divide the key components of perioperative care according to phase of care: preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative interventions. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Several studies have documented the inability of nurses, physicians, and parents/guardians to correctly identify and treat pain, even in postoperative pediatric patients. (nysora.com)
  • The researchers carried out a descriptive study using bibliometric and scientometric methods and found that the combination of surgery with postoperative radiotherapy is effective and more efficient than these alone for the treatment of patients affected by metastatic neurological compression. (bvsalud.org)
  • We undertook this study to analyze the effects of and complications of MVD and to refine the surgical procedure for treating TN. (e-jyms.org)
  • Five minutes after premedication, subarachnoid block (SAB) was given with 3 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine following which sensory and motor blockade, hemodynamic changes, sedation, and complications of the surgery were recorded and this data was analyzed statistically using χ 2 test, corrected χ 2 test, Fisher´s exact test, and test of proportion (Z-test). (panafrican-med-journal.com)
  • Time of onset of sensory block, maximum level of sensory block, duration of sensory block, duration of post-op analgesia and side effects were observed. (ispub.com)
  • Spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine hydrochloride is popular for longer procedure due to its prolonged duration but there is need to intensify and increased duration of sensory blocked without increasing the intensity and duration of motor blocked and thus prolong the duration of post operative analgesia. (ispub.com)
  • In the present study we tried to find out effectiveness of 1mcg/kg intrathecal clonidine added to hyperbaric bupivacaine on onset, quality, duration of analgesia and side effects if any in paediatric patients undergoing surgeries below T8 dermatome. (ispub.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Epidural analgesia is often used for pain relief during labour and childbirth, and involves administration of local anaesthetics (LA) into the epidural space resulting in sensory blockade of the abdomen, pelvis, and perineum. (bvsalud.org)
  • SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised controlled studies that compared bolus dosing AMB with continuous BI during epidural analgesia. (bvsalud.org)
  • Techniques used to initiate epidural analgesia differed between the studies: seven used combined spinal epidural, 10 used epidural, and one used dural puncture epidural (DPE). (bvsalud.org)
  • In one study, false beliefs about addiction and the proper use of acetaminophen and other analgesics resulted in the failure to provide analgesia to children. (nysora.com)
  • The objectives of the study were to determine whether the synergistic analgesic effect of the combination of tramadol and paracetamol will produce analgesia comparable to pentazocine with a better side effect profile. (bvsalud.org)
  • Disentangling the relationship between epilepsy and its behavioral comorbidities-the need for prospective studies in new-onset epilepsies. (gov.gy)
  • More frequent respiratory monitoring is recommended because of the risk of late-onset respiratory depression. (medscape.com)
  • Evoked potentials are the electrical signals generated by the nervous system in response to sensory stimuli. (medscape.com)
  • IV infusion of dexmedetomidine 1 g/kg body weight prior to SAB can be recommended to achieve better sensory blockade and adequate hemodynamic stability and sedation. (panafrican-med-journal.com)
  • Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli are used commonly for clinical evoked potential studies. (medscape.com)
  • And your area of study was auditory electrophysiology wasn't it? (audiologyonline.com)
  • Ulnar nerve SEPs are preferred to median nerve SEPs for assessing the lower cervical spinal cord, especially during intraoperative monitoring when this part of the spinal cord is at risk, because the ulnar nerve originates from spinal roots C8-T1, whereas the median nerve originates from C6-T1. (medscape.com)
  • Aδ fibres are myelinated afferent sensory nerve fibres which conduct pain, cold temperature and touch sensation, and C fibres are nonmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic fibres which conduct pain, warm temperature and touch sensation. (ispub.com)
  • Most often, the testing consists of a combination of nerve conduction studies (NCSs) and electromyography (EMG), although additional tests may occasionally be appropriate. (mhmedical.com)
  • I was working in Los Angeles and you were in Pittsburgh, and I was just getting involved with intraoperative cranial nerve monitoring. (audiologyonline.com)
  • And at that time, you produced some landmark papers in intraoperative cranial nerve monitoring and your ABR "site of origin" work that really separated your papers from the theoretical crowd, because your papers were based on real, human analysis, not lab animals. (audiologyonline.com)
  • The shunt is often located near the dura mater around the intervertebral foramen and adjacent to the dorsal nerve root sensory ganglion. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • Most common cause is intraoperative iatrogenic injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). (jaccr.com)
  • Prevention is always better than cure: hence wherever possible an intraoperative nerve monitoring should be done. (jaccr.com)
  • SEPs are used for clinical diagnosis in patients with neurologic diseases, to evaluate patients with sensory sympotoms that might be psychogenic, for prognostication in comatose patients, and for intraoperative monitoring during surgeries that place parts of the somatosensory pathways at risk. (medscape.com)
  • A prospective randomised double blind study was carried out in 60 ASA-1 paediatrics patients undergoing surgeries below T8 dermatome up to 2 hrs duration. (ispub.com)
  • After approval from local ethical committee of institute and written valid informed consent from parents/guardians of all the patients with grade ASA 1 of physical status weight 5-30 kg and age 3-10 years and surgeries below T8 were enrolled for the study except those patients with known sensitivity to the drugs, gross spinal deformity and peripheral neuropathy. (ispub.com)
  • this prospective randomized double blind study was done on 60 patients with ASA grade I/II undergoing lower abdominal surgeries under bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia. (panafrican-med-journal.com)
  • Electrodiagnosis is the field of study that, by employing the science of electrophysiology, uses electrical technology to study human neurophysiology. (medscape.com)
  • To validate this grading system, a retrospective cohort study of all adult patients with supratentorial GBM who underwent surgical resection between the 1 January 2014 and the 31 June 2015 was performed. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Since individuals have multiple parallel afferent somatosensory pathways (e.g., the anterior spinothalamic tract and the dorsal column tracts within the spinal cord), SEPs can be normal in patients with significant sensory deficits. (medscape.com)
  • Various studies have shown that 1mcg/kg clonidine provides a significant improvement in spinal anaesthesia quality, duration and reduces the need of post-operative analgesic requirement without a significant side effects [1,2,3,4,5,10,11] . (ispub.com)
  • Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was investigated in the present study to examine whether it could affect the activation status of microglia under microenvironment of spinal cord injury and provide a potential therapeutic treatment for spinal cord injury. (stat-signaling.com)
  • We studied the effect of intrathecal fentanyl on the incidence of shivering following spinal anaesthesia. (researchbib.com)
  • The study was carried out to exhaust the scientific literature regarding surgery associated with radiotherapy in patients suffering from metastatic spinal cord compression and to assist in the decision of oncology physicians and professionals in choosing the best treatment for the patient. (bvsalud.org)
  • Methods: Four vagotonic maneuvers were performed on six patients who had profound oculocardiac reflex (3- to 10-second asystole) during eye surgery, the results of which were compared with 30 previously studied control subjects. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Methods: This mixed methods study describes the pediatric procedural sedation practices of African providers using semi-structured interviews. (bvsalud.org)
  • Descriptive study based on bibliometric and scientometric methods. (bvsalud.org)
  • El Dr. Rafael García de Sola y su equipo analizan en este artículo como la monitorización neurofisiológica intraoperatoria (IONM) puede ser útil durante la cirugía para maximizar la resección tumoral, mientras tanto ayuda a evitar déficits neurológicos y, por tanto, a mejorar la calidad de vida de estos pacientes. (neurorgs.net)
  • If you are a hospital administrator, this section will introduce you to IONM and explain how surgical monitoring can benefit your hospital, your surgical service, and your patients. (quantumneuromonitoring.com)
  • IONM can help you to actualize the benefits of monitoring and minimize the risks associated with head and spine surgical procedures. (quantumneuromonitoring.com)
  • As Chief Medical Officer, you will most likely find that the opinions of your surgeons vary regarding the implementation and use of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM). (quantumneuromonitoring.com)
  • Those surgeons who embrace IONM are educated in its application and have most likely observed or worked with a well-trained neuromonitoring team practicing complex, multi-modality monitoring. (quantumneuromonitoring.com)
  • IONM has been studied and well-documented for 30 years. (quantumneuromonitoring.com)
  • The goals of this study are to describe pediatric sedation practices in resource-limited settings in Africa and identify potential barriers to the provision of safe pediatric sedation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that training specialized pediatric sedation teams, creating portable "pediatric sedation kits," and producing locally relevant pediatric sedation guidelines may help reduce current barriers to the provision of safe pediatric sedation in resource-limited African settings. (bvsalud.org)
  • B and C) Gadolinium-enhanced coronal (B) and axial (C) MR images demonstrating a large multilobulated, contrast-enhancing … Emergent right parasagittal awake craniotomy with stereotaxy guidance, cortical activation to localize the primary motor and sensory cortex, and access through an enlarged and electrically silent gyrus were undertaken for the purpose of SB 218078 diagnosis and debulking. (researchtoactionforum.org)
  • Phase reversal using the cortical grid was used to recognize the central sulcus, motor and sensory cortex. (ejournals.ca)
  • Conclusion: The discrepancy in heart rate sensitivity between surgical extraocular muscle tension and ocular compression may be due to different sensory receptors and brain stem processing for the trigeminally mediated oculocardiac reflex. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Neurological practice depends intensely on the area of neuroscience, the logical investigation of the sensory system. (scitechnol.com)
  • Complex, multimodality monitoring can facilitate the timely use of critical neurological data during the surgical procedure. (quantumneuromonitoring.com)
  • When your child has a neurological condition or needs neurological monitoring, the experts in the Neurophysiology Department at Arkansas Children's provide highly skilled care. (archildrens.org)
  • The prevalence and incidence of dementia with Lewy bodies: a systematic review of population and clinical studies. (gov.gy)
  • While researching mathematical logic, Sgro became interested in investigating the logic systems that the brain uses to process motor and sensory information, and returned to school, intending to study clinical neurophysiology, the branch of neurology and physiology that examines the functioning of the peripheral and central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • It's geared to the audiologist, essentially focused on hearing physiology, not all physiology, not central nervous system or other sensory systems, but really based on the information specific to the areas of interest for the audiologist. (audiologyonline.com)
  • Nervous system science is a part of medication managing issues of the sensory system. (scitechnol.com)
  • Nervous system science manages the finding and treatment of all classes of conditions and infection including the focal and fringe sensory systems (and their developments, the autonomic and substantial sensory systems), including their covers, veins, and all effector tissue, for example, muscle. (scitechnol.com)
  • Psychiatric and D-Addiction is the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the nervous system, which include the brain, blood vessels, muscles and nerves. (saverahospital.org)
  • A prospective study collected and reviewed retrospectively, from 2015 to 2018, 40 patients undergoing an FT surgery section were included in the study. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • The prospective study collected and reviewed retrospectively, from 2015 to 2018, 40 patients undergoing a sectioning surgery for FT. We considered patients with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing fibrolipoma FT or thickened FT aged from 6 months to 18 years old. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Ninety-six elderly patients who undergo total hip or knee replacement will be studied in this trial and randomly divided into two groups. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Another study reported that the Th17/Treg balance shifting to the Th17 cell played a role in the development of cognitive impairment in traumatic brain injury patients [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The objectives of this study were therefore to develop such a grading system and to validate it on patients who underwent surgical resection. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Among them, 77 patients underwent MVD alone, and 11 underwent partial sensory rhizotomy (PSR) with or without MVD. (e-jyms.org)
  • In this study, we describe our experience with suboccipital craniotomy in patients with TN and present a thorough review of the literature. (e-jyms.org)
  • Background and purpose: Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) studies in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with freezing of gait (FOG) have implicated dysfunctional connectivity over multiple resting-state networks (RSNs). (researchgate.net)
  • While awaiting her imaging studies, the patients condition acutely deteriorated with a decreased level of consciousness and progressive left SB 218078 hemiparesis (grade 3/5), requiring urgent neurosurgical admission. (researchtoactionforum.org)
  • Results: The degree of heart rate slowing as a result of diving response, Valsalva maneuver, and, notably, ocular compression did not differ when these patients were compared with the 30 previously studied control subjects. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Cognitive impairment in newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis patients: a 4-year follow-up study. (gov.gy)
  • The effects of small vessel disease and amyloid burden on neuropsychiatric symptoms: a study among patients with subcortical vascular cognitive impairments. (gov.gy)
  • We found a decrease of CBV connected to an increase of HbR within the contralateral primary sensory cortex (SI) in patients that were prolonged (30 s/15 s) electrically stimulated. (tu-dresden.de)
  • Patients who experience unintended intraoperative awareness can suffer long-term psychological problems. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Allows patient involvement: Some patients enjoy the ability to watch knee arthroscopic procedures on the video monitor. (medscape.com)
  • Additionally, an anesthetic agent opacified with contrast was subsequently injected into vessels with intra-operative monitoring, Motor- and Sensory-Evoked studies, that confirmed there were no angiographically-occult arterial feeders. (nspc.com)
  • Radical but subtotal resection of the tumor was undertaken, with intraoperative monitoring of left-side motor function. (researchtoactionforum.org)
  • anterior interosseus syndrome Usual that sensory findings are abnormal while motor is preserved I CTS. (slideshare.net)
  • The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. (medscape.com)
  • The study was done to compare the efficacy, duration, quality and side effects of intrathecal bupivacaine alone and bupivacaine plus clonidine. (ispub.com)
  • Eight studies utilised ropivacaine with fentanyl, three used ropivacaine with sufentanil, two utilised levobupivacaine with sufentanil, one used levobupivacaine with fentanyl, and four utilised bupivacaine with fentanyl. (bvsalud.org)
  • Digital health technologies can provide continuous monitoring and objective, real-world measures of Parkinson's disease (PD), but have primarily been evaluated in small, single-site studies. (researchgate.net)
  • In this 12-month, multicenter observational study, we evaluated whether a smartwatch and smartphone application could measure features of early PD. (researchgate.net)
  • 0 ml with water R. PLAP-labeled DA cells were studied with the light and electron microscopes and, after enzymatic digestion and mechanical trituration of the retina, patch clamped for single-cell RT-PCR studies of gene expression or for electrophysiological experiments (12,16,17). (forextrading-madeeasy.com)
  • OBSERVATION There was no difference between the groups with regard to demographic data, duration of surgery, oral temperature and highest sensory level achieved. (researchbib.com)
  • Because we were doing so much surgery, we had the opportunity to ask some well formed questions and to design studies to develop the answers and of course we pursued some research topics as well. (audiologyonline.com)
  • Although the outcomes of PSR were not as favorable as those of pure MVD in this study, PSR can be considered in cases where there is no significant vascular compressive lesion or uncertainty of the causative vessel at the surgery. (e-jyms.org)
  • A follow-up study of cognitive function in young adults who had resective epilepsy surgery in childhood. (gov.gy)
  • RLN palsy generally, an intraoperative complication should be assessed thoroughly in immediate post- operative period to improve the outcome of every thyroid surgery. (jaccr.com)
  • Various treatment modalities have been used to treat TN, including pharmacotherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, suboccipital craniotomy with microvascular decompression (MVD) or partial sensory rhizotomy (PSR), and percutaneous procedures such as glycerol rhizotomy, balloon microcompression or radiofrequency rhizotomy [ 1 , 2 ]. (e-jyms.org)
  • This work is based on pertinent literature published from 1996, the date of a pivotal pilot study on craniotomy pain,[ 11 ] until 2017, by searching Pubmed, Cochrane Central Register, and Google Scholar using a combination of medical subject headings (MeSH) terms and free-text words to identify manuscripts related to postcraniotomy pain and ERAS protocols. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • This is a retrospective study analyzed data from all patient's medical records, who have performed an awake craniotomy from January 2018 to January 2020 at Dr Kariadi General Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia. (ejournals.ca)
  • for accuracy, we compared the results of functional imaging with those of intraoperative mapping. (ajnr.org)
  • Electrocardiographs were monitored during the following vagotonic maneuvers: diving response (apneic facial immersion), Valsalva maneuver, ocular compression, and carotid sinus massage. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Group-1 (control group) received normal saline and group-2 (study group) received IV dexmedetomidine 1 g/kg over 10 min as premedication. (panafrican-med-journal.com)
  • Regarding the histological type of tumor, there was a wide variation between studies. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2mV , sensory signals OK which is a likely reason 1. (slideshare.net)
  • patient has numbness of dig I,II and low sensory signals from Dig I-III but normal CMAP amplitude Normal latency from APB and normal sensory signals from dig V. A likely diagnosis is: 1. (slideshare.net)
  • It has a long vascular pedicle with large-caliber vessels, predictable innervation for re-establishing sensory function in the oral cavity and oropharynx, and minimal donor site morbidity. (medscape.com)
  • Pivotal studies defining our current standard of care will be highlighted, as will key ongoing trials that may influence our management of glioblastoma in the near future. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. (nysora.com)
  • It is performed by an anesthesiologist or nurse anesthetist, a specially trained doctor or nurse who will also monitor a patient's vital signs and rate of breathing during the procedure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Urine porphyrin studies are the mainstay in the diagnosis of acute porphyria attacks. (medscape.com)
  • On exploration a tracheal rent was identified which was repaired and tracheostomy was done under local anaesthesia and monitored anaesthesia care. (jaccr.com)
  • Post-operatively, she was monitored in the intensive care unit (ICU) for 3 days and later shifted to the ward. (jaccr.com)
  • An important aspect of the doctoring physical therapy profession is the responsibility to determine, as Delitto 2 and others have proposed, whether a patient can be appropriately treated by the physical therapist without assistance or additional information, or a patient for whom our treatment should proceed with additional information provided by other medical specialists or special test data (imaging, blood studies, EMG/NCS, etc. (mhmedical.com)
  • The aim of this study is to demonstrate the usefulness of a double methodology for FT certification. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Emergent MRI study revealed a large, multilobulated, contrast-enhancing right frontal-parietal lesion with perilesional edema and midline shift, suggestive of a glioblastoma (Fig. 1B and C). Fig. 1 (A) Presenting CT scan without contrast demonstrating a LATH antibody right frontal-parietal lesion with intralesional hemorrhage, edema, and shift. (researchtoactionforum.org)
  • Routine laboratory studies, a screening chest radiograph, and a CT scan and/or MRI are obtained as required. (medscape.com)