Structures 1994 brain parkinsonian disorders. Medical search. Frequent questions

OBJECTIVE To define the reason why two teams using the same procedure and the same target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) obtained different results on levodopa induced dyskinesias, whereas in both, parkinsonian tremor was improved or totally suppressed. (bmj.com)
Alam M, Capelle HH, Schwabe K, Krauss JK (2014) Effect of deep brain stimulation on levodopa-induced dyskinesias and striatal oscillatory local field potentials in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. (yale.edu)

The diagnoses were Parkinson's disease (92), essential tremor (16), vascular parkinsonism (15), various Parkinson plus syndromes (P+) (12), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) (5), dystonia (5), drug induced movement disorder (12), and other diagnoses (8). (bmj.com)
β-CIT uptake was significantly lower in the whole striatum as well as separately in the putamen and in the caudate nucleus in Parkinson's disease than in the reference group or in drug induced movement disorder, essential tremor, or dystonia. (bmj.com)
Several primary neurodegenerative disorders distinct from Parkinson's disease (PD) share parkinsonian features of bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and balance disturbances. (medscape.com)
Current anatomic targets include the trigeminal nerve (for facial pain syndromes), the thalamus (for tremor or pain), the cingulate gyrus or anterior internal capsule (for pain or behavioral illness), the hypothalamus (for cancer pain and perhaps for eating disorders), and the hippocampus or other brain targets (for epilepsy). (surgicalneurologyint.com)
The study authors, led by Raul Martinez-Fernandez, MD, PhD, University Hospital HM Puerta del Sur, Mostoles, Spain, explain that in severe cases of refractory motor manifestations such as tremor and motor complications, a neurosurgical approach using deep-brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus can be used. (medscape.com)

The locus coeruleus (LC) is an important noradrenergic nucleus that has recently attracted a lot of attention because of its emerging role in cognitive and psychiatric disorders. (elifesciences.org)
1 , 2 A movement disorder, 1 , 2 catatonia occurs with general medical conditions and psychiatric disorders ( Table 1 ). (mhaus.org)

To improve the specificity and sensitivity of the clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP, Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome), the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the Society for PSP, Inc. (SPSP) sponsored an international workshop to develop an accurate and universally accepted set of criteria for this disorder. (neurology.org)
Preliminary National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) neuropathologic criteria for the diagnosis of PSP and related disorders were recently proposed. (neurology.org)
Embodied neurology: an integrative framework for neurological disorders. (lu.se)

METHODS Deep brain stimulation can replace lesions in the surgical treatment of abnormal movements. (bmj.com)
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become a widely accepted method for the treatment of Parkinson's disease symptoms and concerns three major targets-namely, the nucleus ventralis intermedius (VIM), the internal part of the globus pallidus (GPi), and the subthalamic nucleus (STN). (bmj.com)
Deep brain stimulation of nucleus ventralis intermedius can be an effective alternative for pharmacotherapy. (czytelniamedyczna.pl)
Longer-term and larger trials are needed to determine the role of focused ultrasound subthalamotomy in the management of Parkinson's disease and its effect as compared with other available treatments, including deep-brain stimulation," the authors conclude. (medscape.com)
The current trial involved 40 patients with markedly asymmetric Parkinson's disease who had motor signs not fully controlled by medication or who were ineligible for deep-brain stimulation surgery. (medscape.com)
The use of stem cell-derived dopamine neurons or deep brain stimulation (DBS) represents two alternative approaches to treat Parkinson's Disease. (lu.se)

The recurrent mood disorders should be conceptualized not as trivial, mental, or illusory phenomena that can easily be modified by patients' acts of will, but as serious and potentially life-threatening medical illnesses that have clearly defined mood, cognitive, motor, somatic, and neurobiological concomitants. (beatcfsandfms.org)
Huntington's disease (HD) is a severe neurodegenerative pathology characterized by motor dysfunction, cognitive decline and the presence of mental disorders. (frontiersin.org)
At the time, RTT was scarcely known outside of Europe, but with the 1983 publication in the Annals of Neurology this disorder gained immediate prominence as the leading cause of significant cognitive disability among females [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
This article aims to obtain sufficient information about the first brain changes in the early stages of cognitive disorders and their imaging methods and understand the QSM technique and its clinical applications. (springeropen.com)
The diagnostic criteria requires a person to have dementia plus only TWO of any of the following: hallucinations, parkinsonism, fluctuating cognitive abilities, REM sleep behavior disorder, a severe sensitivity to antipsychotic medications, or an abnormal result on a brain scan that detects levels of dopamine. (blogspot.com)

A review of 56 studies of individuals with schizophrenia who had never been treated with antipsychotic medications indicates significant abnormalities in brain structure and function. (mentalillnesspolicy.org)
It is concluded that schizophrenia is a brain disease in the same sense that Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis are, and that the brain abnormalities in schizophrenia are inherent in the disease process and not medication-related. (mentalillnesspolicy.org)
In recent years, as evidence has accumulated that there are abnormalities in brain structure and function in individuals with schizophrenia, the controversy has shifted. (mentalillnesspolicy.org)
Structural abnormalities of the brains of individuals with schizophrenia have been observed for two centuries. (mentalillnesspolicy.org)

Excess iron's role in infectious diseases is now well established, and many recent studies show that it is involved in degenerative brain diseases, such as Parkinson's, ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease), Huntington's chorea, and Alzheimer's disease. (raypeatforum.com)
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, whereas frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder with a pre-senile onset. (touchneurology.com)
In a study that appeared November 5, 1992 in the journal Nature, Frank Watt, et al (Oxford University) used a highly accurate technique to quantify the levels of aluminum in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. (mighty-90.com)
To their surprise, they found the same levels of aluminum in the brains of the non-Alzheimer's controls as they did in their Alzheimer's patients. (mighty-90.com)
REM sleep behavior disorder is common in DLB, but not in Alzheimer's. (blogspot.com)

There is increasing consensus that a patient with a first episode of bipolar disorder is a candidate not only for continuation therapy following the resolution of that episode, but also for long-term prophylaxis, particularly if the patient has a family history of bipolar illness. (beatcfsandfms.org)
Although bipolar disorder occurs in approximately 1 percent of the population, that percentage translates into 2.5 million people in the United States alone. (beatcfsandfms.org)
For example, it is estimated that the average woman with onset of a bipolar disorder at age 25 will lose 14 years of effective lifetime functioning as a result of the illness. (beatcfsandfms.org)
The persistence of TD in the community, and the enlarging spectrum of conditions for which antipsychotic drugs are prescribed (e.g., bipolar disorder, refractory depression), make it urgent to develop a better understanding of this hyperkinetic movement disorder, as well as novel preventive and palliative approaches. (biomedcentral.com)

However, because of the common parkinsonian features, the disorders have been collectively named Parkinson-plus syndromes. (medscape.com)
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), also called Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome, is one of the most common atypical parkinsonian syndromes. (neurology.org)

His attempts to raise awareness of this observation among physicians in Europe met with little success in creating interest in expanding understanding of this unique neurodevelopmental disorder. (hindawi.com)
Initially, two‐dimensional neural cultures presented an innovative landmark for investigating human neuronal and, more recently, glial biology, as well as for modeling brain neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. (ehu.eus)

The symptomatic motor disturbances arise from the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. (ukessays.com)
Histological brain sections of PD patients shows characteristic, large inclusion bodies in the cytosol of surviving neurons of the substantia nigra, as well as locus ceruleus and surrounding brainstem nuclei, called Lewy bodies (Kumar et al. (ukessays.com)
In addition to local synchronization, oscillatory activity of distant neural structures (single neurons or neural ensembles) can synchronize. (wikipedia.org)
However, these changes are superimposed in individuals with reduced brain volume, especially in the hippocampus, and other developmental abnormalities, such as reduced dendritic arborizations, decreased number of spines, spine atrophy, and abnormalities of spine orientation in pyramidal neurons. (medscape.com)
Assessment of brain metabolite correlates of adeno-associated virus-mediated over-expression of human alpha-synuclein in cortical neurons by in vivo (1) H-MR spectroscopy at 9.4 T. (lu.se)

185 consecutive patients with symptoms of movement disorder were studied. (bmj.com)
An inadequate response to treatment in a patient with parkinsonian symptoms suggests the possibility of Parkinson-plus syndrome and warrants a search for the signs and symptoms of degeneration in other neuronal systems. (medscape.com)
However, such heterotopic transplants, although capable of alleviating symptoms that benefit from neurotransmitter supplementation, do not re-establish the natural homeostatic regulation of neural activity in the brain and dramatically limit the cell/circuitry replacement strategy to practically only PD. (hindawi.com)
The earliest symptoms of these two diseases differ, but reflect the same underlying biological changes in the brain. (blogspot.com)
We examined the neuropsychological performance of people with compulsive buying disorder (CBD) and control subjects, along with trait impulsivity, symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and selected personality characteristics. (researchgate.net)

A reference group (psychogenic parkinsonism) comprised 20 subjects with complaints suggesting extrapyramidal disease but with no unequivocal signs on clinical examination and no abnormalities on brain imaging. (bmj.com)
The brain abnormalities implicate a variety of interrelated brain regions, primarily the medial temporal, prefrontal, thalamic, and basal ganglia areas. (mentalillnesspolicy.org)
Critics of psychiatry have argued that, insofar as brain abnormalities do exist, they are caused by the use of antipsychotic medications. (mentalillnesspolicy.org)
they can be grouped into those examining structural, neurological, neuropsychological, electrophysiological, and cerebral metabolic abnormalities of the brain. (mentalillnesspolicy.org)

Dejerine and Thomas first used the term olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) in 1900 when they described 2 patients with a degenerative disorder leading to progressive cerebellar dysfunction and parkinsonism. (medscape.com)
Excessive sequential stereotypy of behavioral patterns (sequential super-stereotypy) in Tourette's syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is thought to involve dysfunction in nigrostriatal dopamine systems. (biomedcentral.com)
Overly rigid sequential patterns of movement and thought characterize several human brain disorders involving dysfunction in basal ganglia systems (i.e. dopamine nigrostriatal projections to the neostriatum and related brain structures). (biomedcentral.com)

We then review recent experimental findings that advance the possibility of inducing sleep-like slow-wave activity (SWA) during wakefulness or enhance SWA during sleep in a top-down manner using noninvasive brain stimulation. (marbilab.it)
The Brain Stimulation and Imaging (BrainSTIM) Conference 2020 was originally planned to be held in Finland and was moved to online format due to Covid-19 situation. (neuroimaging-munich.de)
Brain Stimulation 2019. (neuroimaging-munich.de)
Reorganization of motor representations in patients with brain lesions: A navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation study", Brain Topography, 2018 Mar;31(2):288-299. (neuroimaging-munich.de)
Associations between clinical outcome and navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation characteristics in patients with motor-eloquent brain lesions: a combined navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation-diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking approach", Journal of Neurosurgery, 2018 Mar;128(3):800-810. (neuroimaging-munich.de)

By "laying out" (instead of forcibly expelling) the implantable material from a thin walled glass capillary, this technology has the potential to enhance neural transplantation procedures by reducing trauma to the host brain during implantation and allowing for the implantation of engineered/dissected tissues or constructs in such a way that their orientation and integrity are maintained in the host. (hindawi.com)
Transplantation of immature cells has been considered a potential therapeutic strategy for the damaged adult brain and spinal cord, and there is currently sustained interest in the generation of stem cell lines that could be used to treat certain CNS injuries or disorders. (hindawi.com)
Extensive graft-derived dopaminergic innervation is maintained 24 years after transplantation in the degenerating parkinsonian brain. (lu.se)

2016). Brain and Language. (uba.ar)
Cecchi, G.A. 'How language flows when movements don't: An automated analysis of spontaneous discourse in Parkinson's disease' (2016) Brain and Language. (uba.ar)

Parlodel (bromocriptine mesylate) is a dopamine receptor agonist used to treat certain conditions caused by a hormone imbalance in which there is too much prolactin in the blood (hyperprolactinemia), and to treat these disorders when they are caused by brain tumors that can produce prolactin. (rxlist.com)

Radiosurgical techniques were used to create brain lesions without neurophysiologic guidance. (surgicalneurologyint.com)

There is no conclusion in the Executive Summary on whether the Committee determined that possible health effects of EMF are established for childhood leukemia and exist for genotoxicity, for neurological effects, for brain tumors, male fertility, fetal and neonatal effects or other key areas of research. (bioinitiative.org)

As of September 2008 the series is published by the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour. (ru.nl)

Visual assessment of brain perfusion MRI scans in dementia: a pilot study. (lu.se)
Lewy body dementia (LBD) is a progressive neurological disorder. (blogspot.com)

It is beneficial, although not always easy, to differentiate patients with early stage Parkinson's disease from those with other types of movement disorder. (bmj.com)
The resulting movement disorder is most often stereotyped in nature and typically involves the orobuccolingual musculature. (biomedcentral.com)
Before mechanistic considerations are addressed, any experimental movement disorder model must first reproduce the phenomenology of the human condition, a test the levodopa-induced dyskinesia primate model has unequivocally passed. (biomedcentral.com)

Some instinctive behavioral patterns of animals, such as the syntactic grooming chain pattern of rodents, have sufficiently complex and stereotyped serial structure to detect potential production of overly-rigid sequential patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
What we do know, however, is that sleep is critical for behavioral performance during the waking period and for long-term brain health. (marbilab.it)
Behavioral impulsivity is common in various psychiatric and metabolic disorders. (nature.com)
Understanding the neural substrates regulating impulsivity may lead to the development of novel treatments that can improve quality of life for individuals struggling with disorders involving excessive behavioral impulsivity. (nature.com)

But to avoid craniotomy and electrode penetration, MRI-guided focused ultrasound for the ablation of deep-brain structures, including the subthalamic nucleus, is being investigated as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. (medscape.com)
Therefore, the therapeutic use of appropriate populations derived from stem and progenitor cells has been considered for cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, primarily Parkinson's disease, and brain injuries. (ehu.eus)

The third hierarchical level is located in the spinal tract between T5 and L2, for the SS, and S2 and S4/S5 for the parasympathetic system, through the tractus solitaires nucleus in the brain stem and the dorsal motor nucleus of VN, whose effect is dominant in the upper gastrointestinal tract, mediated by cholinergic inputs [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of organization and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information. (wikipedia.org)
Absence epileptic seizures are characterized by brief interruptions of conscious experience accompanied by abnormal brain oscillatory activity (2.5-4 Hz) ( Crunelli and Leresche, 2002 ). (jneurosci.org)

Effective connectivity, on the other hand, refers to the influence one neural system exerts over another with respect to a given experimental context ( Buchel and Friston, 2000 ), thus helping uncover more information about how brain areas communicate. (frontiersin.org)
Elucidation of the basis for sequential super-stereotypy of instinctive behavior in DAT knockdown mutant mice may offer insights into neural mechanisms of overly-rigid sequences of action or thought in human patients with disorders such as Tourette's or OCD. (biomedcentral.com)

D, T1-weighted coronal and axial brain magnetic resonance images of the affected compound heterozygous MC II.14 are shown to visualize the severe global brain atrophy. (jamanetwork.com)
The descriptive and diagnostic aspects of the illness have been explicated, and it is recognized that in most cases the mood disorders are recurrent and have the potential for severe morbidity and even mortality. (beatcfsandfms.org)
Huntington's disease (HD) is a severe autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation within a gene, encoding huntingtin protein. (frontiersin.org)

In FTLD the deposition of tau has been observed in a number of cases, but in several brains there is no deposition of tau but instead a positivity for ubiquitin. (touchneurology.com)
But sometimes, for various reasons, the amount of iron deposition in different areas of the brain increases, which leads to problems related to the nervous system. (springeropen.com)
Iron deposition happens in various brain areas in some diseases of the nervous system and the aging process. (springeropen.com)
There are different imaging methods based on MRI for examining and measuring iron deposition in the brain, like T2*-weighted imaging (T2*WI), T2-weighted imaging(T2WI), relaxation rate (R2*), field-dependent relaxation rate increase (FDRI), and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) [ 2 ]. (springeropen.com)

Possible PSP requires the presence of a gradually progressive disorder with onset at age 40 or later, either vertical supranuclear gaze palsy or both slowing of vertical saccades and prominent postural instability with falls in the first year of onset, as well as no evidence of other diseases that could explain these features. (neurology.org)

This differential specificity reflected the different distribution of differential diagnostic disorders (P+, DLB, vascular parkinsonism) in the older and younger age groups. (bmj.com)
Patients are potential candidates for ultrasound ablation if they have prominently asymmetric parkinsonism, if they are not considered to be clinically suitable candidates for surgery because of contraindications, or if they are reluctant to undergo a brain operation or to have an implanted device. (medscape.com)

Brain pathological changes during neurodegenerative diseases and their identification methods: How does QSM perform in detecting this process? (springeropen.com)
Identify the mechanism of the most significant pathological changes in the brain during neurodegenerative diseases. (springeropen.com)

These disorders have complex clinical presentations that reflect degeneration in various neuronal systems. (medscape.com)
Glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) and neuronal multisystem degeneration are the pathologic hallmarks of this clinically variable disorder (see the image below). (medscape.com)
We found that blood-brain barrier glucose transport can be limiting during activation and that the energy demand could only be met if glycogenolysis supports neuronal glucose metabolism by replacing the glucose consumed by astrocytes, a mechanism we call Glucose Sparing by Glycogenolysis (GSG). (marbilab.it)
Glycogenolysis and glucose sparing dictate the energy available to support neuronal activity, thus playing a fundamental role in brain function in health and disease. (marbilab.it)

This year's meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM) is also taking place as an online conference. (neuroimaging-munich.de)

These findings collectively point toward the fact that alterations in causal connectivity in the brain in ASD could serve as a potential non-invasive neuroimaging signature for autism. (frontiersin.org)

are highly expressed in the human brain and show a strikingly similar regional distribution. (biorxiv.org)
In: 3rd International Conference on Functional Mapping of the Human Brain, May 19-23,1997, Copenhagen, Denmark S118. (imtlucca.it)
In previous years the conference was held as a pre-conference of the Human Brain Mapping (OHBM) meeting and was planned as a separate international conference in 2020. (neuroimaging-munich.de)
Human Brain Mapping. (neuroimaging-munich.de)
Iron is the most abundant non-diamagnetic element in the human brain, mainly stored as hemosiderin-6 or ferritin in the brain. (springeropen.com)
In particular, the advent of human embryonic stem cells followed by reprograming technologies for generation of induced pluripotent stem cells have instigated studies into modeling human brain development and disease by providing a means to simulate a human tissue otherwise completely or largely inaccessible to researchers. (ehu.eus)
Here we highlight the journey towards recapitulating human brain development and disease in a dish, progressing from two‐dimensional in vitro systems to the third dimension provided by brain organoids. (ehu.eus)
We discuss the potential of these approaches for modeling human brain development and evolution, and their promising contribution towards understanding and treating brain disease. (ehu.eus)

Animal models of the disease, created using neurotoxins such as rotenone or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), or transgenic mice that overexpress human SYN gene (for ï ¡-synuclein) mutations, do not faithfully replicate the structure and antigenicity of the Lewy bodies found in PD (Dickson 2001). (ukessays.com)

Thus, the treating physician should be aware of the nuances in the management of patients with acute and recurrent mood disorders so that treatment can be optimized from the outset and the impact of the illness on patients, their lives, and their families can be minimized. (beatcfsandfms.org)
A large body of evidence supports the efficacy of long-term prophylactic management of recurrent mood disorders. (beatcfsandfms.org)
Early institution of long-term prophylaxis is now recognized as a critical approach for the patient with recurrent mood disorders. (beatcfsandfms.org)

Treatment of the mood disorders has entered into a new era of therapeutics based on a variety of factors. (beatcfsandfms.org)
There is increasing recognition that mood disorders have a prominent genetic component with well-documented neurobiological alterations that have been elucidated on biochemical, neuroendocrinological, and functional brain imaging measures. (beatcfsandfms.org)
Thus, a variety of factors and guidelines shape the physician's approach to the patient with an acute episode of mood disorder. (beatcfsandfms.org)
In addition, up to 15 to 20 percent of patients with inadequately treated mood disorders commit suicide. (beatcfsandfms.org)
Until the middle of the 20th century the available treatments for mood disorders were largely supportive and palliative. (beatcfsandfms.org)
Compulsive buyers had more lifetime mood, anxiety, and impulse control disorders. (researchgate.net)

Major depressive disorder is a common illness, occurring in 7 to 12 percent of male patients and 20 to 25 percent of female patients during their lifetimes. (beatcfsandfms.org)
Sleep disorders like sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome and REM sleep behavior disorder are common in LBDs. (blogspot.com)

In particular, due to the limited regenerative capacity of the adult nervous system, the therapeutic potential of stem cells has opened up new perspectives for development of treatment strategies for brain repair after injury or disease. (ehu.eus)

Adolf Beck published in 1890 his observations of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that included rhythmic oscillations altered by light detected with electrodes directly placed on the surface of the brain. (wikipedia.org)

The challenge for the future is to use the new molecular techniques to study these brain areas and elevate our understanding of schizophrenia's etiology to the next level. (mentalillnesspolicy.org)
Brain development is a complex process achieved in a remarkably controlled spatial and temporal manner through coordinated cellular and molecular events. (ehu.eus)

However, a brain tumor can expand during pregnancy. (rxlist.com)
There is a consistent pattern of increased risk for glioma (a malignant brain tumor) and acoustic neuroma with use of mobile and cordless phones according to studies from Orebro University, Sweden released in 2012 and 2013. (bioinitiative.org)

Since neurodegenerative disorders are one of the most acute and socially significant problems facing modern medicine, adequate models for these diseases are highly demanded. (frontiersin.org)

Although disrupted instantaneous correlation between cortical regions observed from functional MRI is considered to be an explanatory model for autism, the causal influence of a brain area on another (effective connectivity) is a vital link missing in these studies. (frontiersin.org)

However, a series of extensive metabolic tests on blood and urine in his participants with this disorder had identified hyperammonemia, the subject of this Handbook volume. (hindawi.com)

The results support the hypothesis that patients experiencing an improvement of dyskinesias under DBS are actually stimulated in a structure which is more posterior, more internal, and deeper than the VIM, very close to the CM-Pf. (bmj.com)

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) then emerged as efficacious treatment for major depressive disorder. (beatcfsandfms.org)
In this debate, we discuss which of these approaches will evolve to be the treatment of choice for Parkinsonian patients in the future. (lu.se)

Ask your physician to order a sleep study to identify and treat ALL underlying sleep disorders. (blogspot.com)

Impaired brain metabolism and neurocognitive function in childhood leukemia survivors despite complete hormone supplementation in adulthood. (lu.se)

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Absence seizures are characterized by brief interruptions of consciousness accompanied by abnormal brain oscillations persisting tens of seconds. (jneurosci.org)

Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. (wikipedia.org)
Rett syndrome (RTT) has experienced remarkable progress over the past three decades since emerging as a disorder of worldwide proportions, particularly with discovery of the linkage of RTT to MECP2 mutations. (hindawi.com)

Anatomy8

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs10

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes1

Information Science1

Induced dyskinesias2

Tremor5

Psychiatric disorders2

Neurological Disorders3

Deep brain stimu6

Cognitive5

Schizophrenia4

Alzheimer's5

Bipolar disorder4

Syndromes2

Neurodevelopmental2

Neurons5

Symptoms5

Abnormalities4

Dysfunction3

Stimulation5

Transplantation3

20162

Dopamine1

Lesions1

Tumors1

Cognition1

Dementia2

Movement disorder3

Behavioral4

Parkinson's Disease2

Nucleus1

Oscillatory2

Neural2

Severe3

Deposition4

Onset1

Parkinsonism2

Neurodegenerative diseases2

Neuronal4

Organization1

Collectively1

Human brain8

Lewy1

Recurrent3

Mood6

Common2

Stem1

Electrodes1

Molecular2

Tumor2

Diseases1

Autism1

Metabolic1

Posterior1

Treatment2

Treat1

Metabolism1

Abnormal1

Decades2