Structural rna replicase. Medical search. Frequent questions

The viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase (L) binds to a promoter on each encapsidated segment, and transcribes the mRNA. (expasy.org)
The viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase binds the encapsidated genome at the leader region, then sequentially transcribes each genes by recognizing start and stop signals flanking viral genes. (expasy.org)
Viral replication starts with the translation of the replicase-polymerase gene and the assembly of the replication-transcription complex upon entering into the host cells. (cd-genomics.com)
Craig Cameron, Jeffrey Houpt Distinguished Professor and Chair of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Jamie Arnold, research associate professor in the UNC Department of Cell Biology and Physiology , has partnered with Riboscience, LLC to screen their library of nucleotide analogues to identify those with efficacy against the SARS CoV-2 replicase, the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase needed for multiplication of all RNA viruses. (unc.edu)
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a cellular metabolic protein, was found to colocalize with viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5) in JEV-infected cells. (biomedcentral.com)
ORF1 encodes non-structural proteins involved in the replication of viral genome (the so called "replicase"), including a methyl transferase, a putative protease, an RNA helicase and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (biomedcentral.com)
Researchers found that the RNA sequences they analyzed contained a signature gene called RdRp that codes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-a complex enzyme designed to catalyze replication. (icr.org)
6 , 7 Replication of the virus is performed by an HCV-encoded RNA-dependent polymerase, which lacks proofreading capability. (xiahepublishing.com)
We report RNA-catalysed RNA synthesis on structured templates when using trinucleotide triphosphates (triplets) as substrates, catalysed by a general and accurate triplet polymerase ribozyme that emerged from in vitro evolution as a mutualistic RNA heterodimer. (elifesciences.org)

Unprecedented genomic diversity of RNA viruses in arthropods reveals the ancestry of negative-sense RNA viruses. (nature.com)
The genomic areas which code for structural proteins are subsequently transcribed by this complex. (cd-genomics.com)
Members of the Bromovirus and Cucumovirus genera have a tRNA-like structure at the 3' end of their genomic RNAs that interacts with the replicase and is required for minus-strand synthesis. (psu.edu)
The viral replicase uses the genomic RNA as a template to synthesize a complementary, full-length, negative-sense RNA. (ampkpathway.com)
Positive-strand synthesis initiating at the 3 end of the negative-strand RNA results in the production of full-length genomic RNA. (ampkpathway.com)
Positive-strand synthesis can also initiate at an internal promoter sequence (26S or subgenomic promoter) to produce a subgenomic mRNA that is GW4064 colinear with approximately the 3-terminal one-third of the genomic RNA. (ampkpathway.com)
The messenger RNA for translating a single lengthy open reading frame (ORF) into a substantial polyprotein is genomic RNA. (doctor-dr.com)
According to its postulated function in creating a ribonucleoprotein complex with packaged genomic RNA, the C protein (approximately 11 kD) is extremely basic. (doctor-dr.com)
The replication proteins are produced by the cleavage of the positive-sense genomic ssRNA from a polyprotein, which is translated into all structural and non-structural proteins. (doctor-dr.com)
The negative-sense RNA then acts as a template to produce new positive-sense genomic RNA and subgenomic RNA. (insidecorona.net)
The coronavirus replication cycle begins with the translation of the 29-kb positive-strand genomic RNA to produce two large polyprotein species (pp1a and pp1ab), which are subse- quently cleaved to produce 15 or possibly 16 nonstructural proteins (nsp's) (11). (pdfroom.com)
In addition to the structural proteins and polyprotein-derived proteins, the SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes 9 accessory factors from a set of sub-genomic open reading frames (ORFs 3, 3a, 6, 7a, 7b, 8, 9b, 9c and 10) within the 3′ region of the genome. (guidetopharmacology.org)

Echoviruses (EVs) are RNA viruses of the genus Enterovirus and the family Picornaviridae. (medscape.com)
Many of these viruses have RNA genomes. (bvsalud.org)
Here we profile the transcriptomes of over 220 invertebrate species sampled across nine animal phyla and report the discovery of 1,445 RNA viruses, including some that are sufficiently divergent to comprise new families. (nature.com)
The identified viruses fill major gaps in the RNA virus phylogeny and reveal an evolutionary history that is characterized by both host switching and co-divergence. (nature.com)
Figure 2: Phylogenetic diversity of RNA viruses. (nature.com)
Figure 3: Genetic exchange among RNA viruses. (nature.com)
Figure 4: Evolution of genome organization in RNA viruses. (nature.com)
Koonin, E. V. The phylogeny of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of positive-strand RNA viruses. (nature.com)
SARS-CoV-2 is a newly discovered human coronavirus group (HCoV), which are single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the family of Coronaviridae . (cd-genomics.com)
for BVDV frequently nonhomologous RNA recombination events lead to the appearance of genetically distinct viruses that are lethal to the host. (bionity.com)
Arteriviruses are small, enveloped, animal viruses with an icosahedral core containing a positive-sense RNA genome. (bionity.com)
In particular, structural analyses of capsid proteins have uncovered deeply rooted homologies between viruses infecting different cellular domains, suggesting that viruses originated before the last universal common ancestor (LUCA). (biologie-journal.org)
These definitions, which clearly distinguish viruses from plasmids, suggest that infectious RNA molecules that only encode an RNA replicase presently classified among viruses by the ICTV ( International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses ) into families of Endornaviridae and Hypoviridae are in fact RNA plasmids. (biologie-journal.org)
Since a viral genome should encode for at least one structural protein, these definitions also imply that viruses originated after the emergence of the ribosome in an RNA-protein cellular world. (biologie-journal.org)
Ribavirin was included as a ref- never been evaluated for their ability to block PV replica- erence standard, since it was regarded as a broad-spectrum tion and 2) the selected compounds have never been com- inhibitor of positive-strand RNA viruses. (cdc.gov)
Numerous studies have shown that replication of RNA viruses is involved in many specific RNA-RNA, RNA-protein, and protein-protein interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
2 Viruses enter into a host cell for replication (the process of producing two identical replicas of RNA, ribonucleic acid or DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid) and take over the cell's biological machinery. (icr.org)
RNA viruses are clearly important in our world, but we usually only study a tiny slice of them- the few hundred that harm humans, plants and animals. (icr.org)
state a new phylum called Taraviricota is supposedly a missing link in early RNA virus evolution, 4 but Taraviricota is still composed of 100% viruses, and their RNA has always been RNA. (icr.org)
2022. Cryptic and abundant marine viruses at the evolutionary origins of Earth's RNA virome. (icr.org)
The RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 is one of the largest RNA genomes among RNA viruses [1], comprised of a replicase gene which encodes non-structural proteins (nsps), structural proteins, and accessory proteins. (insidecorona.net)
They are positive-stranded RNA viruses, and contain the largest viral RNA genomes known to date (27-31 kb). (gen9bio.com)
These are all enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses whose genomes and protein structures are highly conserved. (guidetopharmacology.org)
Coronaviruses are spherical RNA viruses with a particle size of about 100 nm. (medschool.cc)
The coronavirus genomes are the largest of the known RNA viruses (26 to 32 kb) and are polycistronic, generating a nested set of subgenomic RNAs with common 5′ and 3′ sequences. (amitray.com)
The single-stranded (+)-RNA viruses comprise the largest group of viruses, which includes pathogens such as Dengue virus, Corona virus and West Nile virus. (fortunejournals.com)
Studies of the mechanism of Qβ infection can increase our general understanding of the single-stranded (+)-RNA viruses, which can be exploited in the pursuit to treat and prevent diseases caused by pathogenic (+)-RNA viruses. (fortunejournals.com)
The largest group is the single-stranded, positive sense (+)-RNA viruses, which comprises more than a third of all viruses. (fortunejournals.com)
The group of (+)-RNA viruses includes a number of pathogenic viruses such as Polio virus, Hepatitis A and C, Dengue virus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus [3]. (fortunejournals.com)
The (+)-RNA viruses have been used in the development of vaccines, as imaging tools and in virus inactivation studies [4, 5]. (fortunejournals.com)
Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive-stranded RNA analysis of the consequences of virus replication in Vero viruses associated with enteric and respiratory diseases in cells. (cdc.gov)

In Brome mosaic virus (BMV), a stem-loop structure named C (SLC) is present within the tRNA-like region and is required for replicase binding and initiation of RNA synthesis in vitro. (psu.edu)
We have prepared an enriched replicase fraction from tobacco plants infected with the Fny isolate of Cucumber mosaic virus (Fny-CMV) that will direct synthesis from exogenously added templates. (psu.edu)
While the majority of CMV isolates have SLC-like elements similar to that of Fny-CMV, a second group displays sequence or structural features that are distinct but nonetheless recognized by Fny-CMV replicase for RNA synthesis. (psu.edu)
However, neither motif can direct synthesis by the BMV replicase in the absence of other tRNA-like elements, indicating that other features of the CMV tRNA can induce promoter recognition by a heterologous replicase. (psu.edu)
Following its entry and uncoating, coronavirus replication is initiated by translation of its non-structural proteins including the replicases that allow viral RNA synthesis and capping. (nostradamus2018.com)
This course requires a network of host factors to create an optimal environment for facilitating viral entry, gene expression, RNA synthesis and virus release (de Wilde et al. (nostradamus2018.com)
CoV transcription involves a discontinuous RNA synthesis (template switch) during the extension of a negative copy of the subgenomic mRNAs. (bionity.com)
CoV N protein is required for coronavirus RNA synthesis, and has RNA chaperone activity that may be involved in template switch. (bionity.com)
The negative-sense RNA in turn serves as a template for the synthesis of two different positive-sense RNAs. (ampkpathway.com)
As a result, the loss of RNA synthesis is thought to be a knock-on effect on neighbouring polyprotein components that are critical for replication, as opposed to a genuine effect on viral replication through lack of nsp15 [6]. (insidecorona.net)
The triplets cooperatively invaded and unraveled even highly stable RNA secondary structures, and support non-canonical primer-free and bidirectional modes of RNA synthesis and replication. (elifesciences.org)
The tat protein stimulates LONG TERMINAL REPEAT-driven RNA synthesis for both viral regulatory and viral structural proteins. (bvsalud.org)

OrfB (Q04350) cleaves into a p48 C8 protease and the RNA replicase-helicase. (wikipedia.org)
Since replicons absence the structural genes, genome product packaging and budding of replicon contaminants can occur only when the structural protein are given in cleavage at its C terminus (between Gly and Pro) either with a regular protease activity (33, 34) or by influencing the translating ribosome release a the 2A-including polypeptide through the translational complicated by advertising hydrolysis of the peptidyl (2A)-tRNAGly ester linkage (8). (ampkpathway.com)
Once translated, these polyproteins are cleaved by one of the two encoded proteases (3C-like protease (nsp5) or papain-like-protease (nsp3)) to yield between 15 and 16 non-structural proteins, which assemble into a large membrane-bound replicase complex (RTC). (insidecorona.net)
Two-thirds of the SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes the replicase, while one-third encodes the protease. (medschool.cc)
They use their self-synthesized replicase and protease to produce four structural proteins: spike protein (S), envelope protein (E), membrane glycoprotein (M), and nucleocapsid protein (N). The constant evolution of the novel coronavirus enables it to spread rapidly in populations [8] . (medschool.cc)

Replication of viral RNA genomes requires the specific interaction between the replicase and the RNA template. (psu.edu)

This RNA is approximately 7.5 kilobase (kb) long and contains an RNA replicase, viral-coded proteases, a single polyprotein that is responsible for forming structural polypeptides, and other proteins necessary for cellular replication. (medscape.com)
Elabscience Category Type: Polyclonal Synonyms: Non-structural protein 3, PL2-PRO, Papain-like proteinase, PL-PRO, Replicase polyprotein. (proteomecommons.org)
Figure 2 shows the sets of proteins that are generated from the two replicase polyprotein chains that arise from overlapping ORFs at the 5' region of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA. (guidetopharmacology.org)
SICGEN AntibodiesOverview: Nsp9 is part of the multifunctional protein replicase polyprotein 1ab that is involved in the transcription and replication of viral RNA. (maxanim.com)

These structural proteins are important to determine host range and tropism, and they play a crucial role in delivering the RNA genome into the cytoplasm of new host cells. (medscape.com)

Coronavirus (CoV) genome replication takes place in the cytoplasm in a membrane-protected microenvironment, and starts with the translation of the genome to produce the viral replicase. (bionity.com)
Nsp15 is conserved across coronavirus family members [6], to the point where it has been proposed as a universal genetic marker to distinguish nidoviruses [7] from all other RNA virus families. (insidecorona.net)
An extensive bioinformatics analysis of the coronavirus replicase proteins by Snijder et al. (pdfroom.com)
2020). The coronavirus genome encodes four structural proteins: the spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, membrane (M) protein, and the envelope (E) protein. (gen9bio.com)

Subgenomic mRNAs are translated into the viral structural proteins (40). (ampkpathway.com)
ORF3 on the large subgenomic RNA encodes the non-structural movement protein (MP). (thekingsfoundation.org)
ORF4 on the small subgenomic RNA encodes the coat protein (CP) of 17 to 18 kDa. (thekingsfoundation.org)
Subgenomic RNA consists of smaller transcribed sections of RNA produced by initiating transcription in the middle of the template strand (internal initiation), falling off the template strand before reaching the 5' stop codon (premature termination), or by jumping off the template strand and reinitiating transcription further down the template (discontinuous transcription). (insidecorona.net)

SARS-CoV-2 is a spherical, enveloped, single-stranded positive RNA virus with a diameter of 80 nm-160 nm and a genome size of 29.9 kb [ 8 ]. (newvita.com)

The SARS-CoV-2 genome contains a single 29,903 bp RNA strand that codes for replicase-transcriptase, and spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid structural proteins. (cd-genomics.com)
The 11 kb long, positively polarised single-stranded RNA genome is likewise contained within the nucleocapsid. (doctor-dr.com)
at the bottom, the viral nucleocapsid protein is condensing the RNA genome and interacting with the viral membrane (M) protein to package the genome as the virus buds into an endosome. (rcsb.org)
The coronaviral genome encodes four major structural proteins: the spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, membrane (M) protein, and the envelope (E) protein and many non-structural proteins. (biotechexpressmag.com)
A total of five major Open Reading Frames (ORF) were found in COVID-19: the ORF 1a/b region coding replicase and other enzymes, the spike or S protein ORF, M or membrane glycoprotein ORF, E or small membrane protein ORF and the N or nucleocapsid ORF ( fig. 1 )[ 5 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
The remaining 3′ third of the genome encodes four structural proteins, spike (S), envelope (E), matrix (M) and nucleocapsid (N), and non-structural proteins, along with a set of accessory proteins. (guidetopharmacology.org)
Of the four structural proteins, the RNA winds around the highly basic nucleocapsid (N) protein. (guidetopharmacology.org)

Image: Phylogenetic analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (Pol) of coronaviruses with complete genome sequences available. (biotechexpressmag.com)
2003. Evolutionary connection between the catalytic subunits of DNA-dependent RNA polmerases and eukaryotic RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. (icr.org)

A tick-borne segmented RNA virus contains genome segments derived from unsegmented viral ancestors. (nature.com)

Segmented Negative-stranded RNA linear genome, L segment is between 6.8 and 12 kb, M segment between 3.2 and 4.9 kb and S segment between 1 and 3 kb. (expasy.org)
Negative-stranded RNA linear genome,about 13.2 kb in size. (expasy.org)

The release of the virus' RNA genome into the cytoplasm is caused by the fusion of the host endosomal membrane with the viral membrane. (doctor-dr.com)
Replication of flavivirus RNA takes place in the cytoplasm by an asymmetric and semiconservative mode resulting in 10 to 100-fold greater plus strands compared to minus strands [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The SARS-CoV-2 Nsp8 protein is a critical component of the RNA replicase, as its N-terminal domain (NTD) anchors Nsp12, the RNA, and Nsp13. (covidnewscast.com)

The genome is a monopartite, positively polarised, linear single-stranded RNA genome. (doctor-dr.com)
The HCV genome consists of a 9.6 kb uncapped linear single-stranded RNA with positive polarity. (xiahepublishing.com)

During viral replication, positive-sense RNA is translated to produce the viral replication complex, which replicates the positive-sense RNA to produce negative-sense RNA. (insidecorona.net)

Lipid envelope which is studded with structural protein including the membrane (M) glycoprotein, the envelope (E) protein, and the spike (S) glycoprotein [ 11 ]. (newvita.com)

Exogenously provided, e.g. transgene encoded, small RNAs could be used to inhibit virus replication, breaking the transmission cycle. (bvsalud.org)

Triplet substrates thus resolve a central incongruity of RNA replication, and here allow the ribozyme to synthesise its own catalytic subunit '+' and '-' strands in segments and assemble them into a new active ribozyme. (elifesciences.org)
Like DNA, strands of RNA contain genetic data. (elifesciences.org)
Yet, some RNA strands can also fold to form ribozymes, 3D structures that could have guided life's chemical processes the way proteins do now. (elifesciences.org)
RNA strands are made of four different letters attached to each other in a specific order. (elifesciences.org)
Biochemical techniques were used to engineer a ribozyme that copies RNA strands by adding letters not one-by-one, but three-by-three. (elifesciences.org)
Using three-letter 'triplet' building blocks, this new ribozyme can copy various folded RNA strands, including the active part of its own sequence. (elifesciences.org)
For example, these triplets work together to bind tightly to RNA strands and unravel structures that block RNA copying. (elifesciences.org)

We have isolated a SARS-associ- the complete genome of SARS-CoV has shown an RNA ated CoV (SARS-CoV) strain by injecting Vero cells with a molecule of about 29,750 bases in length, with a genome sputum specimen from an Italian patient affected by a organization similar to that of other coronaviruses (9-11). (cdc.gov)

The recombinant infections support the VP7/2A and GFP/2A gene sequences put in framework between your capsid and PE2 genes, plus they make structural polyproteins which contain GFP/2A or VP7/2A positioned between PE2 and capsid. (ampkpathway.com)

Viral RNA as well as viral proteins interact with different components of the host cell, acting as key determinants of viral pathogenesis. (bionity.com)
The mitochondrial and chloroplast dual targeting of a multifunctional plant viral protein modulates chloroplast-to-nucleus communication, RNA silencing suppressor activity, encapsidation, pathogenesis and tissue tropism. (upv.es)

Here, the membrane-bound components of the replicase are shown in green. (rcsb.org)

Tim Willson is a Professor at the Structural Genome Consortium-UNC Laboratory where his team is working with UNC virologists to identify drugs that slow the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to multiply inside cells. (unc.edu)
The SARS-CoV-2's endoribonuclease (NendoU) nsp15, is an Mn 2+ dependent endoribonuclease specific to uridylate that SARS-CoV-2 uses to avoid the innate immune response by managing the stray RNA generated during replication. (insidecorona.net)
This review summarises the structural and functional information gained from SARS-CoV-2, SARs-CoV and MERS-CoV nsp15 structures, compiles the current structure-based drug design efforts, and complementary knowledge with a view to provide a clear starting point for downstream structure users interested in studying nsp15 as a novel drug target to treat COVID-19. (insidecorona.net)
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome. (guidetopharmacology.org)
In spite of this similar organization, the SARS-CoV RNA cells showed the virions within cell vesicles and around the sequence is only distantly related to that of previously cell membrane. (cdc.gov)

Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. (wikipedia.org)

Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. (wikipedia.org)

These polyproteins are proteolytically cleaved by two integral proteases to generate 14 additional non-structural proteins (16 individual proteins in total). (guidetopharmacology.org)

The arteriviruses are highly species specific, but share many biological and molecular properties, including virion morphology, a unique set of structural proteins, genome organization and replication strategy, and the ability to establish prolonged or true persistent infection in their natural hosts. (bionity.com)
Par ailleurs, l'assimilation classique du virus au virion a été remise en cause. (biologie-journal.org)

are characterized by a typical rod-shaped particle morphology encapsulating a single stranded RNA (+ssRNA) sense genome of 6.2 to 6.4kb encoding four ORFs. (thekingsfoundation.org)
The 5′ two-thirds of the genome consists of two large replicase open reading frames (ORFs), ORF1a and ORF1b. (amitray.com)

In the replicon style, the international gene can be substituted for the viral GW4064 structural genes and it is expressed beneath the control of the indigenous 26S promoter. (ampkpathway.com)
This process produces short and long double-stranded RNA intermediates with polyuridine tracts at the 5′ end which can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors in the host cell such as RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), protein kinase R (PKR), oligoadenylate synthases (OASes), and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). (insidecorona.net)

The genome consists of either RNA or DNA and can be single- or double-stranded, linear or circular. (fortunejournals.com)

1 Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. (nih.gov)
RNA-catalyzed RNA replication is widely believed to have supported a primordial biology. (elifesciences.org)

Soon after infection, the single stranded positive RNA that constitutes the viral genome is efficiently translated using a cap-independent mechanism driven by the internal ribosome entry site element (IRES). (bionity.com)

instead, GAPDH binds to the 3' termini of plus- and minus-strand RNAs of JEV by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. (biomedcentral.com)
Accordingly, GAPDH binds to the minus strand more efficiently than to the plus strand of JEV RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
When isolated, the α-helix population progressively declines towards the C-termini but surprisingly binds dsRNA while preserving structural disorder. (covidnewscast.com)

The viral genome (total genetic information) can be RNA or DNA. (icr.org)

The replication of the viral RNA was determined by RT-PCR, while the translation of the viral proteins was examined by radiolabelling, and the production of infectious phage particles was evaluated by double-layered plaque assays. (fortunejournals.com)
Specifically, the viral RNA was replicated, the viral proteins were translated, and infectious phage particles were produced in the cell-free infection systems. (fortunejournals.com)

Upon admittance into the host cell, the viral genome is translated into the four nonstructural proteins (nsp1 to -4) that comprise the viral transcriptase-replicase complex. (ampkpathway.com)

Figure 1: The frequency and diversity of viral RNA transcripts in invertebrate transcriptomes. (nature.com)
Might exogenous circular RNAs act as protein-coding transcripts in plants? (upv.es)

Hop stunt viroid: A polyphagous pathogenic RNA that has shed light on viroid-host interactions. (upv.es)

A genome-length minus-strand RNA is produced at the start of replication, and this minus-strand RNA acts as a template for the production of further plus-strand RNAs. (doctor-dr.com)

Figure 1: RNA Cleavage as performed by nsp15 to give a 2′‐3′ cyclic phosphodiester and 5′‐hydroxyl terminus from an RNA nucleotide phosphodiester from PDB entry 1RNA. (insidecorona.net)

We studied the course of infection by analysing the production of viral RNA, proteins and phage particles produced in the cell-free reactions. (fortunejournals.com)

Both motifs have a 5'CA3' dinucleotide that is invariant in the CMV isolates examined, and mutational analysis indicates that these are critical for interaction with the replicase. (psu.edu)
In order to obtain more detailed information regarding the interaction between host proteins and the defined viral nucleic acid and/or proteins, we investigated the host factors associating with the main replicase enzyme, NS5, in the JEV-infected cells using yeast-two hybrid screening. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results suggest that while part of this domain corresponding to two long α-helices forms autonomously, the folding of other segments would require interaction with other replicase components. (covidnewscast.com)

One of these non-structural proteins is nsp15, a 346 amino acid nidoviral RNA uridylate‐specific and Mn 2+ -dependent [3] endoribonuclease (NendoU). (insidecorona.net)

Les virus peuvent être définis comme des organismes qui se multiplient en produisant des virions. (biologie-journal.org)

Anatomy2

Organisms21

Chemicals and Drugs25

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes17

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Polymerase9

Genomic12

Viruses31

Synthesis12

Protease5

Genomes1

Polyprotein4

Delivering the RNA genome1

Coronavirus4

Subgenomic4

Single-stranded positive RNA virus1

Nucleocapsid7

Polymerases2

Segmented RNA virus1

Negative-stranded RNA2

Cytoplasm2

Nsp121

Linear single-stranded2

Produce the viral1

Spike1

Inhibit virus replication1

Strands7

Coronaviruses1

Sequences1

Pathogenesis2

Membrane-bound1

SARs-CoV5

Transcription1

Virus replication1

Proteases1

VIRION2

ORFs2

Gene2

Consists1

Biology2

Ribosome1

Binds3

Genetic1

Infectious2

Comprise1

Transcripts2

Pathogenic1

Plus-strand1

Cleavage1

Infection1

Interaction3

Nsp151

Virions1