• Stratospheric aerosol injection is a proposed method of solar geoengineering (or solar radiation modification) to reduce global warming. (wikipedia.org)
  • It appears that stratospheric aerosol injection, at a moderate intensity, could counter most changes to temperature and precipitation, take effect rapidly, have low direct implementation costs, and be reversible in its direct climatic effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concludes that it "is the most-researched [solar geoengineering] method, with high agreement that it could limit warming to below 1.5 °C (2.7 °F)." However, like other solar geoengineering approaches, stratospheric aerosol injection would do so imperfectly and other effects are possible, particularly if used in a suboptimal manner. (wikipedia.org)
  • September 15, 2022, Paper: "Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) is a prospective climate intervention technology that would seek to abate climate change by deflecting back into space a small fraction of the incoming solar radiation. (harvard.edu)
  • Solar climate intervention using stratospheric aerosol injection is a proposed method of reducing global mean temperatures in order to avoid the worst consequences of climate change. (ucar.edu)
  • Assessing Responses and Impacts of Solar climate intervention on the Earth system with Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (ARISE-SAI) is a set of simulations carried out with the Community Earth System Model, version 2 with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, version 6 (CESM2(WACCM6)) that aims at simulating a plausible deployment of solar climate intervention of stratospheric aerosol injection to enable community assessment of responses of the Earth system. (ucar.edu)
  • The first set of simulations introduce stratospheric aerosol injection at ~ 21 km in simulated year 2035, called ARISE-SAI-1.5, utilize the middle-of-the-road SSP2-4.5 emission scenario, and keep global mean surface air temperature near 1.5°C above the pre-industrial value. (ucar.edu)
  • A second set of simulations, called ARISE-SAI-1.5-2045, utilizes the same simulation set up but commences stratospheric aerosol injection in simulated year 2045 . (ucar.edu)
  • There are multiple potential approaches, with stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) being the most-studied method, followed by marine cloud brightening (MCB). (wikipedia.org)
  • It is estimated that the cooling impact from SAI would cease 1-3 years after the last aerosol injection, while the impact from marine cloud brightening would disappear in just 10 days. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study examines the effectiveness of using Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) that minimizes global mean temperature (GMT) change to slow projected 21st century Antarctic ice loss. (essopenarchive.org)
  • A study reports that scattering sunlight-reflecting particles in the atmosphere -- a theoretical form of climate engineering known as 'stratospheric aerosol injection' -- has potential to slow rapid ice melt in Western Antarctica. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The study explored a form of climate engineering called stratospheric aerosol injection, in which large amounts of tiny sulfur droplets are released into the stratosphere by a fleet of airplanes as a proposed method for keeping global temperatures in check. (sciencedaily.com)
  • It was recently discussed in a White House report outlining a potential research program on stratospheric aerosol injection and marine cloud brightening, another proposed strategy for cooling the planet. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In their study, IU researchers and collaborators used high-performance computers and global climate models to simulate different stratospheric aerosol injection scenarios, identifying the cooling strategy with the most potential to slow Antarctic ice loss. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Researchers simulated 11 different stratospheric aerosol injection scenarios. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Three cases spanned multiple latitudes -- considered the most likely approach for how stratospheric aerosols injection might be implemented -- with temperature targets of 1.5, 1 and 0.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The simulations, which started in 2035 and ran through 2070, included a moderate emissions scenario with no stratospheric aerosol injection that served as a key point of comparison. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Though simulated scenarios with stratospheric aerosol injection at multiple latitudes showed benefits in terms of Antarctic ice loss, further study is needed to quantify the change in melt rates, Goddard said. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Some of the risks related to stratospheric aerosol injection, for example, include changes in regional precipitation patterns and the possibility of "termination shock," a rapid rebound of global temperatures to pre-stratospheric aerosols injection levels should the decades-long treatment be interrupted. (sciencedaily.com)
  • And sometimes, aerosols are produced from photochemical decomposition of COS (carbonyl sulfide), or when solid sulfates in the sea salt spray can react with gypsum dust particles). (wikipedia.org)
  • While in the first several weeks, the radiative effects may be dominated by the ash particles, over the longer term (after a few months and up to ∼ two years) and of considerable relevance to climate, the sulfate aerosols dominate the effects. (princeton.edu)
  • But we do know sulfur in the stratosphere can cause small particles called aerosols to form. (windows2universe.org)
  • September 2010 "Recent analysis suggests that the effectiveness of stratospheric aerosol climate engineering through emission of non condensable vapors such as SO2 is limited because the slow conversion to H2SO4 tends to produce aerosol particles that are too large. (zerogeoengineering.com)
  • Previous studies investigating this scheme have focused primarily on sulphuric acid particles to mimic volcanic injections of stratospheric aerosol. (org.in)
  • Aerosol researcher Johan Friberg studies particles at high altitudes. (lu.se)
  • I want to try and explain variations in the prevalence of aerosol particles, and I have recently become interested in the stratospheric zone" explains Johan Friberg, researcher at MERGE (ModElling the Regional and Global Earth system) at Lund University. (lu.se)
  • The troposphere is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, and it contains three quarters of the atmosphere's total mass, including almost all water vapour and aerosol particles. (lu.se)
  • Aerosol particles can both spread and absorb sunlight, which can have cooling or warming effects on the climate. (lu.se)
  • In the stratosphere, the aerosol particles affect the ozone, causing it to break down and making the protective layer thinner. (lu.se)
  • This would introduce aerosols into the stratosphere to create a cooling effect via global dimming and increased albedo, which occurs naturally from volcanic winter. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, as of 2021, there has been little research and existing natural aerosols in the stratosphere are not well understood. (wikipedia.org)
  • Major volcanic eruptions have an overwhelming effect on sulfate aerosol concentrations in the years when they occur: eruptions ranking 4 or greater on the Volcanic Explosivity Index inject SO2 and water vapor directly into the stratosphere, where they react to create sulfate aerosol plumes. (wikipedia.org)
  • G6sulfur involves introducing sulfuric acid aerosol into the tropical stratosphere where it reflects incoming sunlight back to space, thus cooling the planet. (mpg.de)
  • We note that aerosol levels during the OSIRIS/CALIPSO period in the lower stratosphere at mid- and high latitudes is routinely higher than what we observed during the SAGE II period. (copernicus.org)
  • Stratospheric aerosols, in the aftermath of intense volcanic eruptions, can perturb substantially the climate of the stratosphere and surface-troposphere system (IPCC, 1995). (princeton.edu)
  • 1995). The conversion of the sulfur-containing gases injected into the stratosphere to sulfate aerosols occurs in a few weeks to months. (princeton.edu)
  • This results in a loading of the stratosphere with submicron sulfate aerosols having a residence time of one to two years. (princeton.edu)
  • Its primary payload consists of two instruments, the Fourier Transform Spectrometer ( FTS ) and the Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation (MAESTRO). (gc.ca)
  • Further, the regions in the stratosphere where the aerosol particle size retrieved by the MAESTRO is most reliable will be identified. (gc.ca)
  • We estimate the mass of H2O injected into the stratosphere to be 146 ± 5 Tg, or â ¼10% of the stratospheric burden. (bvsalud.org)
  • ABLE is a 2 wavelengths (532nm and 355nm), 2 polarisation Nd-YAG LIDAR to measure aerosol, PSC and tropospheric clouds. (europa.eu)
  • This talk focuses on one possible technique: using N2O , a long-lived trace gas with a tropospheric source, as a proxy for stratospheric circulation in the model used to calculate ozone trends. (gc.ca)
  • Stratospheric aerosols impact the radiative forcing and thus the energy balance of the Earth's atmosphere, therefore information about their distribution and variability is of high importance for climate related studies. (esa.int)
  • It's the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth's climatic system, and one of these methods, as illustrated in the lecture, is called Solar Radiation Management (SRM) by spraying stratospheric aerosols into the atmosphere. (whydontyoutrythis.com)
  • The lecture outlines how SRM would require the equivalent of airplanes spraying aerosols into our atmosphere for decades. (whydontyoutrythis.com)
  • This eruption could impact climate not through surface cooling due to sulfate aerosols, but rather through surface warming due to the radiative forcing from the excess stratospheric H2O. (bvsalud.org)
  • Balloon-borne measurements of the stratospheric sulfate aerosol from late 1971 to mid-1974, a quiescent period in terms of large volcanic eruptions at stations ranging from 85°N to 90°S, are utilized in a study of the global spatial and temporal variations and for sulfur budget and aerosol source considerations. (ametsoc.org)
  • In situ measurements of pyroCb smoke reveal its distinctiveand exceptionally stable aerosol properties and define the long-term influence of pyroCb activity onthe stratospheric aerosol budget. (nasa.gov)
  • These measurements are used to estimate the stratospheric aerosol properties such as aerosol extinction and particle size. (gc.ca)
  • 1980. Measurements of emission rates of carbon disulfide from biogenic sources and its possible importance to the stratospheric aerosol layer. (cdc.gov)
  • Their observations have been invaluable for studying stratospheric composition over the last two decades. (gc.ca)
  • However, before the Industrial Revolution, dimethyl sulfide pathway was the largest contributor to sulfate aerosol concentrations in a more average year with no major volcanic activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Such an increase in sulfate aerosol emissions had a variety of effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • As part of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project a numerical experiment known as G6sulfur has been designed in which temperatures under a high-forcing future scenario (SSP5-8.5) are reduced to those under a medium-forcing scenario (SSP2-4.5) using the proposed geoengineering technique of stratospheric aerosol intervention (SAI). (mpg.de)
  • Before there was SAGE, there was the Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement experiment, or SAM. (nasa.gov)
  • The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment I (SAGE I) was launched February 18, 1979, aboard the Applications Explorer Mission-B (AEM-B) satellite. (nasa.gov)
  • GloSSAC focuses on the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) series of instruments through mid-2005, and on the Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System (OSIRIS) and the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) data thereafter. (copernicus.org)
  • The merged aerosol extinction coefficient is computed as the median of the adjusted data from the individual instruments. (esa.int)
  • The end result is a global and gap-free data set focused on aerosol extinction coefficient at 525 and 1020 nm and other parameters on an "as available" basis. (copernicus.org)
  • Figure 1 Space-based sources for stratospheric aerosol extinction coefficient data and their status in GloSSAC. (copernicus.org)
  • The scientific payload of Geophysica is composed by both in-situ and remote sensing instruments for aerosols and trace gases analysis. (europa.eu)
  • I have studied stratospheric aerosols and trace gases using satellite remote sensing and aircraft sampling since 2009. (lu.se)
  • Following the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption, several trace gases measured by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) displayed anomalous stratospheric values. (bvsalud.org)
  • Analysis of 13 years of airborne observations shows that pyroCb areresponsible for 10 to 25% of the black carbon and organic aerosols in the"present-day"lowerstratosphere, with similar impacts in both the North and South Hemispheres. (nasa.gov)
  • The main scientific objective of the project CREST is creating a new merged long-term time series of the vertically resolved aerosol extinction coefficients using data records from six limb and occultation satellite instruments: SAGE II, OSIRIS, GOMOS, SCIAMACHY and OMPS-LP instruments for the years from 1984 to present. (esa.int)
  • In addition, we developed a new method for populating wintertime high latitudes during the SAGE period employing a latitude-equivalent latitude conversion process that greatly improves the depiction of aerosol at high latitudes compared to earlier similar efforts. (copernicus.org)
  • Microphysics and chemistry of sulfate aerosols at warm stratospheric. (nasa.gov)
  • Since the discovery of the stratospheric aerosol layer, there has been a continuing interest in the role of stratospheric aerosol in chemistry and climate. (copernicus.org)
  • Dynamical models coupled to chemistry will run after each flight to get a first interpretation of stratospheric phenomena. (europa.eu)
  • This hemispheric asymmetry is thought to be caused by changes in the large-scale stratospheric circulation associated with rising greenhouse gas emissions. (gc.ca)
  • By far the best-studied are the various sulfur compounds collectively referred to sulfate aerosols. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sulfate aerosols can be anthropogenic (through the combustion of fossil fuels with a high sulfur content, primarily coal and certain less-refined fuels, like aviation and bunker fuel), biogenic from hydrosphere and biosphere, geological via volcanoes or weather-driven from wildfires and other natural combustion events. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inorganic aerosols are mainly produced when sulfur dioxide reacts with water vapor to form gaseous sulfuric acid and various salts (often through an oxidation reaction in the clouds), which are then thought to experience hygroscopic growth and coagulation and then shrink through evaporation. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2017) that was used in the Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Large Ensemble (GLENS) project. (ucar.edu)
  • Freons (fluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons [CFCs)) historically have been widely used as aerosol propellants, in refrigeration units, in the manufacture of plastics, in foam blowing, and as degreasing agents. (cdc.gov)
  • The hole in the stratospheric ozone is caused by freons being activated into ozone-depleting substances. (lu.se)
  • Under provisions of the Montreal Protocol of 1987, the use of CFCs is being phased out to avoid further depletion of stratospheric ozone. (cdc.gov)
  • ARIAS is able to characterise stratospheric aerosols and PSCs in terms of particle size, shape and refractive index. (europa.eu)
  • In this case, we found that releasing stratospheric aerosols at multiple latitudes within the tropics and sub-tropics, with a greater proportion in the Southern Hemisphere, is the best strategy for preserving land ice in Antarctica because it helps keep warm ocean waters away from the ice shelves. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The third set of simulations, introduces stratospheric aerosol injections in simulated year 2034, and targets a global mean surface air temperature near 1.0°C above the pre-industrial value, called ARISE-SAI-1.0. (ucar.edu)
  • The merged time series of vertically resolved monthly mean aerosol extinction coefficients at 750 nm is provided in 10° latitudinal bins from 90°S to 90°N, in the altitude range from 8.5 km to 39.5 km. (esa.int)
  • By using the N2O proxy, we show that negative ozone trends above ~30 hPa in the NH can be explained by change in stratospheric circulation, but that negative ozone trends at lower levels cannot, and are possibly due to some other phenomena. (gc.ca)
  • Introduction As discussed in Chapters 1 and 4, radiation forcing from stratospheric aerosols contributes to the variability of the climatic system. (princeton.edu)
  • Stratospheric ozone, which filters out UV radiation, especially shorter wavelengths, is depleted by man-made chlorofluorocarbons (eg, in refrigerants and aerosols). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Aims of the Airborne Polar Experiments is the study and the characterisation of the chemical and physical properties of PSC and stratospheric aerosols using an airborne platform. (europa.eu)
  • A global space-based stratospheric aerosol climatology: 1979-2016 A global space-based stratospheric aerosol climatology: 1979-2016 Larry W. Thomason et al. (copernicus.org)
  • The Global Space-based Stratospheric Aerosol Climatology, or GloSSAC, provided the input data to the construction of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project stratospheric aerosol forcing data set (1979-2014) and we have extended it through 2016 following an identical process. (copernicus.org)
  • This chapter provides a detailed analysis of how these aerosols affect Earth's climate system. (princeton.edu)
  • Where you release the aerosols matters a lot and can affect the climate differently," Goddard said. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The results of over 70 balloon soundings, by the University of Wyoming's Atmospheric Physics Group mostly during 1972 and 1973 from a number of stations, are being utilized in a study of the temporal and spatial distribution of the global stratospheric aerosol. (ametsoc.org)
  • Similarities in the aerosol loading in the two hemispheres, both spatial and temporal, are evident. (ametsoc.org)
  • Source "Injecting SO2 in the spring leads to peak aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the summer. (zerogeoengineering.com)
  • We describe the construction of a continuous 38-year record of stratospheric aerosol optical properties. (copernicus.org)
  • Stratospheric aerosol climatologies derived primarily from space-based observations of their optical properties have been key elements of the study of the effects of major volcanic events. (copernicus.org)
  • The patchiness is reminiscent of large-scale planetary waves in the stratospheric aerosols high above the main clouds, potentially similar to those seen in early Webb NIRCam observations of Jupiter,' NASA said. (scrippsnews.com)
  • An apparent long-term decay in total aerosol appears to have occurred globally during the period suggesting a transient source. (ametsoc.org)
  • We focus on the effects due to sulfate aerosols in this study. (princeton.edu)
  • This is possibly due to stratospheric aerosols high above the main clouds. (scrippsnews.com)
  • The influence of downwelling stratospheric sulfurous aerosol on the UT (upper troposphere) aeroso. (knmi.nl)
  • The merging of aerosol profiles is performed by transformation the aerosol datasets from individual satellite instruments to the same wavelength, i.e., 750 nm, and their de-biasing and homogenization by adjusting the seasonal cycles. (esa.int)
  • A simple seasonal variation in the total stratospheric aerosol loading below about 20 km altitude dominates the temporal variation at Laramie, resulting in a maximum in winter and a minimum in summer. (ametsoc.org)