• Although only about ten thousand species of prokaryotes have been described, mainly because only a small number of bacteria can be grown in the laboratory, indirect molecular approaches (without culture) based on the analysis of DNA extracted from the environment suggest that there may be 10 9 or more prokaryotic species. (theconversation.com)
  • Members of one bacterial species share parts of their genome encoding essential metabolic and informational functions (called the core genomes), but often carry unique, strain-specific sequences for adaptation to local environmental pressures. (theconversation.com)
  • The tenth group, which included the type strain, represented the species B . circulans sensu stricto. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Thus, the phenotypic heterogeneity of the species B . circulans sensu lato is not due to inherent variability of genetically related strains but rather is due to inclusion of genetically unrelated organisms in this taxon. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The differentiation of bacterial species by paper chromatogra-phy. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • R-M system gain and loss is observed even on the level of strains of the same species, strains often carry different sets of R-M systems. (biomedcentral.com)
  • strain CF27, new sequences were generated, and an update assembly and functional annotation were undertaken, followed by a comparative analysis with other Acidithiobacillus species whose genomes are publically available. (frontiersin.org)
  • CF27 have been identified that could be responsible for the phenotypic differences of this strain compared to other Acidithiobacillus species. (frontiersin.org)
  • We provide the gateway to a number of MLST schemes, each of which contain a set of tools for the initial characterization of strains, and methods for relating query strains to other strains of the species, including clustering based on differences in allelic profiles, phylogenetic trees based on concatenated sequences, and a recently developed method (eBURST) for identifying clonal complexes within a species and displaying the overall structure of the population. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The comparison of almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequences has been widely used to establish taxonomic relationships between prokaryotic strains, with 98.65% similarity currently recognized as the cutoff for delineating species. (dzumenvis.nic.in)
  • The comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of an isolate against sequences of type strains of all prokaryotic species provides an accurate and convenient way to routinely classify and identify prokaryotes. (dzumenvis.nic.in)
  • To look for broad-spectrum immunogenic targets and analysis of closely-related bacterial species, the assimilation of pangenome concept into reverse vaccinology approach is essential. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The categories of species pangenome such as core, accessory, and unique genes sets can be analyzed for the identification of vaccine candidates through reverse vaccinology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to genomic diversity in bacterial species, a large number of variable genes accumulate in species gene pool ultimately resulting in the species pangenome expansion [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • On the other hand, closely related bacterial species share a large number of genomic contents and hence remain less diverge. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, pangenome analysis is a suitable approach for estimating the diversity in strains of the same species and in rarely in Genera [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The bacterial pangenome concept was introduced in 2005 for analyzing pathogenic bacterial species and can be defined as the entire set of genes in a group of representative strains of the same genus/species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One of our long-standing goals has been to create such a resource in N. meningitidis - one of the most feared human bacterial pathogens that causes meningitis and septicaemia - and to use it for large-scale functional profiling of this species genome. (cnrs.fr)
  • Associations of the specific bacterial species, genes, and metabolites in promoting healthy aging are also sexually dimorphic, including the 3 disease areas highlighted above. (antiwaft.com)
  • and 16 were "novel" essential genes with no homologs reported to have an essential role in other bacterial species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After graduation, he went to the Department of Research and Development of Rhodia Food (formerly Rhône-Poulenc) in Dangé-Saint-Romain, where he worked to develop molecular biology techniques for bacterial strain screening, microbial identification, and typing of lactic acid bacteria and their phages. (wikipedia.org)
  • Early work was stimulated by with the aim of improving the durability of bacterial starter cultures to improve the manufacture of cheese and ice cream, particularly efforts to address bacteriophages---viruses that infect bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Various pigments like carotenes, melanins, flavones, quinines and violacein[ 4 - 6 ] are produced by different bacterial genera like Serratia , Streptomyces , Pseudomonas , Bacillus , Vibrio and Cytophyga that play an important role in their molecular and physiological processes and help taxonomist to identify and classify the bacteria, as they differ in chemical structure with specific chromophores. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Plasmids and conjugative transposons are very important in horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. (web.app)
  • ppGpp is an intracellular sensor that, in response to different types of stress, coordinates the rearrangement of the gene expression pattern of bacteria to promote adaptation and survival to new environmental conditions. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Yeasts have many advantages as biotechnological producers relative to bacteria, however, no recombinant producers of bacterial antibiotics in yeasts are known. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Firstly, they are ubiquitous as T4F genes are found in virtually all bacteria and archaea, which underlines an essential ecological role. (cnrs.fr)
  • nodA and nifH phylogenies for Cupriavidus nodule bacteria from native legumes in Texas and Costa Rica grouped all strains into a single clade nested among neotropical Burkholderia strains. (lookformedical.com)
  • This study also identified 43 growth-impairing inserts carrying multiple loci targeting 105 genes, of which 25 have homologs reported as essential in other bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Horvath explored sections in the bacterial genome with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, both for their utility in differentiating between strains, and because of their role in the bacterial immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • As this prokaryotic viral defense mechanism was understood, it was recognized that CRISPRs could be used with specific endonuclease enzymes for genome editing and gene regulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, 159 bacteriophage strains which had 200 or more orthologous proteins in their genome were examined using the Gene Content Method. (creationresearch.org)
  • This is critical because, while individual genes or genome fragments provide useful information on the metabolic potential of a community, in practice most biochemical transformations take place inside a cell, involving sets of genes structured in controlled pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HKE9 could produce bacterial siderophores, and genes of enterobactin, yersiniabactin, aerobactin, and salmochelin have been retrieved in the genome. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the case of the bacterium Escherichia coli, the core genome represents only 6% of the genes present in 61 sequenced strains . (theconversation.com)
  • These rapid adaptations in fungi provide excellent models for studying general processes of eukaryotic genome evolution, including the functional and ecological impact of horizontal gene transfer 1 and changes in metabolism 2 . (nature.com)
  • An expression cassette containing 13 genes including Clostridium phytofermentans XylA , encoding D-xylose isomerase (XI), and enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway was inserted in two copies in the genome of Ethanol Red. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Each instrument can generate data required for a draft bacterial genome sequence in days, making them attractive for identifying and characterizing pathogens in the clinical setting. (nature.com)
  • Pangenome can be classified into conserved core genome (genes/proteins present in all the genomes), a dispensable genome (set of genes shared by multiple genomes, but not all) and unique genes (genes confined to individual organism/genomes) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By revealing complete repertoires of genes, genome sequences have provided the key to better, and eventually holistic, understanding of the biology of all living organisms. (cnrs.fr)
  • However, biological resources for identification of gene function on genome-scale, which are necessary to achieve this goal, are often lacking. (cnrs.fr)
  • As shown in model micro-organisms, the most valuable toolbox for determining gene function on genome-scale is a comprehensive and archived collection with one mutant in each non-essential gene. (cnrs.fr)
  • Detection of mixed-strain infections by FACS and ultra-low input genome sequencing. (cdc.gov)
  • Five other open reading frames encoding maleylacetate reductases, in addition to the tcpD gene, were found in the genome of C. necator, and two of them provide this function in the tcpD mutant. (lookformedical.com)
  • Whole-genome transposon-mutagenesis (TM) followed by identification of insertion sites is one of the most practical and frequently used experimental approaches to screen for essential bacterial genes [ 6 - 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, this analysis requires accurate reference genomes to identify the specific genes from which RNA reads originate. (osti.gov)
  • Sample-specific meta-genomic assembled genomes (MAGs) were used as reference genomes to accurately identify the origin of RNA reads, and transcript ratios of genes with opposite transcription responses were compared to eliminate biases related to differences in organismal abundance, an approach hereafter named the "diametric ratio" method. (osti.gov)
  • The genomes' seasonal dynamics follow phylogenetic patterns, but with fine-grained lineage-specific variations, reflected in gene-content. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We describe the gene content, temporal dynamics and biogeography of a large set of new bacterioplankton genomes assembled from metagenomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • All archaeal and many bacterial genomes contain Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindrome Repeats (CRISPR) and variable arrays of the CRISPR-associated ( cas ) genes that have been previously implicated in a novel form of DNA repair on the basis of comparative analysis of their protein product sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transfers of a single gene, a complete metabolic pathway 10 , whole chromosomes 11 or even cases of the integration of almost complete genomes from bacterial endosymbionts into their eukaryotic hosts 12 have been described. (nature.com)
  • Avoidance of palindromic recognition sites of Type II restriction-modification (R-M) systems was shown for many R-M systems in dozens of prokaryotic genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have studied all known recognition sites in thousands of prokaryotic genomes and found factors that influence their avoidance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The avoidance of orthodox Type II R-M system recognition sites in prokaryotic genomes is a widespread phenomenon. (biomedcentral.com)
  • R-M systems are widely spread among prokaryotes: they have been found or predicted with computational methods in the vast majority of bacterial and archaeal genomes [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are foodborne enteric pathogens associated with hemorrhagic colitis and the development of the life-threatening condition hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). (cdc.gov)
  • Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), which defines strains from the sequences at seven house-keeping loci, has become the method of choice for molecular typing of many bacterial and fungal pathogens (and non-pathogens), and MLST schemes and strain databases are available for a growing number of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In other bacterial pathogens, genes important for pathogenicity and host range include secreted protein effectors that suppress host immunity, alter host metabolism, and enable colonization, providing a fitness advantage. (biorxiv.org)
  • Next-generation therapies against bacterial infections will result from rational exploitation of the genomic sequences of bacterial pathogens, and from a better molecular understanding of their virulence. (cnrs.fr)
  • Our second research stream focuses on type 4 filaments (T4F), key virulence factors in numerous bacterial pathogens. (cnrs.fr)
  • T4F have been studied for decades because they are key virulence factors in many human bacterial pathogens. (cnrs.fr)
  • Targeting of novel essential pathways is expected to play an important role in the discovery of new antibacterial agents against bacterial pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa , that are difficult to control because of their ability to develop resistance, often multiple, to all current classes of clinical antibiotics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To resolve phylogenetic relationships among ries of bacterial clonal complexes by using concatenated isolates, we sequenced 68 isolates from Europe and North sequences of housekeeping genes when within-loci and America at 1 chromosomal locus (16S-23S ribosomal RNA between-loci recombinations are infrequent ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In this work, these gene sequences were individually disrupted and mutant strains were evaluated for their ability to grow on or degrade 2,4,6-TCP. (lookformedical.com)
  • In addition, allelic profiling of the ehxA gene demonstrated that pO113 belongs to a different evolutionary lineage than pO157 and that the virulence plasmids of LEE-negative STEC strains were highly related. (cdc.gov)
  • Large plasmids encoding EHEC hemolysin (Ehx) are found in almost all disease-associated STEC strains. (cdc.gov)
  • Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the ehxA gene from pO113 of STEC O113:H21 has suggested that pO113 evolved separately to the Ehx plasmids of LEE-positive STEC ( 20 ). (cdc.gov)
  • pCpG plasmids contain two MARs, from the 5' region of the human IFN-β gene or β-globin gene that were chosen because they are naturally CpG-free. (invivogen.com)
  • Due to the presence of the R6K gamma origin of replication, pCpGfree plasmids can only be amplified in an E. coli mutant strain expressing a pir mutant gene. (invivogen.com)
  • Therefore, pCpGfree plasmids are provided with the E. coli GT115 strain, a pir mutant also deficient in Dcm methylation. (invivogen.com)
  • Composite transposons contain genes for antibiotic resistance some have multiple resistance genes can move rapidly between plasmids and through a bacterial population gene cassettes sets of resistance genes can exist as separate genetic elements. (web.app)
  • Comparative-genomic analysis of CRISPR and cas genes leads to the hypothesis that the CRISPR-Cas system (CASS) is a mechanism of defense against invading phages and plasmids that functions analogously to the eukaryotic RNA interference (RNAi) systems. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Specific hypothetical schemes are developed for the functioning of the predicted prokaryotic siRNA system and for the formation of new CRISPR units with unique inserts encoding psiRNA conferring immunity to the respective newly encountered phages or plasmids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It appears most likely that CASS is a prokaryotic system of defense against phages and plasmids that functions via the RNAi mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Replication genes were not identified in some plasmids, a situation that has led to the possibility of host interaction involvement. (frontiersin.org)
  • Some plasmids were also void of par genes and intriguingly, repA gene was also not discovered in these plasmids. (frontiersin.org)
  • Plasmid stabilization/stability protein-encoding genes were observed in some plasmids but were not established for participating in plasmid segregation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Conjugation genes were identified portraying the conjugation ability amongst Pandoraea plasmids. (frontiersin.org)
  • Additionally, we found a shared region amongst some of the plasmids that consists of conjugation genes. (frontiersin.org)
  • The identification of genes involved in replication, segregation, toxin-antitoxin systems and conjugation, would aid the design of drugs to prevent the survival or transmission of plasmids carrying pathogenic properties. (frontiersin.org)
  • Additionally, genes conferring virulence and antibiotic resistance were identified amongst the plasmids. (frontiersin.org)
  • The diversity has been examined of the plasmids and of the gene tdnQ, involved in oxidative deamination of aniline in three bacterial isolates that are able to metabolise both aniline and 3-chloroaniline (3-CA). Strains A and B were isolated in this study from a wastewater treatment plant and were identified as Comamonas testosterone and Delftia acidovorans, respectively. (sciepub.com)
  • All three strains possess a large plasmid of ca. 100 kb, but the plasmids from only 4 strains could be transferred to a recipient strain by selecting on aniline or 3-CA as sole source of carbon and/or nitrogen. (sciepub.com)
  • Plasmid transfer experiments and Southern hybridization revealed that the plasmid of strain A encodes total aniline but not 3-CA degradation, while the plasmids of strains C and B were only responsible for the oxidative deamination of aniline. (sciepub.com)
  • Mosaic Plasmids are Abundant and Unevenly Distributed Across Prokaryotic Taxa. (cdc.gov)
  • pMOL28 contains a backbone of maintenance and transfer genes resembling those found in plasmid pSym of C. taiwanensis and plasmid pHG1 of C. eutrophus, suggesting that they belong to a new class of plasmids. (lookformedical.com)
  • There are two major, distinct forms of regulatory small RNAs involved in eukaryotic gene silencing: small interfering (si) RNAs and micro (mi) RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite these examples, the lack of specific evolutionary trends in reported cases of lateral gene transfer in eukaryotes has led to the view of ancient, sporadic and isolated events with relatively little global impact on eukaryotic kingdoms, rather than a more frequently and widely occurring phenomenon. (nature.com)
  • This paper aims at performing such a genetic study in order to shed light on the possible baraminic relationships between prokaryotic viruses, otherwise known as bacteriophages. (creationresearch.org)
  • Nature of contribution of beta-lactamase (bla)/quinolone resistant (QR) genes, efflux pumps (AcrAB-TolC) over-expression and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) /porin loss/reduction and their combinations towards development of this phenotype were explored in this study. (bvsalud.org)
  • A foreign protein is first expressed in fusion with one of the phage capsid proteins by cloning the foreign DNA sequence in frame with the gene encoding the chosen capsid protein [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this review, we assess the potential role of putative gut microbiota products in the etiopathogeny of Parkinson's disease, with a special emphasis on functional bacterial amyloid proteins, bacterial biosurfactants, endotoxins and short-chain fatty acids. (techscience.com)
  • The observed inhibition of fibronectin binding was confirmed by a reduction in the expression of genes encoding two major fibronectin-binding streptococcal surface proteins, Sof and SfbI. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Whereas regulating gene expression in multicellular organisms allows for cellular differentiation, in single-celled organisms like prokaryotes, it primarily ensures that a cell's resources are not wasted making proteins that the cell does not need at that time. (pressbooks.pub)
  • The involvement of viral DNA-binding proteins in the regulation of virulence genes, transcription, DNA replication, and repair make them significant targets. (mdpi.com)
  • The complete nucleotide sequence of pO113 showed that several plasmid genes were shared by STEC O157:H7. (cdc.gov)
  • Sequence data are ideal for strain characterization as they are unambiguous, meaning strains can readily be compared between laboratories via the Internet. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The amino acid sequence of mature spinach chloroplast O- acetylserine(thiol)lyase shows 40 and 57% homology with its bacterial counterparts. (unipr.it)
  • In two larger clusters, phages infecting different bacterial host genera showed no significant genetic difference. (creationresearch.org)
  • The isolates were affiliated to 23 genera representing 8 different suborders based on nearly full length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • In the aforementioned study, researchers examined the effect of Cyanoraptor on diverse cyanobacterial strains and reported that out of 70 cyanobacterial strains that were tested in 14 genera, only 14 strains in 4 genera were susceptible to attack. (asm.org)
  • Depending on the genes it carries, it could act as a fitness factor to the host, or serve as a virulence factor by transforming the host into a pathogen. (frontiersin.org)
  • Ixodes ricinus ticks ( 11 ) and is carried by a large variety of ize genetic variations of natural populations of a bacterial hosts, including birds and small- to medium-sized mam- pathogen ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The unambiguous characterization of strains of a pathogen is crucial for addressing questions relating to its epidemiology, population and evolutionary biology. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The key module of NeMeSys is an ordered and complete collection of mutants with mutations in each non-essential gene, the only such collection in a bacterial pathogen. (cnrs.fr)
  • We have used NeMeSys to shed light on the functions of multiple genes, and we expect this toolbox to allow, for the first time, the global functional profiling of a major human bacterial pathogen. (cnrs.fr)
  • We demonstrate that not only the presence of pathogen inherent molecular patterns induces immune responses, but that bacterial motility is linked to a host-cell-induced expression of additional immune modulators. (elifesciences.org)
  • The opportunistic pathogen may infect virtually any tissue and has evolved as a model to study bacterial adaptation to the conditions within the human host. (elifesciences.org)
  • Understanding the interaction between the gene expression of a pathogen and that of its human host is important for the understanding of a particular infectious disease. (pressbooks.pub)
  • The gene encoding ArsR/methyltransferase fusion protein, arsR M , was amplified and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and this strain showed resistance to arsenic in the present of 0.25-6 mM As(III), aresenate, or pentavalent roxarsone. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, recent genomic and metagenomic surveys showed that some rhodopsin-possessing prokaryotes lack the known genes for retinal biosynthesis. (go.jp)
  • Since rhodopsin apoproteins cannot absorb light energy, rhodopsins produced by prokaryotic strains lacking genes for retinal biosynthesis are hypothesized to be non-functional in cells. (go.jp)
  • In the present study, we investigated whether Aurantimicrobium minutum KNC T , which is widely distributed in terrestrial environments and lacks any previously identified retinal biosynthesis genes, possesses functional rhodopsin. (go.jp)
  • These results suggest that rhodopsin-possessing prokaryotes lacking known retinal biosynthesis genes also have functional rhodopsins. (go.jp)
  • Roseoflavin biosynthesis genes have been expressed in riboflavin- or FMN-overproducing yeast strains of Candida famata and Komagataella phaffii . (biomedcentral.com)
  • This work, together with our previous biochemical studies, are in accordance with a prokaryotic type enzyme for L-cysteine biosynthesis in higher plant chloroplasts. (unipr.it)
  • The Zeocin™ resistance gene is a small gene (Furthermore, all Dam methylation sites (GATC) have been removed to prevent prokaryotic methylation. (invivogen.com)
  • Presence of bla gene alone or combined porin loss and efflux pump upregulation or their combination contributed most for development of a highest level of cefotaxime resistance of ESBL+QR+ isolates. (bvsalud.org)
  • Similarly, combined presence of QR genes, porin loss/reduction, efflux pump upregulation and gyrA/B mutation contributed towards highest ciprofloxacin resistance development of these isolates. (bvsalud.org)
  • BACKGROUND: Ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) improves treatment outcomes for infections caused by carbapenem-resistant organisms, but has led to serious bacterial resistance. (bvsalud.org)
  • The bacterial transposons belong to the dna transposons and the tn family, which are usually the carrier of additional genes for antibiotic resistance. (web.app)
  • If the dna of a plasmid conferring drug resistance carrying the genes for kanamycin resistance, for example is denatured to singlestranded forms and then allowed to renature slowly, some of the strands form an unusual shape under the electron microscope. (web.app)
  • The impact is enhanced if coupled with the presence of functional genes for antibiotic resistance. (frontiersin.org)
  • RNA-seq based identification and mutant validation of gene targets related to ethanol resistance in cyanobacterial Synechocystis sp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The discovery of novel essential genes or pathways that have not yet been targeted by clinical antibiotics can underlie the development of alternative effective antibacterials to overcome existing mechanisms of resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Southern blot analysis indicated that O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase is encoded by multiple genes in the spinach leaf genomic DNA. (unipr.it)
  • CF27 exhibits a large number of genomic islands (mostly containing genes of unknown function), suggesting that a large number of genes has been acquired by horizontal gene transfer over time. (frontiersin.org)
  • Genomic DNA contains both structural gene s, which encode products that serve as cellular structures or enzymes, and regulatory gene s, which encode products that regulate gene expression. (pressbooks.pub)
  • It is proposed that unique inserts of CRISPR, some of which are homologous to fragments of bacteriophage and plasmid genes, function as prokaryotic siRNAs (psiRNA), by base-pairing with the target mRNAs and promoting their degradation or translation shutdown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The association of the cas genes with CRISPR and, especially, the presence, in CRISPR units, of unique inserts homologous to phage and plasmid genes make us abandon this hypothesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Typically, the elements required for replication and selection of the plasmid in E. coli and gene expression in mammalian cells are rich in CpG. (invivogen.com)
  • They will not replicate in standard E. coli strains. (invivogen.com)
  • For example, in E. coli , all of the structural genes that encode enzymes needed to use lactose as an energy source lie next to each other in the lactose (or lac ) operon under the control of a single promoter, the lac promoter. (pressbooks.pub)
  • When N 2 O was injected as the only nitrogen source, this bacterium did not assimilate N 2 O. A polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that this bacterium did not have the typical nosZ gene. (go.jp)
  • It encodes an extremely large virion-associated RNA polymerase unique for bacterial viruses that became characteristic for this group. (mdpi.com)
  • The functioning of this system seems to involve integration of fragments of foreign genes into archaeal and bacterial chromosomes yielding heritable immunity to the respective agents. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Laboratories undertaking MLST can quickly progress from sequencing the seven gene fragments to characterizing their strains and relating them to those submitted by others and to the population as a whole. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Using specific primers for the tdnQ gene, from Pseudomonas putida, the diversity of the PCR amplified fragments in the five strains was examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). (sciepub.com)
  • Alleviating cancer can you buy skelaxin over the counter usa drug toxicity by inhibiting a bacterial enzyme. (antiwaft.com)
  • The neo-Darwinian theory of evolution proposes that biological diversity is the consequence of genetic accidents (mutations and recombinations of genes, for example) that occur spontaneously and randomly, without regard for their usefulness. (theconversation.com)
  • Horizontal gene transfer, also known as lateral gene transfer, is a process in which an organism transfers genetic material to another organism that is not its offspring. (web.app)
  • Bacterial transposable elements bacterial transposable elements were initially detected because of the genetic instability of phenotypes. (web.app)
  • An industrial yeast strain for bioethanol production with lignocellulose hydrolysates has been developed in the genetic background of a strain widely used for commercial bioethanol production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These techniques are based upon the preparation of hybrid genes, i. e. genes comprising genetic material encoding the polypeptide of interest linked to genetic material additional to the gene of interest. (justia.com)
  • These genes are located in a genetic context, tcpRXABCYD, which resembles a putative catabolic operon. (lookformedical.com)
  • Within the research in Molecular Biology, one important field along the years has been the analyses on how prokaryotes regulate the expression of their genes and what the consequences of these activities are. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Cyanoraptor is a gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Chitinophagaceae in the phylum Bacteroidetes, and it represents a new subgroup of prokaryotic predators, as it has no known relatives among other predatory prokaryotes. (asm.org)
  • Thus, although most regulation of gene expression occurs through transcriptional control in prokaryotes, regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes occurs at the transcriptional level and post-transcriptionally (after the primary transcript has been made). (pressbooks.pub)
  • Our data further support the role of ppGpp participating in the coordinated regulation of the expression of bacterial factors required during infection. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Adaptation of Comamonas testosteroni TA441 to utilize phenol: organization and regulation of the genes involved in phenol degradation. (sciepub.com)
  • Gene regulation involves a complex web of interactions within a given cell among signals from the cell's environment, signalling molecules within the cell, and the cell's DNA. (pressbooks.pub)
  • In this way, regulation of the transcription of all of the structural genes encoding the enzymes that catalyze the many steps in a single biochemical pathway can be controlled simultaneously, because they will either all be needed at the same time, or none will be needed. (pressbooks.pub)
  • To also target low expressed essential genes, we included some variant steps that were expected to overcome the non-stringent regulation of the promoter carried by the expression vector used for the shotgun antisense libraries. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lists of names of prokaryotic Candidatus taxa. (dsmz.de)
  • The TK gene was not essential for the growth of PRV, but it was essential for viral proliferation, and it was also the most important gene determining PRV critical virulence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • First described to modulate metabolic adaptive responses, ppGpp modulates the expression of genes belonging to very diverse functional categories. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Several smaller phage clusters were found, which were already described in the scientific literature, thereby adding candidate bacteriophage strains to these groups. (creationresearch.org)
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation measurements revealed that 50 of 111 Bacillus circulans Jordan 1890 strains examined could be separated into 10 groups of genetically related organisms. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • It appears that God may have created several kinds of bacteriophages to keep various bacterial populations under control. (creationresearch.org)
  • The A and B clones of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stric- maintenance of these clonal complexes in natural bacterial to, distinguished by outer surface protein C ( ospC ) gene populations ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Monophyly of nodA and nifH genes across Texan and Costa Rican populations of Cupriavidus nodule symbionts. (lookformedical.com)
  • Little is known about the pathogenic potential of these strains. (frontiersin.org)
  • We identified 391 essential genes, which are associated with four basic functions (see Figure). (cnrs.fr)
  • We aimed to identify novel essential genes in P. aeruginosa by shotgun antisense screening. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For the first time in P. aeruginosa , we applied regulated antisense RNA expression and showed the feasibility of this technology for the identification of novel essential genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The MARs are placed between the bacterial and mammalian transcription units. (invivogen.com)
  • Contributing to the interest of the present topic is the fact that modulation of gene activity involves the sensing of intra- and inter-cellular conditions, DNA binding and DNA dynamics, and interaction with the replication/transcription machinery of the cell. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • however, gene expression in eukaryotes is more complicated because of the temporal and spatial separation between the processes of transcription and translation. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Cyanoraptor has an extracellular attack stage, but unlike any other known predatory prokaryote, Cyanoraptor is non-motile at all phases of its life (i.e., the organism lacks visible flagella and motility genes). (asm.org)
  • Moreover, rpoS knockout can increase bacterial competitiveness and cell adhesion ability. (bvsalud.org)
  • Finally, we used gene knockout strains to validate the potential target genes related to ethanol tolerance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The unique inserts in CRISPR show virtually no similarity even between closely related bacterial strains which suggests their rapid turnover, on evolutionary scale. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lemaire B, Van Oevelen S, De Block P, Verstraete B, Smets E, Prinsen E, Dessein S. Identification of the bacterial endosymbionts in leaf nodules of Pavetta (Rubiaceae). (dsmz.de)
  • The arsenite methylation activity of ArsR M and its ability to bind to its own gene promoter were confirmed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some phage clusters infected only one family of bacterial hosts, whereas others were more promiscuous. (creationresearch.org)
  • Purified CyHV-2 ORF55 protein was obtained by prokaryotic expression, and the interacting peptide was screened out using phage display. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Restriction-modification (R-M) systems were discovered and characterized as bacterial systems defending cells from an invasion of foreign DNA, e.g. , phage DNA [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of Arundo hydrolysate, GS1.11-26 produced 32% more ethanol than the parent strain Ethanol Red, due to efficient D-xylose utilization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell extracts of strain GS1.11-26 displayed 17-fold higher XI activity compared to the parent strain, but overexpression of XI alone was not enough to establish D-xylose fermentation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The GS1.11-26 strain shows highly promising potential for further development of an all-round robust yeast strain for efficient fermentation of various lignocellulose hydrolysates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Prototrophy suppressor mutations in a ppGpp-deficient strain restore the alpha-hemolysin expression from this operon to wild-type levels, confirming the requirement of ppGpp for its expression. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Similarly, all cells in two pure bacterial cultures inoculated from the same starting colony contain the same DNA, with the exception of changes that arise from spontaneous mutations. (pressbooks.pub)
  • The tcpR gene, encoding a putative LysR-type transcriptional regulator, was disrupted, and this mutant strain completely failed to grow on 2,4,6-TCP. (lookformedical.com)
  • Transcriptional fusion studies demonstrated that TcpR activates the expression of the tcp genes, responding specifically to 2,4,6-TCP. (lookformedical.com)
  • Mutation the gene or chromosome that results from a mutational process 3. (web.app)
  • For example, even if comprehensive insertion libraries are produced, it is inevitable that some genes, especially the shortest ones, could elude insertion and be spuriously annotated as essential, while transposon insertions that occur at gene ends and do not fully inactivate the function could lead to genes being incorrectly classified as non-essential. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Prokaryote-to-prokaryote transfers have been recognized as common and their associated impact important enough to raise questions about the possibility of reconstructing prokaryotic history through a tree of life or to change practices relating to antibiotic use in medicine. (nature.com)
  • Accumulation of aminoriboflavin and roseoflavin by K. phaffii recombinant strain in a bioreactor reached 22 and 130 mg L − 1 , respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For comparison, recombinant strains of the native bacterial producer S. davaonensis accumulated near one-order less of roseoflavin while no recombinant producers of aminoriboflavin was reported at all. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Yeast recombinant producers of bacterial antibiotics aminoriboflavin and roseoflavin were constructed and evaluated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Then pJHL65-M2eCD40L or pcDNA-M2eCD40L recombinant plasmid was electroporated into JOL967 strain and the resultant clones were designated as JOL2074 and JOL2076, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The aim of the study was development of recombinant positive control containing a fragment of B646L gene of African swine fever virus. (kiev.ua)
  • The process has seen significant progress in recent years: inhibitor sensitivity, product tolerance, ethanol yield and specific ethanol productivity have been improved in modern industrial strains to the degree that up to 20% ( v / v ) of ethanol can be produced from starch-derived glucose[ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The inherently higher robustness and tolerance of S. cerevisiae to various inhibitors gives it a head start in programs aimed at developing strains with extreme inhibitor tolerance, able to efficiently ferment hexoses and pentoses in concentrated lignocellulose hydrolysates [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A prokaryotic IMPDH-specific inhibitor C91 does display antibacterial activity against cultured on rich medium (explained in more detail below)[24]. (igesip.org)
  • Furthermore, these conventional vaccines mainly provide homotypic protection with little cross protective immunity as vaccine strains should closely match to the circulating field strains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although there were 13 Type 6 secretion system (T6SS) core genes divided into two segments with tle1 between segments in the chromosome, transcriptomic analysis showed that rpoS negatively regulated T4SS located on plasmid 2, type 1, and type 3 fimbriae and positively regulate genes responsible for acidic response, hyperosmotic pressure, heat shock, oxidative stress, alcohol and hypochlorous acid metabolism, and quorum sensing. (bvsalud.org)
  • WGS analysis of a penicillin-resistant Neisseria meningitidis strain containing a chromosomal ROB-1 β-lactamase gene. (cdc.gov)
  • This origin is activated by the R6K specific initiator protein π, encoded by the pir gene [1]. (invivogen.com)
  • The RV is a stepwise computational screening process that analyzes each protein from the whole set of bacterial proteome for its antigenic and immunogenic potentials. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The main module of NeMeSys is a comprehensive collection of defined meningococcal mutants in strain 8013, consisting of individual mutants in 1,584 non-essential protein-coding genes. (cnrs.fr)
  • The analysis provided a list of gene targets for engineering ethanol tolerance in cyanobacterium Synechocystis . (biomedcentral.com)
  • EM2K is a CpG-free version of the bacterial EM7 promoter. (invivogen.com)
  • RESULTS: This study found that NAC combined with CZA effectively inhibits the growth of CZA-resistant clinical Enterobacterales strains. (bvsalud.org)
  • Discussion: Here, this novel ST3355 ESBL-HvKP strain HKE9 may spread via various clonal types. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pioneering work in the late 1990s through early 2010s resulted in vectors for gene deletion and expression in Clavibacter , but there is still reliance on these tools despite known limitations. (biorxiv.org)
  • Lastly, although M. tuberculosis consists of two IMPDH genes, deletion of only is sufficient to inhibit growth [38]. (igesip.org)