• Staphylococcus aureus is a widely distributed human pathogen capable of infecting almost every ecological niche of the host. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative human pathogen and the casual agent of a diverse array of diseases, including superficial skin and wound-related tissue infections, food poisoning, bacteremia, endocarditis and pneumonia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen responsible for a variety of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen responsible for a variety of nosocomial and community-acquired infections ranging from mild to life -threatening diseases [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Apart from host immunity status, host-pathogen interaction, local factors (pH, glucose level, magnesium level), and age all have a direct impact on the clinical expression of this toxin-mediated illness. (medscape.com)
  • Caenorhabditis elegans has proven to be an appropriate model for transcriptome studies of host-pathogen interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the last decades, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), especially Staphylococcus epidermidis have become an important cause of bloodstream infections. (scielo.br)
  • Staphylococcus coagulase negativos (SCoN), especialmente Staphylococcus epidermidis tem se tornado causa importante de infecções da corrente circulatória nas últimas décadas. (scielo.br)
  • The S. epidermidis group of coagulase-negative staphylococci are of particular importance. (dermnetnz.org)
  • There are between 10 and 24 strains of S. epidermidis on healthy adult skin. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Collectively, S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus account for the majority of foreign body and premature neonatal infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci [1]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • S. epidermidis strains that produce PAS-positive extracellular polysaccharide substances (EPS) [4]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Miliaria is not associated with non-EPS producing strains of S. epidermidis or another coagulase-negative staphylococcus, such as S. haemolyticus and S. hominis . (dermnetnz.org)
  • Of note, up to 62% of S. epidermidis strains on the forehead and back produce EPS [4,5]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common isolate in 2001 followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas in 2002 coliform bacteria were the highest, fol- lowed by P. aeruginosa. (who.int)
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis était l'isolat le plus fréquent en 2001, suivi de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, alors qu'en 2002, les colibacilles étaient les plus répandus, suivis de P. aeruginosa. (who.int)
  • Here, we observed that a Bacillus strain from the teat apex of lactating cows was associated to reduce colonization by S. aureus. (bvsalud.org)
  • The strain, identified as Bacillus sp. (bvsalud.org)
  • When exploring the metabolite responsible for this activity, we found that a widespread class of Bacillus exopolysaccharide, levan, eliminated the pathogenic biofilm under evaluated conditions. (bvsalud.org)
  • 10 kDa in size with 37-48 amino acids that inhibit growth of food spoilage organisms such as Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli (Rodrigues et al. (researchsquare.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is a multi-host bacterial pathogen responsible for important human and livestock diseases. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • In a previous study in northern Ethiopia, the rate of surgical site infection accounted for 10.2% and S. aureus was shown to be the leading bacterial pathogen responsible for surgical site infection [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bacteria and parasites continue to be recognized as important causes of diarrhea worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • Although uterine bacteria are likely to be introduced via the vaginal route, it has also been suggested that pathogens can be transferred to the uterus via a hematogenous route. (bvsalud.org)
  • The findings add to this evidence by showing that a healthy microbiome not only plays a crucial role in preventing or fighting off infections, but also helps reduce the spread of drug-resistant strains of harmful bacteria. (elifesciences.org)
  • The use of antibiotics may also result in the emergence of strains of both helpful and harmful bacteria with genetic mutations that allow them to survive antibiotics," explains lead author David Smith, a PhD student at the Institut Pasteur and the CESP laboratory (Inserm/University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (USVQ)), France. (elifesciences.org)
  • By modelling how harmful, antibiotic-resistant bacteria interact with the microbiome and how antibiotic use changes those interactions, Smith and his colleagues show that antibiotic use plays an outsized role in increasing the abundance of drug-resistant pathogens. (elifesciences.org)
  • Next, the team simulated how well different prevention strategies might work to stop the spread of drug-resistant bacteria, including Clostridioides difficile , methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , and multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. (elifesciences.org)
  • Our study reveals how important it is to consider the protective effects of a healthy microbiome when designing strategies to reduce the dissemination of drug-resistant strains of bacteria," concludes co-senior author Lulla Opatowski, Professor in Mathematical Epidemiology at UVSQ, and senior researcher in the Epidemiology and Modeling of Antibiotic Evasion group at the Institut Pasteur. (elifesciences.org)
  • Inappropriate antibiotic use is a huge problem in Ethiopia, and many bacteria were resistant to commonly used antibiotics and similarly, multidrug-resistant bacterial strains are numerous. (hindawi.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive, commensal bacteria found in normal human flora on the skin and mucous membranes. (randox.com)
  • Identification of drug-resistant strains of bacteria is crucial to allow for characterisation of the pathogen and correct treatment of the infection. (randox.com)
  • Bacteria inhabiting the digestive tract are responsible for our health. (mdpi.com)
  • Multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria is defined as non-susceptibility to one or more antimicrobials on three or more antimicrobial classes, while strains that are non-susceptible to all antimicrobials, are classified as extreme drug-resistant strains [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the 1980s, Cone initially reported and Stevens subsequently characterized GAS as a pathogen responsible for invasive soft tissue infection ushered by toxic shock-like syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • IRGs and GBPs belong to a family of GTPases that confer host cell resistance during infection by pathogens ( 22 - 24 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Probiotics have been studied extensively as a means of infection prevention, particularly Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains, which are beneficial to the host in terms of lowering the risk of infection ( 8 ), the need for antibiotics ( 9 ), the severity of the disease ( 10 ), and the length of the illness ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The aim of this paper is to complement this knowledge by investigating the worm's response to a Staphylococcus aureus infection through a 2-dimensional differential proteomics approach. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major pathogens of public health importance responsible for various forms of infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with surgical site infection and ear infection and corresponding nasal swab was investigated in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The burden of infection with antimicrobial resistant strains of pathogens involves increased risk of mortality, increased hospital stay, and related attributable costs compared to infection with antimicrobial susceptible pathogens [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They depend on the type or source of infection, the pathogen that caused it, and whether the infection is viral, fungal, or bacterial. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Nosocomial infections can be classified into different types based on the site of infection, the type of pathogen, and the source or mode of transmission. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Genetic characterisation of circulating influenza viruses directs annual vaccine strain selection and mitigation of infection spread. (cdc.gov)
  • Additionally, exploring the regulatory differences between CA-MRSA and other MRSA strains may aid our understanding of the increase in virulence observed amongst community-associated isolates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For example, although pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) quickly identified outbreak-associated cholera isolates in Haiti, phylogenetic analysis based on WGS was required to distinguish among possible sources of the outbreak strain. (cdc.gov)
  • Moreover, about half of Staphylococcus aureus strains were MRSA isolates and reported low rates of resistance to glycylcycline and linezolid. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen related to a variety of life-threatening infections but for which antimicrobial resistance is liming the treatment options. (nature.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is an important human opportunistic pathogen involved in a wide range of human infections. (nature.com)
  • Evaluating carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen of humans and animals capable of causing antibiotic-resistant infections, is epidemiologically important. (cdc.gov)
  • Further, the chemically synthesized antibiotics and their injudicious usage have resulted in emerging multidrug resistant pathogens and their devastating damage thereafter. (researchsquare.com)
  • As Science 's editors predicted, pathogen genome sequences are being used to "determine quickly where newly emerging diseases come from, whether microbes are resistant to antibiotics, and how they are moving through a population. (cdc.gov)
  • It is important to remember that interactions do occur with all types of drugs, to a great or lesser extent and this article details the interactions of mixing antibiotics and Weed. (worldsbest.rehab)
  • Antibacterials" include antiseptic drugs, antibacterial soaps, and chemical disinfectants, whereas antibiotics are an important class of antibacterials used more specifically in medicine and sometimes in livestock feed. (worldsbest.rehab)
  • Numerous agencies and professional societies have tried to draw attention to the lack of new antibiotics, especially for MDR Gram-negative pathogens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Currently, microbial resistance to antibiotics has become a global concern and the clinical efficacy of many existing antibiotics is being threatened by the emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens [ 4 , 5 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • The pooled prevalence of multidrug resistant strains identified was 59.7% (95% CI: 43.5-75.9). (hindawi.com)
  • The aim of this study was to quantify Staphylococcus aureus isolated from materials used in radiographic processing, as well as to determine their sensitivity to antimicrobial agents commonly used in dentistry. (bvsalud.org)
  • Over the past decade, the accuracy of initial antibiotic treatment has been manifest as one of the most consistent prognostic factor: early aggressive therapy with adequate broad-spectrum regimens against the likely pathogens is associated with lower mortality rates and shorter length of hospital stay (LOS). (springeropen.com)
  • Consequently, the need for new strategies and methodologies to control infectious pathogens is increasing. (researchsquare.com)
  • Surveillance systems monitor emerging infectious pathogens and outbreaks of disease. (aafp.org)
  • This term reflects the inability to determine with certainty where the pathogen is acquired since patients may be colonized with or exposed to potential pathogens outside of the healthcare setting, before receiving health care, or may develop infections caused by those pathogens when exposed to the conditions associated with delivery of healthcare. (cdc.gov)
  • Multi-resistant and virulent strains of MRSA have spread in many hospitals around the world and there are few therapies available to treat infections caused by this pathogen. (fapesp.br)
  • Detection of the mec A gene and classification of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec ) permit the characterization of MRSA strains isolated from infections caused by these microorganisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Oxacillin is the drug of choice for susceptibility testing and treatment of infections caused by Staphylococcus . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nosocomial or healthcare-associated infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant pathogens represent a serious burden and ongoing threat to patients' health and safety [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • S. aureus has obtained notoriety in recent years due to the appearance and worldwide spread of antibiotic resistant strains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are important pathogens in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units, which can cause severe infections in hospitalized children. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In contrast, some bacterial pathogens (including Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri ) have mechanisms to escape from the phagosome and proliferate in the cytosol ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus , representing two different kingdoms, are the most frequently isolated pathogens from invasive infections. (mdpi.com)
  • GAS is an aerobic gram-positive organism that forms chains and is an important cause of soft tissue infections. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we used a Gram-positive strain, Dietzia sp. (nature.com)
  • Coagulase-negative staphylococci are gram-positive, aerobic organisms distinguished from the closely related Staphylococcus aureus by the group's inability to form coagulase, an enzyme that promotes thrombus formation via the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin [2]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • The ability of S. aureus to invade the host immune system through various virulence factors and its rapid acquisition of multi-drug resistance phenotype, makes it one of the most notorious organism among gram positive bacterial pathogens [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • So, MRSA refers to Staph aureus strains that have become resistant to methicillin. (cdc.gov)
  • Now, with the increasing use of implanted medical equipment, they have become leading pathogens for nosocomial infections owing to their ability to form biofilms on foreign material [1,2]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • S. aureus is reported to be the most common cause of nosocomial infections and is particularly responsible for majority of surgical site infections [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nosocomial infections can occur when a pathogen - an organism that can cause disease - spreads to a susceptible host. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • In 2006 in Marseille, France, we have detected an atypical MRSA strain with a specific antibiotic susceptibility profile and a unique growth phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin in the United States and Japan. (aafp.org)
  • was conducted to study the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibiotic resistance in the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from hospital cockroaches. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • MRSA strains were subjected to disk diffusion and PCR amplification of antibiotic resistance genes. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • The present investigation is the first report of the phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of antibiotic resistance in the MRSA strains isolated from P. americana and B. germanica hospital cockroaches. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibiotic resistance in the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from hospital cockroaches. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • However, resistance and therapeutic failure have already been observed and genes with mutations, such as liaFSR and yycFGHIJ have been suggested as responsible. (fapesp.br)
  • SCC mec type III encodes the largest number of resistance genes and strains harboring this type are important pathogens in hospitals where they cause severe infections [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • And it's actually very important because methicillin resistance. (cdc.gov)
  • Data were extracted on important variables like the sample size, region of the study, the inappropriate antibiotic use, bacterial detection rate, multidrug resistance pattern, and more other variables. (hindawi.com)
  • Identification of the pathogens responsible for different microbial infections and antimicrobial resistance patterns are important to help clinicians to choose the correct empirical drugs and provide optimal patient care. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pathogens and antibiotic resistance patterns vary significantly among institutions and can vary within institutions over short periods (eg, month to month). (merckmanuals.com)
  • Development of resistance to commonly used antimicrobials limited treatment options against infections due to this pathogen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, using a population-genomic approach, we identify humans as a major hub for ancient and recent S. aureus host-switching events linked to the emergence of endemic livestock strains, and cows as the main animal reservoir for the emergence of human epidemic clones. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • Prevalence of MRSA strains in P. americana and B. germanica cockroaches were 52.77 and 43.33%, respectively. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • The researchers say that hospital cockroaches are considered as a potential mechanical vector for MRSA strains. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Analysis of CF-Marseille shows a similar core genome to that of previously sequenced MRSA strains but with a different genomic organization due to the presence of specific mobile genetic elements i.e. a new SCCmec type IV mosaic cassette that has integrated the pUB110 plasmid, and a new phage closely related to phiETA3. (biomedcentral.com)
  • SCC mec types I, II and III are classically found in nosocomial MRSA strains, whereas the other types are found in community-associated MRSA [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • But there are no thick boundaries between these settings and the MRSA strains can easily spread between them. (cdc.gov)
  • strains lacking M protein are less virulent. (medscape.com)
  • A new and virulent strain of influenza in Hong Kong. (aafp.org)
  • In a transssectional survey, nasal carriage of this strain was found in 2.9% of 273 soldiers about to be sent to Côte d'Ivoire and was associated with prior malaria prophylaxis with doxycycline. (cdc.gov)
  • Challenges in estimating characteristics of staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among humans enrolled in surveillance studies. (cdc.gov)
  • Disseminated nocardiosis is responsible for most occurrences of nocardiosis, is most commonly caused by Nocardia asteroides , and typically affects immunocompromised hosts, although individuals with presumed immunocompetency also can develop the disease. (medscape.com)
  • What is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, more commonly known as MRSA? (cdc.gov)
  • Staphylococci prefer humid areas and are therefore commonly found in the axillae , gluteal , and inguinal regions as well as anterior nares and the conjunctiva [3]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Until two decades ago, coagulase-negative staphylococci were commonly perceived as contaminants in clinical specimens. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Fungal pathogens are most commonly found in immune-compromised patients and those who have indwelling devices, such as urinary catheters and central lines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phylogenetic analyses using Complete Genome Hybridization and Multi Locus VNTR Assay showed that CF-Marseille was closely related to strain Mu50, representing vancomycin-resistant S. aureus . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent causal agent of bovine mastitis, which is largely responsible for milk production losses worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
  • Since udder microbiota have important implications in mastitis pathogenesis, they offer opportunities to develop alternative prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. (bvsalud.org)
  • Equitably, it is a relevant pathogen in animal health, with mastitis being the main source of economic losses in dairy herds of regions without control strategies. (fapesp.br)
  • Additionally, it is the primary pathogen responsible for mastitis in ruminants ( 2 ), which has a significant negative impact on milk supply and quality and results in significant financial losses for the dairy industry. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this context, DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs) play an important regulatory role by either repressing or activating genes in response to environmental and physiological conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Even though diverse strains of S. aureus have been extensively studied, and subjected to genome sequencing, the function of a large proportion of their genes remains unidentified. (biomedcentral.com)
  • All identified strains were screened for their plant growth promoting attributes and, for the presence of modular polyketide synthases (PKSI, PKSII and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene clusters to correlate the biosynthetic genes with their functional properties. (scite.ai)
  • In this work, using diverse sequence analysis, we evaluated the repertoire of TFs and sigma factors in the community-associated methicillin resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) strain USA300-FPR3757. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was first identified only one year after the introduction of the penicillin-like antibiotic, methicillin 3 . (randox.com)
  • Moving pathogen genomics out of the lab and into the clinic: what will it take? (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is important that pathogen genomics services are configured in a way that allows for flexibility. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus is the most important species of this genus and the causative agent of a range of infections, such as furuncles, cellulitis, impetigo, and wound infections. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There is general agreement that the causative agent should be identified at the onset and intensely treated in order to achieve long-lasting remission but prompt diagnosis and individuation of pathogens are still difficult. (springeropen.com)
  • The most common causative is Staphylococcus spp. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • One of the most prevalent foodborne infections, Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ), is highly dangerous and endangers both human and animal health ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • This review paper will focus on the plant-derived products as antimicrobial agents for use in food preservation and to control foodborne pathogens in foods. (hindawi.com)
  • Because of the clinical importance of the spread of such strain among CF patients we decided to sequence the genome of one representative isolate (strain CF-Marseille) to compare this to the published genome sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A total of 119S S. aureus strains were isolated from clinical specimens and the mec A gene was detected by PCR. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 75% of coagulase-negative staphylococci in all clinical specimens [2]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Pathogen genomic analysis is a potentially transformative new approach to the clinical and public-health management of infectious diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of specific pathogens and metagenomic sequencing of communities of microbes have now been used in a wide range of clinical and epidemiological research investigations of infectious disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Diagnosis is suspected on the basis of clinical presentation and chest x-ray and is sometimes confirmed by a positive blood culture for the same pathogen found in respiratory secretions or bronchoscopic sampling of the lower respiratory tract with quantitative Gram stain and cultures. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Finally, we examine the conservation of 135 USA300 TFs amongst 11 other S. aureus strains, identifying a key group of regulators that display a high degree of conservation, including many that have previously been demonstrated to play a role in virulence gene regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The remaining primary skin infections of nocardiosis manifest as pustules, abscesses, or cellulitis and often mimic disease caused by more common organisms, such as Staphylococcus species. (medscape.com)
  • various species of organisms from the It is important to ascertain the cause surface burn wounds were roughly pro- of the burn because this may be helpful portional to those from blood specimens or in determining burn depth. (who.int)
  • antibiotic-resistant organisms are an important concern. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Overall, our findings highlight the influence of human activities on the multi-host ecology of a major bacterial pathogen, underpinned by horizontal gene transfer and core genome diversification. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • Although the majority of microbes succumb to the microbicidal environment within the phagolysosome, some pathogens (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Salmonella Typhimurium ) can survive and replicate within this harsh environment ( 11 , 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Pathogen restriction is enhanced by the nutrient-limiting ability of the phagolysosome and the input of antimicrobial agents into the lumen, such as reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) ( 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The capacity for some pathogens to jump into different host-species populations is a major threat to public health and food security. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • As a result, the skin is physiologically colonised by a host of microorganisms , including at least 47 species of coagulase-negative staphylococci [1]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • The molecular approach of using Geneious Prime software and protein prediction data base for characterization of bacteriocin is novel and predicts " KSSAYSLQMGATAIKQVKKLFKKWGW " as peptide responsible for antimicrobial activity. (researchsquare.com)
  • This migration of mucus is important to prevent microbes from colonizing as the tympanic cavity would otherwise present a very favorable environment for microbes. (kenyon.edu)
  • Some of these microbes are known pathogens, capable of infecting and even killing C. elegans . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Uganda influenza type-A virus strains sequenced before 2016 clustered uniquely while later strains mixed with other Africa and global strains. (cdc.gov)
  • Coagulase-negative staphylococci are an important part of normal skin microbiota , and they also colonise mucous membranes in adults and children from a few weeks of age [1]. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Coagulase-negative staphylococci are implicated in the 'double-hit' phenomenon, a theory used to explain the cause of atopic dermatitis . (dermnetnz.org)
  • Brazilian laws established regulatory limits in lettuce only to thermotolerant coliforms (fecal coliforms) and coagulase-positive Staphylococci of 10 2 MPN g -1 and 10 3 CFU g -1 respectively. (siftdesk.org)
  • The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare contamination of lettuce from conventional and organic cultivation, commercialized at fairs in south of Brazil, by the fecal coliforms, coagulase-positive Staphylococci , Salmonella spp. (siftdesk.org)
  • The contaminated samples percent were 35 and 71.25, for fecal coliforms, 35 and 32,5 for coagulase-positive Staphylococci , 0 and 5 for Salmonella spp. (siftdesk.org)
  • Coagulase-positive Staphylococci counts above regulatory limits were verified in 28 and 26 samples from the conventional and organic agriculture, respectively. (siftdesk.org)
  • Cockroaches are one of the most important and frequent insects responsible for harboring, transmission and dissemination of human pathogens in the hospital environment. (infectioncontroltoday.com)