AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHumanitiesInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CareGeographicals
CholeraCholera ToxinCholera VaccinesVibrio choleraeFecesDiarrheaVibrio cholerae O1G(M1) GangliosideHaitiAntitoxinsBangladeshEnterotoxinsVibrio cholerae O139ToxoidsIntestinal SecretionsDisease OutbreaksGastroenteritisDefecationBacterial ToxinsIntestinal Diseases, ParasiticAdenosine Diphosphate RiboseToxins, BiologicalSanitationAdministration, OralVibrioAdenylate CyclaseCyclic AMPParasite Egg CountDiarrhea, InfantileAntibodies, BacterialImmunoglobulin AAntidiarrhealsConstipationGiardiasisWater MicrobiologyIleumRotavirus InfectionsSensitivity and SpecificityDysentery, BacillaryIntestinal MucosaFluid TherapyRotavirusMicrosporidiosisEntamoebaPhilippinesClostridium difficileEpidemicsBacteriological TechniquesCryptosporidiosisMicrosporidaPolymerase Chain ReactionClassical Swine FeverRehydration SolutionsVirulence Factors, BordetellaIntestinesGangliosidesBlastocystis hominisParasitologyPertussis ToxinEscherichia coli InfectionsProtozoan InfectionsShigellaImmunizationImmunity, MucosalMethyl GreenGTP-Binding ProteinsWater SupplyJejunumAdministration, IntranasalCholera MorbusGiardiaVibrio cholerae non-O1Clostridium InfectionsImmunoglobulin A, SecretoryCatharticsRabbitsEnterocolitis, PseudomembranousIndiaGastrointestinal TransitGuinea-BissauCryptosporidiumEndemic DiseasesHygieneVaccinationGiardia lambliaEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayEscherichia coliEntamoebiasisBlastocystis InfectionsInfant, NewbornNorovirusStrongyloides stercoralisAntigens, BacterialEntamoeba histolyticaHistory, 19th CenturyLaxativesTime FactorsPasteurella multocidaAdenylate Cyclase ToxinNucleoside Diphosphate Sugars
VibrioInfectionDiarrheaOutbreakToxinPatients with choleraCholeraeBacteriumVaccineDiarrhoeaRice-waterEndemicSpecimensSources of large-scale cholera outbreaksTravelersSanitationFecalVaccinesIntestinalBacterialEpidemicTraveling to areas where cholera2022Diarrheal diseaseInfectionsResponsible for choleraEpidemicsActive cholera transmissionLiterTreatment for choleraCentersAsiatic CholeraOrganismControl of choleraSymptoms of choleraOutbreaks of choleraBloodyMildPreventionShed the bacteriaRehydrationContract choleraInfectiousCasesAfricaRectal swabCollected stool samplesSpecimenCause dehydrationBacteria in their stoolMicroscopicPandemicDisease1854Sewage and waterDeathsSevere diarrheal
Vibrio26
Infection17
  • Cholera is a bacterial infection of the small intestine that causes a large amount of watery diarrhea. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People develop the infection from eating or drinking food or water that contains the cholera germ. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Others develop more-serious signs and symptoms of cholera, usually within a few days of infection. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Contaminated water supplies are the main source of cholera infection. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Raw, unpeeled fruits and vegetables are a frequent source of cholera infection in areas where there's cholera. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Cholera is an infection of your small bowel. (aarppharmacy.com)
  • Cholera is spread by ingestion of water, shellfish, or other foods contaminated by the excrement of people with symptomatic or asymptomatic infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Household contacts of patients with cholera are at high risk of infection, which probably occurs through shared sources of contaminated food and water. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 1). However, other medical conditions such as co-infection with parasites and Vitamin A deficiency increase susceptibility to cholera infection. (kenyon.edu)
  • Although the mechanism of cholera infection has been well-studied, it remains a problem, especially in developing countries. (kenyon.edu)
  • To assess the effects of cholera infection, establishment of a specialized CTC, and the new rehydration protocol, the authors conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of pregnant women with suspected cholera admitted to MSF's CTC during September 1, 2011 through December 31, 2014. (cdc.gov)
  • Even though the risk factors associated with the 2014 cholera outbreak were investigated extensively, the link between index cases and the source of infection was not investigated to help break the transmission process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bloody stools are not an expected manifestation of infection with C difficile . (medscape.com)
  • 95% CI: 1.03, 10.6) were significant risk factors for cholera infection. (ircwash.org)
  • Cholera is a bacterial infection that causes diarrhea. (billingncoding.com)
  • The public wells that are contaminated are major sources of cholera infection. (cured.com)
  • Travelers going to cholera prone areas may now have a vaccine to prevent the infection. (contagionlive.com)
Diarrhea20
  • Cholera in humans results in profuse, watery diarrhea We defi ned the frequent presence of spirochetes in fe- that can lead to severe dehydration and death ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Though cholera infections are rare and community transmission in the United States is unlikely, the CDC urged providers to obtain a travel history when they evaluate patients who have acute onset of watery diarrhea. (umn.edu)
  • Cholera causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Most cases of cholera that cause symptoms cause mild or moderate diarrhea that's often hard to tell apart from diarrhea caused by other problems. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Cholera-related diarrhea comes on suddenly and can quickly cause dangerous fluid loss - as much as a quart (about 1 liter) an hour. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Diarrhea due to cholera often has a pale, milky appearance that resembles water in which rice has been rinsed. (mayoclinic.org)
  • If you develop severe diarrhea after visiting an area with active cholera, see your doctor. (mayoclinic.org)
  • If you have diarrhea, especially severe diarrhea, and think you might have been exposed to cholera, seek treatment right away. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Severe cholera is characterized by large amounts of watery diarrhea, often described as "rice-water stool" because it can have a pale, milky appearance. (cdc.gov)
  • Cholera can be subclinical, a mild and uncomplicated episode of diarrhea, or a fulminant, potentially lethal disease. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although most cholera patients will recover completely with rehydration alone, the addition of antibiotic treatment reduces the volume and duration of diarrhea. (family-health-information.com)
  • These heightened cAMP levels cause the diarrhea that is characteristic of cholera. (kenyon.edu)
  • [4] The oral cholera vaccine , while effective for cholera , is of questionable use for travelers' diarrhea . (wikipedia.org)
  • Blood or mucus in the diarrhea, significant abdominal pain, or high fever suggests a more serious cause, such as cholera , characterized by a rapid onset of weakness and torrents of watery diarrhea with flecks of mucus (described as "rice water" stools). (wikipedia.org)
  • According to ancient records, this plant was used by Greek physician Hippocrates to treat certain conditions that were identical to Asiatic cholera (an acute infectious ailment distinguished by profuse vomiting , diarrhea , cramps and other symptoms. (herbs2000.com)
  • his was an independent discovery for studying cholera in a rabbit model demonstrating the association of some strains of E. coli with diarrhea. (embs.org)
  • Stool testing should be performed for Salmonella , Shigella , Campylobacter , Yersinia , C difficile , and STEC in people with diarrhea accompanied by fever, bloody or mucoid stools, severe abdominal cramping or tenderness, or signs of sepsis. (medscape.com)
  • Several cases of cholera cause symptoms in the body that include moderate or mild diarrhea that is hard to tell apart from regular diarrhea caused by other issues in the body. (cured.com)
  • The symptoms of cholera can include diarrhea, as mentioned. (cured.com)
  • Although most definitions center on the frequency, consistency, and water content of stools, the author prefers defining diarrhea as stools that take the shape of their container. (medscape.com)
Outbreak15
  • Although not the first description, the discovery of the cholera organism is credited to German bacteriologist Robert Koch, who independently identified V cholerae in 1883 during an outbreak in Egypt. (medscape.com)
  • In humans, 1%-64% of colonic of antimicrobial drug therapy) during the spring cholera specimens demonstrate intestinal spirochetosis, with the outbreak of 2006 in Dhaka, Bangladesh, at the Interna- highest prevalence in developing countries and immuno- tional Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, compromised populations ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • An Italian physician, Filippo Pacini, while investigating cholera outbreak in Florence in the late 1854, identified the causative pathogen as a new type of bacterium. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is a cholera vaccine available for adults ages 18 to 64 who are traveling to an area with an active cholera outbreak. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Orissa Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik flew to the State's Rayagada and Kalahandi Districts today to review the steps being taken to counter the outbreak of cholera where more than 100 people have lost their lives over the past one month. (medindia.net)
  • In addition to responding to Hurricane Matthew in Haiti , in the past year I've also deployed to Mongolia to support the measles outbreak response, to Tanzania to combat cholera, and to Colombia, Ethiopia, and Uganda to support national rapid response team capacity building. (cdc.gov)
  • As rains continue in some parts of the country, fears of a cholera outbreak are intensifying. (kwit.org)
  • Basically there is no question" there's a major risk of an outbreak, says Dr. Michael Merson , the founding director of the Duke Global Health Institute who has treated cholera cases in Bangladesh. (kwit.org)
  • A severe cholera outbreak could be even more lethal than the flood itself, which has killed about 1,500 people . (kwit.org)
  • Last July, the Red Cross released a report showing that a cholera outbreak in Zimbabwe, which had gone on for about nine months at that point, killed more than 4,000 people. (kwit.org)
  • It is thought to be the largest, fastest-spreading cholera outbreak in modern history. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The proportion of fetal deaths was higher than that previously recorded in Haiti but close to that of the 2006 Senegal cholera outbreak. (cdc.gov)
  • We carried out a descriptive cross sectional study to investigate the epidemiological link of the 2014 cholera outbreak in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The 2014 cholera outbreak can be described as a propagated source outbreak linked to the Accra Metropolis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One of them is available for adults in the U.S. Very few Americans need it, because most people do not visit areas that have an active cholera outbreak. (billingncoding.com)
Toxin12
  • Sambhu Nath De isolated the cholera toxin and demonstrated the toxin as the cause of cholera in 1959. (wikipedia.org)
  • But the DNA does not directly code for the toxin as the genes for cholera toxin are carried by CTXphi (CTXφ), a temperate bacteriophage (virus). (wikipedia.org)
  • After penetrating the mucus layer, these organisms colonize the epithelial lining of the gut and secrete cholera toxin. (msdmanuals.com)
  • strains O1 and O139, which do not produce cholera toxin. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, those that survive travel to the small intestine where they begin to produce cholera toxin (CT), which is the main virulence factor of V. cholerae . (kenyon.edu)
  • The Campylobacter bacterium can produce a toxin that is genetically related to the cholera toxin. (innvista.com)
  • Cholera toxin was discovered rather recently, in 1959, by the Indian microbiologist Sambhu Nath De (Figure 2). (embs.org)
  • Lastly, but most important, is De's discovery of cholera toxin in 1959 in the cell-free culture filtrate of V. cholerae that stimulates a specific cellular response. (embs.org)
  • When the clinical or epidemic history suggests a possible Shiga toxin-producing organism, diagnostic approaches should be applied that detect Shiga toxin (or the genes that encode them) and distinguish Escherichia coli O157:H7 from other Shiga toxin-producing E coli (STEC) in stool. (medscape.com)
  • A single diarrheal stool specimen is recommended for detection of toxin or a toxigenic C difficile strain (eg, nucleic acid amplification testing). (medscape.com)
  • Testing not Supportive necessary, care selflimiting (consider testing food and stool for toxin in outbreaks). (docshare.tips)
  • Stool, serum, and food can be tested for toxin. (docshare.tips)
Patients with cholera4
  • When patients with cholera are not treated with rehydration therapy, at least 1 in 4 to close to half of them can die from the disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Definitive diagnosis is not a prerequisite for the treatment of patients with cholera. (medscape.com)
  • The ces of patients with cholera. (cdc.gov)
  • Thirty-four percent of patients with cholera were intravenously rehydrated and 22% required hospitalization. (biomedcentral.com)
Cholerae8
  • A new strain of cholera, V cholerae serogroup O139 (Bengal) emerged in the fall of 1992 and caused outbreaks in Bangladesh and India in 1993. (medscape.com)
  • Although more than 200 serogroups of V cholerae have been identified, V cholerae O1 and V cholerae O139 are the principal ones associated with epidemic cholera. (medscape.com)
  • The potential for pathogenic study, spirochetes from the genus Brachyspira were identi- synergy between V . cholerae and other pathogens has been fi ed at high titers in more than one third of cholera patients in Bangladesh. (cdc.gov)
  • Some strains of V. cholerae are pathogenic to humans and cause a deadly disease called cholera, which can be derived from the consumption of undercooked or raw marine life species. (wikipedia.org)
  • As it is caused by this aquatic pathogen, cholera is most commonly spread by water supplies contaminated with stools infected with V. cholerae . (kenyon.edu)
  • Ltd in collaboration with Goteberg University, Sweden has engineered new oral cholera vaccine HL-OCV,consisting of formaldehyde-inactivated recombinant V.cholerae strain ,MS 1568 expressing both Ogawa and Inaba antigens. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • A new strain of Cholera, V cholerae serogroup O139 (Bengal), occurred in Bangladesh 1992 and India in 1993 and has affected more than 11 countries. (inrnigeria.org)
  • Illnesses due to strains of V. cholerae other than toxigenic V. cholerae 01 should not be reported as cases of cholera. (cdc.gov)
Bacterium6
  • The bacterium as the cause of cholera was discovered by Robert Koch in 1884. (wikipedia.org)
  • The discovery of the new bacterium was not regarded as medically important as the bacterium was not directly attributed to cholera. (wikipedia.org)
  • The bacterium responsible for cholera was isolated in pure culture by Robert Koch in 1850. (kenyon.edu)
  • While cholera has not reached pandemic status, current trends do not bode well and we need to keep an eye on this situation and provide international support to affected countries as this bacterium hits poor countries that lack good sanitation and clean water supply. (caprisa.org)
  • The cholera bacterium is usually found in water or food that has been contaminated by feces (poop). (billingncoding.com)
  • Cholera is caused by consuming food or water with the cholera bacterium," according to the CDC . (contagionlive.com)
Vaccine6
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention does not recommend the cholera vaccine for most travelers because most people do not travel to areas where cholera is present. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cholera can be prevented by heeding food and water precautions and receiving cholera vaccine before travel. (cdc.gov)
  • Review CDC resources on the epidemiology of cholera vaccine to use in clinical decision making about offering vaccine to patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Discuss cholera vaccine recommendations and CDC resources for cholera vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • Only 50 percent of those who receive cholera vaccine develop immunity against the disease, and even then, it lasts only a few months. (family-health-information.com)
  • The oral vaccine is available for individuals travelling to countries where cholera is endemic, and has recently started to be used during outbreaks of the disease. (kenyon.edu)
Diarrhoea6
  • Diarrhoea, cholera infantum. (abchomeopathy.com)
  • A massive health awareness drive was launched in Guwahati after laboratory tests on patients suffering from diarrhoea found strains of cholera. (medindia.net)
  • We conducted a two-year community-based surveillance study from August 2001 to July 2003 in an impoverished area of North Jakarta to assess the burden of diarrhoea, shigellosis, and cholera. (biomedcentral.com)
  • At participating health care providers, a case report form was completed and stool sample collected from cases presenting with diarrhoea. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Infants had the highest incidences of diarrhoea (759/1 000/year) and cholera (4/1 000/year). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Diarrhoea, also known as loose motions is a common condition, and nearly everyone has suffered described as the regular passing of fluidy or loose stool. (medhomeo.com)
Rice-water2
  • 1) the presence of spirochetes in rice-water stool was de- in induces a fl uid loss that may reach 1 liter/hour. (cdc.gov)
  • Often, stools consist of white liquid void of fecal material (rice-water stool). (msdmanuals.com)
Endemic8
  • Cholera can be endemic, epidemic, or pandemic. (medscape.com)
  • Cholera is endemic in portions of Asia, the Middle East, Africa, South and Central America, and the Gulf Coast of the US. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Still, some local authorities in countries where cholera is endemic may require that travelers present proof of having been vaccinated. (family-health-information.com)
  • Cholera is endemic in 50 nations around the world (1). (kenyon.edu)
  • In our country, Cholera disease burden consists of both cholera outbreaks and endemic cholera comprising at least 300,000 severe cases and 1.2 million infections each year. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • To combat this situation, Vaccination against cholera has been proved effective both in endemic and epidemic settings. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Knowledge gap: The WHO recommends OCV for use in both endemic and epidemic cholera settings4. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Cholera is now endemic in many countries of the world. (inrnigeria.org)
Specimens11
  • In Abricots, Haiti, CDC responders faced access difficulties while collecting stool specimens for laboratory confirmation of cholera. (cdc.gov)
  • Stool specimens were analyzed by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). (ircwash.org)
  • Stool specimens are often required for the diagnosis and treatment of various gastrointestinal infections and disorders. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Stool specimens can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of therapy and to detect drug resistance. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Therefore, it is essential to collect and transport stool specimens in a proper manner to ensure their quality and reliability. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Improper collection and transport of stool specimens can lead to false negative or false positive results, misdiagnosis, delayed treatment, increased morbidity and mortality, and unnecessary costs. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • The timing of collection: Stool specimens should be collected as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms or as instructed by the clinician. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • The amount and type of specimen: Stool specimens should contain at least 5 g of faeces and include any parts that contain blood, mucus or pus. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • The container and label: Stool specimens should be placed in a suitable container with a leakproof lid and clearly labeled with the patient`s name, identification number, date and time of collection, and any relevant clinical information. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • The transport medium: Stool specimens should be delivered to the clinic or laboratory within 2 hours of collection. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • The storage and transport conditions: Stool specimens should be stored and transported at low temperatures (2-8°C) to prevent bacterial overgrowth, viral inactivation or parasitic degradation. (stemcelldaily.com)
Sources of large-scale cholera outbreaks2
  • Contaminated public wells are frequent sources of large-scale cholera outbreaks. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Contaminated public wells are common sources of large-scale cholera outbreaks, and risk is higher in people living in crowded conditions without adequate sanitation. (inrnigeria.org)
Travelers1
  • Amid an unprecedented increase in global cholera activity, eight infections in travelers returning from affected areas have been reported in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said in an email to clinicians yesterday. (umn.edu)
Sanitation5
Fecal4
  • Cholera is transmitted by the fecal-oral route. (medscape.com)
  • A second major reason for the disease's significance was its overwhelming predilection for the poor: transmitted through the oral ingestion of fecal matter, cholera was intimately associated with poor diets and unsanitary living conditions. (yale.edu)
  • The mode of transmission of Cholera is through fecal contamination of food or water. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The colon then absorbs additional fluid, transforming a relatively liquid fecal stream in the cecum to well-formed solid stool in the rectosigmoid. (medscape.com)
Vaccines6
  • Before the floods, Pakistan was experiencing a rise in cholera cases , particularly across the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, Punjab, and Balochistan regions, and oral cholera vaccines and surveillance programmes were being set up, but many of these will have been pushed back as the floods hit. (aljazeera.com)
  • A study by Andrew Camilli of Tufts University School of Medicine may explain how cholera epidemics spread so quickly and why vaccines against lab-grown bacteria are ineffective: Previous researchers simply failed to appreciate the gut of the problem. (discovermagazine.com)
  • In preparation of vaccines trials to estimate protection against shigellosis and cholera we conducted a two-year community-based surveillance study in an impoverished area of North Jakarta which provided updated information on the disease burden in the area. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are vaccines to prevent cholera. (billingncoding.com)
  • According to the CDC, 'Currently, two oral cholera vaccines are available: Dukoral® and ShanChol®, which are World Health Organization (WHO) prequalified. (contagionlive.com)
  • Cholera vaccines are not yet available in the U.S. and should not replace standard prevention and control measures. (contagionlive.com)
Intestinal1
  • Because anecdotal evidence has indicated frequent sity within the most abundant species was determined by cholera and intestinal spirochetosis coinfection in Ban- analysis of NADH oxidase ( nox ). (cdc.gov)
Bacterial5
  • Cholera is a bacterial disease usually spread through contaminated water. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Bacterial culture for enteric pathogens, such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter organisms, becomes mandatory if a stool sample shows positive results for WBCs or blood or if patients have fever or symptoms persisting for longer than 3-4 days. (medscape.com)
  • Stool samples can be used to diagnose various gastrointestinal infections and disorders, such as bacterial, viral or parasitic infections, inflammatory bowel disease, malabsorption syndromes and colorectal cancer. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • High temperatures can cause bacterial overgrowth or death, which can alter the microbiological and chemical characteristics of the stool. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Cholera is a bacterial disease. (cured.com)
Epidemic2
  • Across the ocean from Haiti, Malawi has been similarly experiencing a rapidly growing cholera epidemic (Figure 7). (caprisa.org)
  • During 2012, Sierra Leone experienced a cholera epidemic with 22,815 reported cases and 296 deaths. (ircwash.org)
Traveling to areas where cholera2
  • Living in or traveling to areas where cholera is present raises the risk of getting it. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Immunization is sometimes recommended for people traveling to areas where cholera is widespread, but public health officials generally advise against it. (family-health-information.com)
20221
  • In the last 3 months of 2022, cholera has become widespread across all provinces of Haiti (Figure 6). (caprisa.org)
Diarrheal disease2
  • Cholera, a diarrheal disease common in overpopulated communities and refugee settings, can lead to a death rate as high as 50 percent. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease with ancient origins, with Sanskrit accounts of the disease from the Indian subcontinent dating to the fifth century B.C. (1). (kenyon.edu)
Infections3
  • Reginald Tucker] Cholera infections during pregnancy are associated with high rates of fetal death, especially when women are severely dehydrated. (cdc.gov)
  • The severity of cholera infections occurs in only 1 in 20 cases, with no symptoms in most. (inrnigeria.org)
  • Cholera infections are often mild. (billingncoding.com)
Responsible for cholera1
Epidemics1
Active cholera transmission1
  • The CDC says 25 countries are currently experiencing active cholera transmission. (umn.edu)
Liter1
  • Patients can have a stool output of one liter per hour, Merson says. (kwit.org)
Treatment for cholera2
Centers2
  • The WHO Afar office expedited the dispatching of 6 MTs of · Critical gaps in WASH supplies in health facilities with requested and approved cholera supplies to four health stabilization centers for malnourished children in Afar and facilities in the region. (who.int)
  • Two cholera treatment centers (CTC) have been set up in the cities of Gorom, El Giada and United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS) at the Tongping transit site, to help provide treatment to those who are infected. (contagionlive.com)
Asiatic Cholera3
  • Asiatic cholera was the most dreaded disease of the nineteenth century. (yale.edu)
  • We can continue with our subject of Asiatic cholera. (yale.edu)
  • And Asiatic cholera is a good example of what we might - though let's be mindful, it would be historically anachronistic - we might call it a great emerging disease of the nineteenth century. (yale.edu)
Organism3
Control of cholera2
  • Instituting interventions for the control of cholera mainly result from knowing the risk factors and the link between the index cases and this can curtail and prevent future outbreaks. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 15. Describe the symptoms and control of cholera. (starkstudypoint.com)
Symptoms of cholera5
  • Symptoms of cholera can be mild to severe. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Signs and symptoms of cholera dehydration include irritability, fatigue, sunken eyes, a dry mouth, extreme thirst, dry and shriveled skin that's slow to bounce back when pinched into a fold, little or no urinating, low blood pressure, and an irregular heartbeat. (mayoclinic.org)
  • A person who is treated quickly will often avoid experiencing severe symptoms of cholera. (cured.com)
  • Any such symptoms of cholera have a milky and pale appearance that looks like water in which rice has been rinsed. (cured.com)
  • Dehydration can take place within some hours after the symptoms of cholera start. (cured.com)
Outbreaks of cholera1
  • Throughout history, populations all over the world have sporadically been affected by devastating outbreaks of cholera. (medscape.com)
Bloody1
  • Symptoms include lethargy, severe vomiting, loss in appetite and bloody stool. (nanoexpressnews.com)
Mild2
Prevention1
Shed the bacteria2
  • People who contract cholera can shed the bacteria in their stools for up to 10 days, adding to the risk of it spreading. (aljazeera.com)
  • But they have already shed the bacteria of cholera in their stool for one to two weeks. (cured.com)
Rehydration2
  • With timely rehydration therapy, more than 99% of cholera patients will survive. (cdc.gov)
  • With swift rehydration, less than 1% of individuals infected with cholera will die, according to the CDC. (contagionlive.com)
Contract cholera1
  • A person may contract cholera by eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated by body wastes or vomit from infected individuals, as well as by eating raw shellfish from waters infested with cholera bacteria. (family-health-information.com)
Infectious2
  • Describe cholera as an infectious agent. (cdc.gov)
  • Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (1843-1910), German physician and microbiologist, founder of modern bacteriology, identified the specific causative agents of TB, cholera, and anthrax and gave experimental support for the concept of infectious disease basing such discoveries on animal and human experimentation (Figure 1). (embs.org)
Cases14
  • In 2023, 8 out of these 9 countries continued to report AWD/ suspected cholera cases in 2023. (who.int)
  • Still, cases of cholera occur throughout the world. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Most recent cases of cholera in the United States have been traced to seafood from the Gulf of Mexico. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Our field work in the first days of the response helped identify an increase in suspected cholera cases related to Hurricane Matthew's widespread destruction of infrastructure, health facilities, and water systems in the southwest portion of the country. (cdc.gov)
  • From 2010 through 2014, 91 cases of cholera were confirmed in the United States among people who had traveled internationally in the week before illness onset. (cdc.gov)
  • An extensive review of all district records on cholera cases in the Greater Accra region was carried out. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Up to 20,199 cholera cases were recorded. (biomedcentral.com)
  • About 50% of cholera cases may die if left untreated [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ghana recorded over 9000 cholera cases in 1999 with about 250 deaths [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Last 4 weeks key figures, March 2019 region reported suspected cholera cases during the month of March. (who.int)
  • The CTC has been reopened in early February to manage the Epidemiological weeks suspected cholera cases and the center has started reporting the cases again. (who.int)
  • A total of 808 cases of cholera have been found in the republic of South Sudan's capital city of Juba. (contagionlive.com)
  • The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) has confirmed that 883 cases of cholera have been found in the republic of South Sudan. (contagionlive.com)
  • Health facilities are being supported with tents, cholera kits, ambulances and fuel to ensure swift response to cases. (contagionlive.com)
Africa4
  • But cholera still exists in Africa, Southeast Asia and Haiti. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The interventions to bring cholera are well known and have previously been used very effectively to control cholera outbreaks in South Africa. (caprisa.org)
  • The global burden of cholera is large, particularly in Africa and southern Asia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, Cholera has been less common in industrialized nations for the past century but is still very much available in the Indian subcontinent and sub-Saharan Africa. (inrnigeria.org)
Rectal swab1
Collected stool samples1
Specimen3
  • Instruct the patient to collect the stool specimen on a piece of toilet tissue or old newspaper and to transfer it to the container, using the two sticks. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Once the stool specimen has been collected and sealed in a suitable container, it should be transported to the clinic or laboratory as soon as possible. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • A total of 97 stool specimen were collected during 2019. (who.int)
Cause dehydration1
Bacteria in their stool3
  • But because they shed cholera bacteria in their stool for seven to 14 days, they can still infect others through contaminated water. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Cholera bacteria might not cause illness in all people who are exposed to them, but they still pass the bacteria in their stool, which can contaminate food and water supplies. (mayoclinic.org)
  • But they still pass on the bacteria in their stool. (cured.com)
Microscopic2
  • His presentation before the French Academy of Sciences on 23 April was recorded as: "[Pouchet] could verify that there existed in these [cholera patients] dejecta an immense quantity of microscopic infusoria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Perform microscopic examination of the stool for ova and parasites. (medscape.com)
Pandemic1
  • During the third global pandemic of cholera (1852-1859), there was extensive scientific research to understand the etiology of the disease. (wikipedia.org)
Disease10
  • Cholera is an ancient disease. (medscape.com)
  • In the early 1850s, the British physician John Snow was the first to suggest that cholera was a communicable disease that was spread through a drinking supply contaminated with infected stools. (kenyon.edu)
  • One reason for the intense fear provoked by the disease was its symptoms: not only did cholera exact a degrading and painful toll on the human body, it also struck suddenly, and was capable of reducing the seemingly healthy in a period of hours. (yale.edu)
  • This correspondence qualifies it as an archetypical disease of poverty, and implicated cholera in the larger nineteenth-century political anxiety over the "social question. (yale.edu)
  • Cholera for the nineteenth century was something new, something never before experienced, and that helps to explain a good part of the reaction to the populations that were first afflicted by it, as the "great cholera," we should remember, was the great feared disease of the nineteenth century. (yale.edu)
  • Cholera is an extremely virulent disease that can kill within hours and affects both the young and old [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gram staining and Loeffler methylene blue staining of the stool for WBCs help to differentiate invasive disease from noninvasive disease. (medscape.com)
  • Cholera is a disease that is not usually found in many countries. (cured.com)
  • Like cholera, the disease leads to life-threatening dehydration. (nanoexpressnews.com)
  • The disease is easily transmitted by any person, animal, or even object that comes into contacted with an infected dog's stool, according to the ASPCA. (nanoexpressnews.com)
18541
  • An English physician John Snow was the first to give convincing evidence in London in 1854 that cholera was spread from drinking water - a contagion, not miasma. (wikipedia.org)
Sewage and water1
  • Modern sewage and water treatment have virtually eliminated cholera in industrialized countries. (mayoclinic.org)
Deaths1
Severe diarrheal1
  • Cholera is one of the most severe diarrheal diseases that affect humans and is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality especially among children in developing countries. (proteinlounge.com)