• Stomatal conductance, usually measured in mmol m−2 s−1 by a porometer, estimates the rate of gas exchange (i.e., carbon dioxide uptake) and transpiration (i.e., water loss as water vapor) through the leaf stomata as determined by the degree of stomatal aperture (and therefore the physical resistances to the movement of gases between the air and the interior of the leaf). (wikipedia.org)
  • Stomatal conductance is a function of stomatal density, stomatal aperture, and stomatal size. (wikipedia.org)
  • It may be concluded from these results that, even if a close correlation exists between stomatal aperture and soil moisture, the existence of a root signalling process based solely on increased ABA or ABA-GE transport in the xylem sap may be questioned. (afs-journal.org)
  • 1989). Environmental signals such as incident light intensity, CO 2 concentration, water availability, vapour pressure deficit (VPD), and leaf temperature affect stomatal aperture (Farquhar et al. (uib.no)
  • Premise of the study: Stomatal control is determined by the ability to alter stomatal aperture and/or the number of stomata on the surface of new leaves in response to growth conditions. (comu.edu.tr)
  • Main conclusion: Stomatal aperture in maize is not affected by exposure to a subtoxic concentration of atmospheric H2S. (hanze.nl)
  • At least in maize, H2S, thus, is not a gaseous signal molecule that controls stomatal aperture. (hanze.nl)
  • Abstract: Sulfur is an indispensable element for the physiological functioning of plants with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) potentially acting as gasotransmitter in the regulation of stomatal aperture. (hanze.nl)
  • Hence, it did not affect stomatal aperture, indicating that, at least in maize, H2S is not a gaseous signal molecule controlling this aperture. (hanze.nl)
  • Overexpression of AtVPS34 promoted stomatal closure while PI3K inhibitors blocked that after spray inoculation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Collectively, these results unraveled a novel and broad role of PI3K in plant immunity which promoted stomatal closure and PR gene expression possibly via regulating ROS production. (frontiersin.org)
  • In plants, antimicrobial immune responses involve the cellular release of anions and are responsible for the closure of stomatal pores. (elifesciences.org)
  • Here, we show that stomatal closure to fungal chitin is conferred by the major PRRs for chitin recognition, LYK5 and CERK1, the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase PBL27, and the SLAH3 anion channel. (elifesciences.org)
  • Importantly, both S127 and S189 residues of SLAH3 are required for chitin-induced stomatal closure and anti-fungal immunity at the whole leaf level. (elifesciences.org)
  • The findings demonstrate a critical link between OsGRXS17, the modulation of guard cell H 2 O 2 concentrations, and stomatal closure, expanding our understanding of the mechanisms governing plant responses to drought. (mcmaster.ca)
  • However, early stomatal closure decreases net photosynthesis by reducing photosynthetic activity of PSII, amounts of C fixed and activity of key photosynthetic enzymes resulting in a decrease in leaf area, leaf width and mean area per mesophyll cell and eventually losses in grain yield [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1980). Stomatal closure is considered to be the earliest response to drought (Flexas & Medrano, 2002) and other environmental stressors, and is a limitation to photosynthesis. (uib.no)
  • AO is also required for RBOHD-dependent stomatal closure. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Water stress promotes stomatal closure and reduction in CO 2 fixation that may cause over-reduction of the photosynthetic electron chain. (frontiersin.org)
  • It is often assumed that H2S is metabolized into cysteine to stimulate stomatal closure. (hanze.nl)
  • To study the significance of H2S for the regulation of stomatal closure, maize was exposed to a subtoxic atmospheric H2S level in the presence or absence of a sulfate supply to the root. (hanze.nl)
  • A diverse range of plant species show a decrease in stomatal density in response to the continuing rise in atmospheric CO2. (hortidaily.com)
  • A negative correlation was found between stomatal size and density, reflecting a compensatory relationship between these traits to maintain total pore area per unit leaf surface area. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Maximum stomatal conductance is also a function of stomatal density and size (Drake et al. (uib.no)
  • 2019). Stomatal density measurements may, thus, complement conductance measurements to compare species and when treatments can affect leaf development. (uib.no)
  • The two most commonly used leaf parameters are Stomatal Density (SD - # of stomata/unit area) and Stomatal Index (SI -the ratio between # stomata and total epidermal cells/unit area). (colby.edu)
  • Previous research has highlighted that a decrease in stomatal density can enhance drought tolerance. (plantae.org)
  • Knockout of STOMAGEN in rice using CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in lower stomatal density and greater water conservation, but also decreased carbon assimilation, which is essential for crop productivity. (plantae.org)
  • devised a means of fine-tuning stomatal density while maintaining productivity in rice by editing EPFL10 , a recently diverged close relative (paralog) of STOMAGEN . (plantae.org)
  • Stomatal density was decreased to only 25% of wildtype in the stomagen mutants, but to 80% of wildtype in the epf10 mutants. (plantae.org)
  • These results show the potential of paralog editing for tuning stomatal density, which might be extended to other crops to improve their adaptability to abiotic stresses. (plantae.org)
  • Nevertheless, this was not associated with changes in the leaf area, stomatal density, stomatal resistance, and transpiration rate of plants, meaning that H2S exposure did not affect the transpiration rate per stoma. (hanze.nl)
  • The variations in leaf area (LA), Leaf Mass per Area (LMA), stomatal density, thickness of palisade and spongy mesophyll tissues, thickness of xylem parenchyma cells, diameter of all xylem vessels in stem and roots and stomatal conductance were analyzed between shaded and sun-exposed seedlings. (unila.ac.id)
  • The accumulated K + salt in guard cells decreases the water potential and causes water uptake, resulting in stomatal opening. (nature.com)
  • Stomatal conductance (g s ) in terrestrial vegetation regulates the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and water loss through transpiration, closely linking the biosphere and atmosphere and influencing climate. (edu.au)
  • Stomata consist of two specialised guard cells which regulate CO 2 uptake and transpiration by changing the size of stomatal pores [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ability of a plant to regulate stomatal opening in response to environmental conditions enables it to modulate the rate of transpiration while maintaining carbon uptake (Cowan 1977, Farquhar et al. (uib.no)
  • Plant stomata play an important role in CO 2 uptake for photosynthesis and transpiration, but the mechanisms underlying stomatal opening and closing under changing environmental conditions are still not completely understood. (elsevierpure.com)
  • dark-to-light transition mimics night-to-day transition which opens stomatal pores ( a ) and light-to-dark transition mimics day-to-night transition which closes stomatal pores ( b ), light intensity 150 µmol m −2 s −1 . (nature.com)
  • The evolution of adjustable pores, stomata, allows plants to control the amount of CO2 that enters the plant and water that escapes by modifying the stomatal pore size. (doe.gov)
  • To adapt CO2 intake to water loss, plants regulate the development of stomatal gas exchange pores in the aerial epidermis. (hortidaily.com)
  • Although the total stomatal pore area is 5 % of the leaf surface, transpirational water loss through the stomatal pores contributes to 70 % of total water use by plants [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Stomatal conductance is the rate of water release from leaves' pores. (copernicus.org)
  • 1980). Under favourable conditions of low evaporative demand and high light, maximum stomatal conductance determines the upper limit of CO 2 assimilation in a leaf. (uib.no)
  • Here we show that recently isolated Arabidopsis thaliana β-carbonic anhydrase double mutants exhibit an inversion in their response to elevated CO2, showing increased stomatal development at elevated CO2 levels. (hortidaily.com)
  • It was thus hypothesized that if guard cell chloroplasts are responsible for stomatal opening, it would be expected that light applied to the lower leaf surface would be much more effective at increasing stomatal conductance than light applied to the upper surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2018). Stomatal conductance influences both photosynthesis and transpiration, exerting major control on carbon and water cycling, and energy exchange from leaf to landscape level as well as between the Earth's surface and atmosphere. (uib.no)
  • We show that stomatal lineage miRNAs positively and negatively regulate stomatal formation and patterning to avoid clustered and paired stomata. (dgist.ac.kr)
  • The development of stomatal control mechanisms to the concentration of CO2 within the atmosphere ([CO2]) is fundamental to our understanding of plant evolutionary history and the prediction of gas exchange responses to future [CO2]. (comu.edu.tr)
  • Using Arabidopsis thaliana , we show guard cell GABA production is necessary and sufficient to reduce stomatal opening and transpirational water loss, which improves water use efficiency and drought tolerance, via negative regulation of a stomatal guard cell tonoplast-localised anion transporter. (nature.com)
  • Finally, we determined that AO is required for stomatal immunity against the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Altogether, our work reveals a novel specific requirement for AO activity in PAMP-triggered RBOHD-dependent ROS burst and stomatal immunity. (uea.ac.uk)
  • We reveal that miRNA399-regulated PHO2, involved in phosphate homeostasis, controls stomatal development. (dgist.ac.kr)
  • CBC1/CBC2 redundantly stimulate stomatal opening by inhibition of S-type anion channels in response to both BL and low concentrations of CO 2 . (nature.com)
  • We quantitatively compare the impacts of phloem loading kinetics, including feedbacks between loading and phloem pressure, phloem conduit resistances, and stomatal responses to water stress, on the total carbon export to sinks during drought. (authorea.com)
  • Nocturnal stomatal conductance (gsn) represents a significant source of water loss, with implications for metabolism, thermal regulation and water-use efficiency. (cgiar.org)
  • We characterized the mechanisms mediating this response and identified an extracellular signalling pathway involved in the regulation of CO2-controlled stomatal development by carbonic anhydrases. (hortidaily.com)
  • In general terms, different response mechanisms to cope with water stress in presence of ascorbic acid were found in each cultivar, with 'Scarletprince' trees preferentially using proline as compatible solute and 'CaroTiger' trees relying on stomatal regulation. (frontiersin.org)
  • No relationship was determined between harvest characteristics, stomatal morphology and gsn, while cuticular conductance was genotype specific. (cgiar.org)
  • Finding a grass gene impacting stomatal morphology underscores importance of developing mutant gene index. (doe.gov)
  • Understanding the mechanisms controlling stomatal size, and their opening under drought, is critical to reduce plant water loss and maintain a high photosynthetic rate which ultimately leads to elevated yield. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The resulting dataset of 4273 g s measurements, which we call STraits (Stomatal Traits), was used to determine patterns in maximum g s (g smax ) across bioclimatic zones and whether there was similarity in the mean g smax of C3 woody angiosperms across ecosystem types. (edu.au)
  • In contrast to previous models, we found this feedback mechanism decoupled stomatal traits from phloem export efficiency during drought and increased the operational range of phloem hydraulic resistances. (authorea.com)
  • We applied a leaf imprinting method for rapid and non-destructive phenotyping to explore genetic variation and identify quantitative traits loci (QTL) for stomatal traits in wheat grown under greenhouse and field conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The genetics of stomatal traits on the adaxial surface of the flag leaf was investigated using 146 double haploid lines derived from a cross between two Australian lines of Triticum aestivum , RAC875 and Kukri. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Significant differences between the lines were observed for stomatal densitity and size related traits. (biomedcentral.com)
  • QTL were identified for stomatal traits on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 2B, and 7A under field and controlled conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this first study to decifer genetic relationships between wheat stomatal traits and yield in response to water deficit, no significant correlations were observed among yield and stomatal traits under field conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However we found some overlaps between QTL for stomatal traits and yield across environments. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This suggested that stomatal traits could be an underlying mechanism increasing yield at specific loci and used as a proxy to track a target QTL in recombinant lines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Multiple studies have shown a direct correlation between the use of herbicides and changes in physiological and biochemical growth processes in plants, particularly non-target plants, resulting in a reduction in stomatal conductance and turgor pressure in leaves. (wikipedia.org)
  • For more details about CAM plant stomatal conductance, see: CAM Plants Stomatal opening occurs as a response to blue light. (wikipedia.org)
  • RL-induced stomatal opening is not evident in epidermal peels of Arabidopsis plants 16 , 21 , but opening is conspicuous in the intact leaves. (nature.com)
  • Therefore, stomatal guard cells represent an ideal system to test whether GABA signalling occurs in plants. (nature.com)
  • The soil water supply and atmospheric humidity conditions are crucial in controlling plants' stomatal behavior and water use efficiency. (mdpi.com)
  • Under drought stress conditions, rice plants with reduced OsGRXS17 expression showed lower rates of water loss and stomatal conductance, higher relative water content, and enhanced survival compared to wild-type controls. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Further characterization of the OsGRXS17 down-regulated plants revealed an elevation in H 2 O 2 production within the guard cells, increased sensitivity to ABA, and a reduction in stomatal apertures. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Plants must balance lowering stomatal conductance to conserve water with preventing extreme leaf temperatures which affect metabolic rates and physiological processes (De Boeck et al. (uib.no)
  • Plants modulate stomatal cell fate and patterning through key transcriptional factors and signaling cascades. (dgist.ac.kr)
  • Stomatal and epidermal cells play an important role in the control of water evaporation and gas exchange in leaf [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Effects of Moisture and Mycorrhiza on Stomatal Conductance and Xylem Pressure Potential of Faidherbia albida (Del. (ajol.info)
  • The effects of moisture and mycorrhizal inoculation on stomatal conductance and xylem pressure potential of Faidherbia albida (Del. (ajol.info)
  • 0.05)affected the Stomatal Conductance and Xylem Pressure Potential of the plant even under stressed conditions. (ajol.info)
  • Here, we use an integrated xylem-phloem-stomatal model to calculate leaf water potential from soil dryness, which is then used to determine gas exchange and phloem pressure gradients. (authorea.com)
  • Through large-scale genetic screening, we isolated an Arabidopsis mutant (closed stomata2 (cst2)) that is defective in stomatal opening. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The turgor pressure and osmotic potential of guard cells are directly related to the stomatal conductance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hinckley T.M., Duhme F., Hinckley A.R., Richter H., Water relations of drought hardy shrubs: osmotic potential and stomatal reactivity, Plant Cell Environ. (afs-journal.org)
  • We implemented an optimal stomatal conductance model in a vegetation model. (copernicus.org)
  • A good correlation between stomatal conductance and predawn leaf water potential was detected, and even a better one between stomatal conductance and soil water potential at 25 cm. (afs-journal.org)
  • EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE9 (EPFL9), also known as STOMAGEN, expressed in the mesophyll is a positive regulator of stomatal development. (plantae.org)
  • In grasses, however, they have further evolved with the addition of two subsidiary cells flanking the guard cells-which may be linked to improved stomatal physiology. (doe.gov)
  • however, the mechanisms that coordinate photosynthesis and stomatal conductance have yet to be identified. (nature.com)
  • however, the key mechanisms mediating the perception and relay of the CO2 signal to the stomatal development machinery remain elusive. (hortidaily.com)
  • Field evaluation of leaf stomatal conductance, single leaf transpiration rate, photochemical efficiency, and role of stomata in BS resistance, was done for 18 genotypes of Musa spp. (iita.org)
  • To date, one mutant that exhibits deregulation of this CO2-controlled stomatal development response, hic (which is defective in cell-wall wax biosynthesis), has been identified. (hortidaily.com)
  • Effects of gaseous pollutants on stomatal function. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Effects of gaseous pollutants on stomatal funct. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Predawn leaf water potential, soil water potential at different depths and midday stomatal conductance of sun-exposed leaves were recorded at the same pace. (afs-journal.org)
  • Recently, biological proxies have become commonly used including stomatal frequencies on leaves. (colby.edu)
  • explored whether it also contributes to epidermal patterning, specifically stomatal patterning, in rice leaves. (plantae.org)
  • Our study demonstrates that miRNAs constitute a critical component in the regulatory mechanism controlling stomatal development. (dgist.ac.kr)
  • No significant drought-related increase in either of these concentrations could be recorded while predawn leaf water potential dropped below-1.5 MPa, and stomatal conductance down to 10% of the values of controls. (afs-journal.org)
  • Les concentrations en acide abscissique (ABA) et en glucose-ester d'ABA (ABA-GE) ont été déterminées dans ces échantillons de sève à l'aide d'un dosage Elisa, après purification par HPLC. (afs-journal.org)
  • En l'absence de sécheresse, les concentrations moyennes en ABA étaient de l'ordre de 30 μmol m -3 , et de 45 μmol m -3 pour l'ABA-GE. (afs-journal.org)
  • seules les concentrations en ABA-GE ont fortement augmenté d'une année sur l'autre. (afs-journal.org)
  • Knockout of this gene resulted in stomatal closing, decreased photosynthesis and growth retardation, especially under high Mg 2+ conditions, while overexpression of this gene increased stomatal opening and tolerance to high Mg 2+ concentrations. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Our results indicate that MGR1/CST2 expression in the leaf guard cells plays an important role in maintaining cytosolic Mg 2+ concentrations through sequestering Mg 2+ into vacuoles, which is required for stomatal opening, especially under high Mg 2+ conditions. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We assessed interspecific variation in gsn and daytime stomatal conductance (gs) in a wild relative and modern spring wheat genotype. (cgiar.org)
  • Thus, we analyzed the variation in leaf, stem, and root morphoanatomical structure and stomatal conductance between shaded and sun-exposed seedlings of Broussonetia papyrifera to provide insights into management strategies to control its invasive ability. (unila.ac.id)
  • Drought conditioning improves water status, stomatal conductance and survival of Eucalyptus globulus subsp. (afs-journal.org)
  • The stomatal conductance, or its inverse, stomatal resistance, is under the direct biological control of the leaf through its guard cells, which surround the stomatal pore. (wikipedia.org)
  • The conductance of water vapour (i.e. inverse of the diffusion resistance) expresses the regulatory control exerted by stomata through the degree of stomatal opening (Pearcy et al. (uib.no)
  • Upon rewatering, CO 2 assimilation and stomatal conductance of water-stressed 'Scarletprince' trees sprayed with ascorbic acid (one or two applications) were similar to those of well-irrigated trees, but water-stressed trees that had not received ascorbic acid did not recover photosynthetical functions. (frontiersin.org)
  • Specifically, we find that GABA concentration increases under a water deficit and this reduces stomatal opening in an ALMT9-dependant manner. (nature.com)
  • miRNAs are known to contribute to functional and developmental plasticity in multicellular organisms, however, the extent to which miRNAs are involved in stomatal development remains elusive. (dgist.ac.kr)
  • However, dependence of leaf temperature on stomatal conductance occurs through leaf transpiration. (uib.no)